🔆 Buddhist Sangha (Monastic Order)
📍 Community Structure
✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis)
📍 Notable Figure
✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha
📍 Textual Source
✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules
📍 Community Structure
✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis)
📍 Notable Figure
✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha
📍 Textual Source
✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules
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🔆 Harappan Sites and Their Significance
📍 Alamgirpur
✅ Location: Uttar Pradesh, India
✅ Significance: Easternmost Harappan site.
📍 Allahdino
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Specialized craft production site.
📍 Amri
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Early Harappan phase site, distinct pottery.
📍 Balakot
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Shell bangle production center.
📍 Banawali
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Defensive fortifications, oval-shaped settlement.
📍 Bhirrana
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Oldest Harappan site (\~7570 BCE), early settlements.
📍 Chanhudaro
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Bead-making factory, no citadel.
📍 Daimabad
✅ Location: Maharashtra, India
✅ Significance: Southernmost Harappan site, bronze artifacts.
📍 Desalpur
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Stone fortifications, small settlement.
📍 Dholavira
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Water conservation system, three-part city, stone inscriptions.
📍 Alamgirpur
✅ Location: Uttar Pradesh, India
✅ Significance: Easternmost Harappan site.
📍 Allahdino
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Specialized craft production site.
📍 Amri
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Early Harappan phase site, distinct pottery.
📍 Balakot
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Shell bangle production center.
📍 Banawali
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Defensive fortifications, oval-shaped settlement.
📍 Bhirrana
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Oldest Harappan site (\~7570 BCE), early settlements.
📍 Chanhudaro
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Bead-making factory, no citadel.
📍 Daimabad
✅ Location: Maharashtra, India
✅ Significance: Southernmost Harappan site, bronze artifacts.
📍 Desalpur
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Stone fortifications, small settlement.
📍 Dholavira
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Water conservation system, three-part city, stone inscriptions.
🔆 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
Even 1 mark in UPSC PRELIMS can get you ON or OFF the Merit List.
Each year Map Based Questions carry atleast 8-10 marks.
Tiger Reserves, Cultural Sites, Ramsar Sites, Hills.... the list is ENDLESS
Do you STRUGGLE with MAPS? If YES!
Here's a SUPER POWERFUL Memory Technique to help you MASTER MAPS👇
🚨MUST WATCH for PRELIMS 2025🚨
https://youtu.be/h9dM7QFzc8M?si=hDoPX5h--3fH021b
Each year Map Based Questions carry atleast 8-10 marks.
Tiger Reserves, Cultural Sites, Ramsar Sites, Hills.... the list is ENDLESS
Do you STRUGGLE with MAPS? If YES!
Here's a SUPER POWERFUL Memory Technique to help you MASTER MAPS👇
🚨MUST WATCH for PRELIMS 2025🚨
https://youtu.be/h9dM7QFzc8M?si=hDoPX5h--3fH021b
YouTube
Learn EVERYTHING on a MAP - a MUST WATCH for UPSC 2025
Struggling with maps for UPSC Prelims?
Tiger reserves, Ramsar sites, mountain ranges, biosphere reserves… it’s overwhelming, right?😮💨
This video reveals a POWERFUL MEMORY HACK to help you remember locations faster, recall details easily, and never blank…
Tiger reserves, Ramsar sites, mountain ranges, biosphere reserves… it’s overwhelming, right?😮💨
This video reveals a POWERFUL MEMORY HACK to help you remember locations faster, recall details easily, and never blank…
Green GDP
Chhattisgarh became the first state to link forest ecosystems with Green GDP
Green GDP
Green GDP is calculated by subtracting the cost of natural resource depletion and ecosystem degradation from Net Domestic Product (NDP).
Gross Environment Product (GEP)
GEP is a method to assess ecological status by assigning monetary value to the products and services that ecosystems provide, including provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Uttarakhand is the first state in India to launch a Gross Environment Product Index(GEPI) in 2024 .
Chhattisgarh became the first state to link forest ecosystems with Green GDP
Green GDP
Green GDP is calculated by subtracting the cost of natural resource depletion and ecosystem degradation from Net Domestic Product (NDP).
Gross Environment Product (GEP)
GEP is a method to assess ecological status by assigning monetary value to the products and services that ecosystems provide, including provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Uttarakhand is the first state in India to launch a Gross Environment Product Index(GEPI) in 2024 .
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♟️Karaivetti bird sanctuary - Tamilnadu
♟️Longwood Shola Forest - Tamilnadu
♟️Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve - Karnataka
♟️Aganashini - Karnataka
♟️Magadi Conservation Reserve - Karnataka
*Prelims 2025*
♟️Longwood Shola Forest - Tamilnadu
♟️Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve - Karnataka
♟️Aganashini - Karnataka
♟️Magadi Conservation Reserve - Karnataka
*Prelims 2025*
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Padma Shree 2024 x PRELIMS 2025
These cultural icons are your potential UPSC Prelims questions & powerful Ethics case studies in the making.✨️
Let's honor their dedication to preserving Bharat's heritage.
Share & remember their Legacy.
Save for Revisions ✅️
https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJ1nRv7yZ7s/?igsh=MTRyM2Fyd2g3bXdxYw==
These cultural icons are your potential UPSC Prelims questions & powerful Ethics case studies in the making.✨️
Let's honor their dedication to preserving Bharat's heritage.
Share & remember their Legacy.
Save for Revisions ✅️
https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJ1nRv7yZ7s/?igsh=MTRyM2Fyd2g3bXdxYw==