Fresh Water under the Ocean Bed:

✍️ Rainwater and surface water can seep into the ground and percolate deep into the Earth’s crust.
✍️ Some of this water can accumulate in underground reservoirs or aquifers beneath the ocean floor.
✍️ Geological activities such as tectonic movements and volcanic eruptions can create fractures, faults, and cavities in the Earth's Crust.
✍️ These geological features can trap freshwater, preventing it from mixing with seawater.
✍️ Submarine springs are underwater vents that release freshwater into the ocean.
✍️ These springs can occur where groundwater from aquifers beneath the ocean floor discharges through openings in the seafloor

🔆The article discusses the outcomes of the COP29 climate summit, focusing on the issue of climate finance and the need for a just transition.
Key Points:
✅Insufficient Climate Finance:
🔸Developed countries pledged $300 billion annually by 2035, falling short of developing countries' needs.

✅Challenges in Financing Climate Action:
🔸Developing countries face high debt burdens and limited access to affordable finance.
🔸The current financial system is not adequately equipped to support the scale and speed of the transition.
✅The Need for a Just Transition:
🔸Ensuring that the transition to a low-carbon economy is equitable and inclusive.
🔸Supporting workers in fossil fuel industries and vulnerable communities.
🔸Addressing social and economic impacts of climate policies.
✅India's Climate Actions:
🔸India has undertaken various initiatives to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.

#gs3 #mains #prelims
#environment

Cabinet Mission

✅22 January 1946: The British Cabinet decided to send the Mission to India.

✅19 February 1946: Clement Attlee announced the decision to dispatch the Cabinet Mission.

✅March 1946: The British Cabinet sent a three-member mission, Sir Pethick Lawrence (Chairman), Stafford Cripps, and A. V. Alexander, to negotiate with Indian leaders to transfer power to the Indians.

Completely covered in one page via mindmaps

CSE 2024 Mains Result

Key issues in Red Sea and Panama Canal #gs1 #mains

Namewise list UPSC mains Result

Good Morning 🌅🌄

🔆The article explores the tension between secrecy and transparency in scientific research, particularly in the context of industry-funded research.
Key Points:
📍The Secrecy vs. Transparency Dilemma:
✅Secrecy: Companies often fund research to protect intellectual property and gain a competitive edge.
✅Transparency: Scientific research traditionally values open access and sharing of knowledge.
📍Challenges for Scientists:
✅Balancing Interests: Scientists must navigate the tension between industry demands and scientific ethics.
✅Ethical Considerations: Ensuring transparency and reproducibility while protecting proprietary information.
🔸The company initially released limited information about the model's workings.
🔸Subsequent open-sourcing of the code promoted further research and collaboration.

📍Implications:
✅Industry Influence: Private funding can shape research priorities and potentially restrict knowledge sharing.

🌴 Palm Oil
🗺️ 90% of world's Oil Palm Trees are in Malaysia and Indonesia.
🇮🇳 India is largest importer and consumer.
🔝Top Producers - Andhra > Telengana > Kerala = 98% of India's palm oil.


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High-Risk Food Classification:

✅ High-risk foods are those requiring stringent safety protocols due to their potential to impact public health if mishandled.
✅Authority: Governed by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
✅Law Governing: Regulated under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
📍Why Classification:
✅To ensure enhanced consumer safety through rigorous testing and monitoring.
✅To replace the dual certification process, streamlining regulatory requirements.
🔸Other Products Under High-Risk Category:
✅Dairy products and analogues.
Meat, poultry, fish, and seafood.
Eggs and egg products.
✅Prepared and fortified foods (e.g., fortified rice kernels).
✅Specialised food products for nutritional uses.
📍Significance of Classification:
✅Promotes higher safety standards via mandatory inspections and audits.
✅Simplifies industry compliance by eliminating redundancy, such as BIS certification.
✅Increases consumer trust in food safety measures.

#gs1 #prelims_facts

All About NALSA

■ EQUALITY

#Preamble

◇ The term ‘equality’ means the absence of special privileges to any section of the society, and the provision of adequate opportunities for all individuals without any discrimination.

◇ The following provisions of the chapter on Fundamental Rights ensure civic equality:-

(a) Equality before the law (Article 14).

(b) Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).

(c) Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
(Article 16).

(d) Abolition of untouchability (Article 17).

(e) Abolition of titles (Article 18).

◇ There are two provisions in the Constitution that seek to achieve political equality.

1. One, no person is to be declared ineligible for inclusion in electoral rolls on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex (Article 325).

2. Two, elections to the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies to be on the basis of adult suffrage (Article 326).

Good Morning ! Consistency bring better results rather than solely relying on motivation !!

Biggest natural gas reserves

For those who couldn’t clear it this time.
This is the list of 2023 UPSC CSE selected students and their past failures in the exam.
Shows how many years,attempts,amount of energy & time took them to finally reach where they’re today.
Have faith if not in God, in yourself.
Take your time to accept this result.
This too shall pass🩵

Credits : Happily curated by Madhav Agarwal (AIR 211) and Thanuj Kumar K (AIR 973), with cherished contributions from the CSE 2023 family.

Rajya Sabha # prelims #polity #gs2

✍✍Key facts about Nipah Virus


Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.

The case fatality rate is estimated at 40% to 75%. This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.

Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs), or contaminated foods and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human.

Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus.

There is no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals.

The primary treatment for humans is supportive care.

The 2018 annual review of the WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases indicates that there is an urgent need for accelerated research and development for the Nipah virus.

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

✅ PACS are the smallest units in the cooperative credit system, forming the grassroots level of the three-tier structure, with the other tiers being State Cooperative Banks (StCBs) and District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs).
✅PACS operate in villages, serving farmers, artisans, and weaker sections, with office bearers elected from among the members.
✅ They provide 41% of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loans, mainly to small and marginal farmers, and offer input services like seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, along with storage and marketing support for agricultural products.

#mains

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