Dear Students,
Second Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:-  Biodiversity

Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.

🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights

📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024)
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore


🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat

🌱 Major Crops Overview

🌾 Rice
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+

🌾 Wheat
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm

🌽 Maize
✅ Global Producers: USA
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌾 Sugarcane
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm

🌿 Tea
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm

☕️ Coffee
✅ Global Producers: Brazil
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C

🌾 Cotton
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌱 Other Important Crops

🌿 Groundnut
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh

🌻 Sunflower
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha

🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh

🌾 Jute and Mesta
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam

🌱 Rubber
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 25°C+
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+

#AGRICULTURE

AMAZON BASIN:
The Amazon Basin is one of the most significant regions on Earth, both environmentally and economically.

Key Points:
1. Biodiversity Hotspot - Home to around 10% of the world's known species.

2) Carbon Storage: Acts as a carbon sink, absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and helping mitigate climate change.

3) Oxygen Production: Known as the "Lungs of the Earth," the Amazon produces 20% of the world's oxygen.

4) Climate Regulation: The dense forests influence global and regional weather patterns, particularly rainfall.

5) Water Resources: Largest by discharge volume. The basin plays a critical role in the water cycle.

7) Economic Importance
Natural Resources: It provides timber, minerals, and other raw materials.
Tourism: Amazon's unique biodiversity attracts ecotourism, generating revenue for local economies.

8) Global Impact: Deforestation in the basin has global repercussions, including increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

1) India’s Space Mission in 2025: India’s space programme is now moving from planning to actual missions, with plans for missions like Chandrayaan- 4 and a space station.

2) PSLV-C60 Launch: The PSLV-C60 mission launched in early 2025 set the stage for India’s future space projects, including Chandrayaan-4 and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station.

3) SpaDeX Mission: ISRO successfully tested a docking experiment with two satellites, which docked in space, an important step for future space missions.

4) Private Companies Involved: Kepler Aerospace, an Indian private company, helped with the mission by supporting satellite communication and operations.

5) Space Docking Success: On January 16, 2025, the two SpaDeX satellites successfully docked and stabilized in orbit, a historic milestone for ISRO.

6) POEM4 Mission: After launching the SpaDeX satellites, ISRO tested new technologies and payloads in space, like robotic manipulators and plant growth experiments.

7) New Leadership at ISRO: V. Narayanan became the new ISRO Chairman on January 14, 2025, taking over from S. Somanath.

8) Private Satellites on SpaceX Launch: Indian companies Pixxel Space, Digantara, and XDLINX Labs launched their satellites aboard SpaceX’s ransporter 12 mission in January 2025.

9) Third Launch Pad for ISRO: The Indian government approved building a third launch pad at Sriharikota to support future missions, including human spaceflight.

10) Vikas Engine Test: ISRO tested its Vikas engine’s ability to restart, an important step for future rocket missions, including for human spaceflight.

Dear Students,
Third Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:-  Environmental Pollution

Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl

Good morning 🌞🌄

Dear Students,
Fourth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:-  Environmental Policies and Acts

Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl

Indian aschool of philosophy

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1 will present a record eighth consecutive Union Budget. This will take Ms. Sitharaman closer to the record of 10 budgets presented by former Prime Minister Morarji Desai over different periods. Desai had presented a total of 6 budgets during his tenure as finance minister in 1959-1964, and 4 budgets between 1967-1969

🔆Goma:

✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.

Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.

📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):

✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.

✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.

#Places_in_news

Dear Students,
Fifth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:-  Climate Change

Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl

🔆 Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 31C: Inserted to protect laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources) and Article 39(c) (prevention of concentration of wealth). Such laws cannot be challenged for violating Articles 14, 19, and 31.

📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 19(1)(f): Modified to further curtail the fundamental right to property, limiting its scope.

📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy, prioritizing socio-economic reforms over individual property rights.
✅ Reduced judicial interference in laws aimed at redistributive justice, empowering the legislature to address inequities in resource distribution.

The Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, was a landmark step in aligning constitutional provisions with social justice goals, prioritizing the collective good over individual property rights to promote equity and fairness.

UnionBudget2025 aims to initiate transformative reforms across six domains. During the next five years, these will augment our growth potential and global competitiveness

➡️ Taxation
➡️ Power Sector
➡️ Urban Development
➡️ Mining
➡️ Financial Sector
➡️ Regulatory Reforms

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India’s Digital Economy to contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30

✅ India’s digital economy has emerged as a significant contributor to its economic growth, accounting for 11.74% of the GDP (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion) in 2022-23
✅ Employing 14.67 million workers (2.55% of the workforce), the digital economy is nearly five times more productive than the rest of the economy.
✅In the BFSI sector, over 95% of banking payment transactions are digital, but revenue-generating activities like loans and investments remain largely offline, with financial services less digitalised overall.
✅Retail is shifting to omni-channel models, with e-tailers adding physical stores, while AI chatbots and digital inventory tools enhance efficiency.
✅Education has begun adopting offline, online, and hybrid models, with most institutions favoring hybrid approaches
✅Hospitality and logistics are embracing AI, metaverse, and digital tools, with large firms fully digitalising operations, while smaller players lag behind.

#economy

Most important picture of budget.
Imp for prelims and mains both.

Remember it well.

Budget 2025 Highlights

🔹 Key Announcements

🌾 Agriculture & Rural Development

✅ Dhan Dhanya Yojana to be launched in 100 districts
✅ 6-year mission for Tur, Urad, and Masoor dal 🌱
✅ Makhana Board 🍘 to be set up in Bihar
✅ Central agencies 🏢 to purchase pulses for 4 years
✅ New schemes for vegetable & fruit production 🍏 with states
✅ Marine sector 🐟 development initiative
✅ Self-reliance in edible oils 🛢
✅ Kisan Credit Card 💳 limit increased to ₹5 lakh
✅ Urea plant 🏭 to be set up in Assam

🏭 Industry & Infrastructure

✅ Special schemes for footwear 👞 & leather 👜
✅ India to become a global toy hub 🧸
✅ 22 lakh new jobs 🏢👷 under the Leather Scheme
✅ Launch of the National Manufacturing Mission 🏗
✅ ₹1 lakh crore fund 💰 for urban development 🏙
✅ Special scheme for ship-breaking industry 🚢⚙️
✅ More cities 🏙 to be connected under ‘Udaan’ 🛫
✅ New airport ✈️ to be constructed in Bihar

📖 Education & Research

✅ More IIT institutes 🎓 to be set up
✅ 75,000 new medical seats 🏥 in the next 5 years
✅ Special AI research centers 🤖 to be established
✅ All government secondary schools 🏫 to get broadband 🌐
✅ ₹20,000 crore investment 💰 in private sector R&D 🔬
✅ Increased focus on Indian languages 📖 in education

🏠 Housing & Tourism

✅ 40,000 homes 🏡 under the SWAMIH scheme
✅ 52 new tourist destinations 🏝 to be developed with states
✅ Buddha-related sites 🏯 to be preserved & developed

💰 Finance & Taxation

✅No tax on income up to ₹12 lakh!
✅ Special credit card 💳 for small businesses
✅ UPI-linked card 💳 for small vendors
✅ UPI-linked credit card limit set at ₹30,000 💰
✅ Easier access to funds 💵 for export promotion
✅ Interest-free funds 🏗💵 for states to boost infra
✅ New Income Tax Bill 📜 to be introduced next week
✅ 100% FDI & FPI limit 🌍 in the insurance sector 🏦
✅ Simplification of RE-KYC 📑 process
✅ TDS rates 📉 to be simplified
✅ Major tax relief for senior citizens 👴👵
✅ Tax exemption limit for seniors increased to ₹1 lakh 💰
✅ TDS exemption on rent 🏠 increased to ₹6 lakh
✅ No penalty 🚫 on delayed TCS payments

📦 Trade & Customs

✅ New mining policy ⛏️ to be introduced
✅ Custom duty removed 🚫💊 on 36 life-saving medicines
✅ Changes in custom duty on electronic goods 📱
✅ No primary duty on lead & zinc ⚒️
✅ Duty removed 🚫 on crust leather 👜

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Pay attention to just western and eastern rivers mentioned in this image. Also note that Baghilar is on Chenab.

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