🔆Molecular Motors
✅Scientists at the National Centre for Biological Sciences have found a new type of molecular motor that could be used in life science and medicine.
📍Molecular Motor:
✅Molecular motors are a class of proteins that drive intracellular trafficking by converting chemical energy to mechanical work along cytoskeletal filaments.
✅Molecular motor proteins are essential for muscle contraction and the movement of cilia and flagella. These structures allow cells to move and transport substances.
✅Research on molecular motors has led to the development of potential new drugs that can improve heart function
✅The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules and filaments, which give the cell its shape and help organize the cell's parts.
#science_and_technology
✅Scientists at the National Centre for Biological Sciences have found a new type of molecular motor that could be used in life science and medicine.
📍Molecular Motor:
✅Molecular motors are a class of proteins that drive intracellular trafficking by converting chemical energy to mechanical work along cytoskeletal filaments.
✅Molecular motor proteins are essential for muscle contraction and the movement of cilia and flagella. These structures allow cells to move and transport substances.
✅Research on molecular motors has led to the development of potential new drugs that can improve heart function
✅The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules and filaments, which give the cell its shape and help organize the cell's parts.
#science_and_technology
◾️Deccan Volcanism, a major event of volcanic eruptions which occurred ~66 million years ago and led to mass extinctions of fauna, did not have such negative impact on tropical flora, says a new study.
◾️A study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology, suggests that despite highly devastating consequences for terrestrial faunas (dinosaurs, in particular), the Deccan Volcanism only caused regional and short-term impacts on the flora.
#UPSC #PSC #geography #prelims
◾️A study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology, suggests that despite highly devastating consequences for terrestrial faunas (dinosaurs, in particular), the Deccan Volcanism only caused regional and short-term impacts on the flora.
#UPSC #PSC #geography #prelims
🔳 India became the 7th largest coffee producer in the world
◼️The exports reached $1.29 billion in the last financial year.
◼️This is almost double the exports of $719 million in 2020-21, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said in a release.
◼️The ministry also said that India exported over 9,300 tonnes of coffee in the first half of this month, with Italy, Belgium and Russia being the top buyers.
◼️ Karnataka leads in coffee production, contributing 248,000 metric tonnes in 2022-23, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
#UPSC #PSC #prelims #currentaffairs #geography
◼️The exports reached $1.29 billion in the last financial year.
◼️This is almost double the exports of $719 million in 2020-21, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said in a release.
◼️The ministry also said that India exported over 9,300 tonnes of coffee in the first half of this month, with Italy, Belgium and Russia being the top buyers.
◼️ Karnataka leads in coffee production, contributing 248,000 metric tonnes in 2022-23, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
#UPSC #PSC #prelims #currentaffairs #geography
Dear Students,
Second Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Biodiversity
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
Second Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Biodiversity
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights
📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024)
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore
🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat
🌱 Major Crops Overview
🌾 Rice
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+
🌾 Wheat
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm
🌽 Maize
✅ Global Producers: USA
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm
🌾 Sugarcane
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm
🌿 Tea
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm
☕️ Coffee
✅ Global Producers: Brazil
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C
🌾 Cotton
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm
🌱 Other Important Crops
🌿 Groundnut
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh
🌻 Sunflower
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha
🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh
🌾 Jute and Mesta
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam
🌱 Rubber
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 25°C+
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+
#AGRICULTURE
📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024)
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore
🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat
🌱 Major Crops Overview
🌾 Rice
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+
🌾 Wheat
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm
🌽 Maize
✅ Global Producers: USA
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm
🌾 Sugarcane
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm
🌿 Tea
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm
☕️ Coffee
✅ Global Producers: Brazil
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C
🌾 Cotton
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm
🌱 Other Important Crops
🌿 Groundnut
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh
🌻 Sunflower
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha
🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh
🌾 Jute and Mesta
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam
🌱 Rubber
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 25°C+
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+
#AGRICULTURE
AMAZON BASIN:
The Amazon Basin is one of the most significant regions on Earth, both environmentally and economically.
Key Points:
1. Biodiversity Hotspot - Home to around 10% of the world's known species.
2) Carbon Storage: Acts as a carbon sink, absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and helping mitigate climate change.
3) Oxygen Production: Known as the "Lungs of the Earth," the Amazon produces 20% of the world's oxygen.
4) Climate Regulation: The dense forests influence global and regional weather patterns, particularly rainfall.
5) Water Resources: Largest by discharge volume. The basin plays a critical role in the water cycle.
7) Economic Importance
Natural Resources: It provides timber, minerals, and other raw materials.
Tourism: Amazon's unique biodiversity attracts ecotourism, generating revenue for local economies.
8) Global Impact: Deforestation in the basin has global repercussions, including increased greenhouse gas emissions.
The Amazon Basin is one of the most significant regions on Earth, both environmentally and economically.
Key Points:
1. Biodiversity Hotspot - Home to around 10% of the world's known species.
2) Carbon Storage: Acts as a carbon sink, absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and helping mitigate climate change.
3) Oxygen Production: Known as the "Lungs of the Earth," the Amazon produces 20% of the world's oxygen.
4) Climate Regulation: The dense forests influence global and regional weather patterns, particularly rainfall.
5) Water Resources: Largest by discharge volume. The basin plays a critical role in the water cycle.
7) Economic Importance
Natural Resources: It provides timber, minerals, and other raw materials.
Tourism: Amazon's unique biodiversity attracts ecotourism, generating revenue for local economies.
8) Global Impact: Deforestation in the basin has global repercussions, including increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
1) India’s Space Mission in 2025: India’s space programme is now moving from planning to actual missions, with plans for missions like Chandrayaan- 4 and a space station.
2) PSLV-C60 Launch: The PSLV-C60 mission launched in early 2025 set the stage for India’s future space projects, including Chandrayaan-4 and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station.
3) SpaDeX Mission: ISRO successfully tested a docking experiment with two satellites, which docked in space, an important step for future space missions.
4) Private Companies Involved: Kepler Aerospace, an Indian private company, helped with the mission by supporting satellite communication and operations.
5) Space Docking Success: On January 16, 2025, the two SpaDeX satellites successfully docked and stabilized in orbit, a historic milestone for ISRO.
6) POEM4 Mission: After launching the SpaDeX satellites, ISRO tested new technologies and payloads in space, like robotic manipulators and plant growth experiments.
7) New Leadership at ISRO: V. Narayanan became the new ISRO Chairman on January 14, 2025, taking over from S. Somanath.
8) Private Satellites on SpaceX Launch: Indian companies Pixxel Space, Digantara, and XDLINX Labs launched their satellites aboard SpaceX’s ransporter 12 mission in January 2025.
9) Third Launch Pad for ISRO: The Indian government approved building a third launch pad at Sriharikota to support future missions, including human spaceflight.
10) Vikas Engine Test: ISRO tested its Vikas engine’s ability to restart, an important step for future rocket missions, including for human spaceflight.
1) India’s Space Mission in 2025: India’s space programme is now moving from planning to actual missions, with plans for missions like Chandrayaan- 4 and a space station.
2) PSLV-C60 Launch: The PSLV-C60 mission launched in early 2025 set the stage for India’s future space projects, including Chandrayaan-4 and the Bharatiya Antariksh Station.
3) SpaDeX Mission: ISRO successfully tested a docking experiment with two satellites, which docked in space, an important step for future space missions.
4) Private Companies Involved: Kepler Aerospace, an Indian private company, helped with the mission by supporting satellite communication and operations.
5) Space Docking Success: On January 16, 2025, the two SpaDeX satellites successfully docked and stabilized in orbit, a historic milestone for ISRO.
6) POEM4 Mission: After launching the SpaDeX satellites, ISRO tested new technologies and payloads in space, like robotic manipulators and plant growth experiments.
7) New Leadership at ISRO: V. Narayanan became the new ISRO Chairman on January 14, 2025, taking over from S. Somanath.
8) Private Satellites on SpaceX Launch: Indian companies Pixxel Space, Digantara, and XDLINX Labs launched their satellites aboard SpaceX’s ransporter 12 mission in January 2025.
9) Third Launch Pad for ISRO: The Indian government approved building a third launch pad at Sriharikota to support future missions, including human spaceflight.
10) Vikas Engine Test: ISRO tested its Vikas engine’s ability to restart, an important step for future rocket missions, including for human spaceflight.
Dear Students,
Third Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Environmental Pollution
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Third Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Environmental Pollution
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Telegram
GOT - Rapid Revision
Akshu invites you to join this group on Telegram.
Dear Students,
Fourth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Environmental Policies and Acts
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Fourth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Environmental Policies and Acts
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Telegram
GOT - Rapid Revision
Akshu invites you to join this group on Telegram.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1 will present a record eighth consecutive Union Budget. This will take Ms. Sitharaman closer to the record of 10 budgets presented by former Prime Minister Morarji Desai over different periods. Desai had presented a total of 6 budgets during his tenure as finance minister in 1959-1964, and 4 budgets between 1967-1969
🔆Goma:
✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
#Places_in_news
✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
#Places_in_news
Dear Students,
Fifth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Climate Change
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Fifth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Climate Change
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Telegram
GOT - Rapid Revision
Akshu invites you to join this group on Telegram.
🔆 Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 31C: Inserted to protect laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources) and Article 39(c) (prevention of concentration of wealth). Such laws cannot be challenged for violating Articles 14, 19, and 31.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 19(1)(f): Modified to further curtail the fundamental right to property, limiting its scope.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy, prioritizing socio-economic reforms over individual property rights.
✅ Reduced judicial interference in laws aimed at redistributive justice, empowering the legislature to address inequities in resource distribution.
The Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, was a landmark step in aligning constitutional provisions with social justice goals, prioritizing the collective good over individual property rights to promote equity and fairness.
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 31C: Inserted to protect laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources) and Article 39(c) (prevention of concentration of wealth). Such laws cannot be challenged for violating Articles 14, 19, and 31.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 19(1)(f): Modified to further curtail the fundamental right to property, limiting its scope.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy, prioritizing socio-economic reforms over individual property rights.
✅ Reduced judicial interference in laws aimed at redistributive justice, empowering the legislature to address inequities in resource distribution.
The Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, was a landmark step in aligning constitutional provisions with social justice goals, prioritizing the collective good over individual property rights to promote equity and fairness.