Keep lazer sharp focus on your goals just like our armed forces have 💯
Victory will be yours too
In life and horizons beyond.
India need sharp mind
Brave souls
Ready to serve the nation.
Always remember your Fundamental duties before anything and everything..!!🇮🇳
Jai hind 🇮🇳🧿🔥
Victory will be yours too
In life and horizons beyond.
India need sharp mind
Brave souls
Ready to serve the nation.
Always remember your Fundamental duties before anything and everything..!!🇮🇳
Jai hind 🇮🇳🧿🔥
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🔆 SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) Initiative
📍 Overview
✅ Launched in 2018.
✅ Objective: To promote Compressed Biogas (CBG) production and encourage its use as an alternative clean fuel for transportation, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
📍 Key Implementing Agencies
✅ Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs):
* Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
* Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
* Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
📍 Key Features
✅ Target: 5,000 CBG plants by 2025.
✅ Expected production capacity: 15 million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA).
✅ Utilisation of Various Biomass Sources: Agricultural residue (stubble, sugarcane press mud), Municipal Solid Waste, Cattle dung, Sewage sludge, and industrial organic waste.
✅ Private sector participation for establishing CBG plants.
✅ Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for bioenergy projects.
📍 Overview
✅ Launched in 2018.
✅ Objective: To promote Compressed Biogas (CBG) production and encourage its use as an alternative clean fuel for transportation, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
📍 Key Implementing Agencies
✅ Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs):
* Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
* Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
* Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
📍 Key Features
✅ Target: 5,000 CBG plants by 2025.
✅ Expected production capacity: 15 million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA).
✅ Utilisation of Various Biomass Sources: Agricultural residue (stubble, sugarcane press mud), Municipal Solid Waste, Cattle dung, Sewage sludge, and industrial organic waste.
✅ Private sector participation for establishing CBG plants.
✅ Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for bioenergy projects.
🔆Trick to remember the members of OPEC+ members
✅Tricks: AMaR SSB dene MexiKO se Brunei gaya
✅A=Azerbaijan
✅Ma=Malaysia
✅R=Russia
✅S=south sudan
✅S=Sudan
✅B=Bahrain
✅Mexi= Mexico
✅K=Kazakhstan
✅O=Oman
✅And Brunei..
✅Tricks: AMaR SSB dene MexiKO se Brunei gaya
✅A=Azerbaijan
✅Ma=Malaysia
✅R=Russia
✅S=south sudan
✅S=Sudan
✅B=Bahrain
✅Mexi= Mexico
✅K=Kazakhstan
✅O=Oman
✅And Brunei..
🔆 UK Top Court's Ruling on Gender Definition
📍 Issue:
✅ The UK’s highest court decided that only biological women, not trans women, are legally considered women under equality laws.
✅ The ruling was supported by the government but opposed by trans rights activists.
📍 Key Takeaways:
✅ The case was about whether a trans woman with a gender recognition certificate can legally be considered a woman.
✅ This decision could limit trans women’s access to services meant only for women, like hospitals and sports clubs.
✅ It might also discriminate against trans women in jobs and public services.
📍 Impact:
✅ Transgender rights remain a controversial topic, with some arguing that it violates women’s rights, while others say it discriminates against trans people.
✅ This ruling has led to calls for changes in laws about gender recognition.
#society
📍 Issue:
✅ The UK’s highest court decided that only biological women, not trans women, are legally considered women under equality laws.
✅ The ruling was supported by the government but opposed by trans rights activists.
📍 Key Takeaways:
✅ The case was about whether a trans woman with a gender recognition certificate can legally be considered a woman.
✅ This decision could limit trans women’s access to services meant only for women, like hospitals and sports clubs.
✅ It might also discriminate against trans women in jobs and public services.
📍 Impact:
✅ Transgender rights remain a controversial topic, with some arguing that it violates women’s rights, while others say it discriminates against trans people.
✅ This ruling has led to calls for changes in laws about gender recognition.
#society
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Putting in hours but nothing sticks?
Tired of rereading the same topic again and again with zero retention?⁉️
Frustrated?😮💨 Drained?😭 Confused?😵💫
You’re not alone!
Here’s the truth: It’s not about how many times you study, but how you study.✅️
Smart strategies > endless repetition.
Want to stop feeling stuck in a never-ending study loop?
Let’s break the cycle.
Learn the secret to memory, recall & retention.💯
Because studying smarter beats studying longer!🎯
#upscaspirants #study #smartgoals #mentorshipmatters #ias #memoryhacks #focus #learning
Tired of rereading the same topic again and again with zero retention?⁉️
Frustrated?😮💨 Drained?😭 Confused?😵💫
You’re not alone!
Here’s the truth: It’s not about how many times you study, but how you study.✅️
Smart strategies > endless repetition.
Want to stop feeling stuck in a never-ending study loop?
Let’s break the cycle.
Learn the secret to memory, recall & retention.💯
Because studying smarter beats studying longer!🎯
#upscaspirants #study #smartgoals #mentorshipmatters #ias #memoryhacks #focus #learning
❤1
🔆 Buddhist Sangha (Monastic Order)
📍 Community Structure
✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis)
📍 Notable Figure
✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha
📍 Textual Source
✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules
📍 Community Structure
✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis)
📍 Notable Figure
✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha
📍 Textual Source
✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules
👍1🔥1
🔆 Harappan Sites and Their Significance
📍 Alamgirpur
✅ Location: Uttar Pradesh, India
✅ Significance: Easternmost Harappan site.
📍 Allahdino
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Specialized craft production site.
📍 Amri
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Early Harappan phase site, distinct pottery.
📍 Balakot
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Shell bangle production center.
📍 Banawali
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Defensive fortifications, oval-shaped settlement.
📍 Bhirrana
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Oldest Harappan site (\~7570 BCE), early settlements.
📍 Chanhudaro
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Bead-making factory, no citadel.
📍 Daimabad
✅ Location: Maharashtra, India
✅ Significance: Southernmost Harappan site, bronze artifacts.
📍 Desalpur
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Stone fortifications, small settlement.
📍 Dholavira
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Water conservation system, three-part city, stone inscriptions.
📍 Alamgirpur
✅ Location: Uttar Pradesh, India
✅ Significance: Easternmost Harappan site.
📍 Allahdino
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Specialized craft production site.
📍 Amri
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Early Harappan phase site, distinct pottery.
📍 Balakot
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Shell bangle production center.
📍 Banawali
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Defensive fortifications, oval-shaped settlement.
📍 Bhirrana
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Oldest Harappan site (\~7570 BCE), early settlements.
📍 Chanhudaro
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Bead-making factory, no citadel.
📍 Daimabad
✅ Location: Maharashtra, India
✅ Significance: Southernmost Harappan site, bronze artifacts.
📍 Desalpur
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Stone fortifications, small settlement.
📍 Dholavira
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Water conservation system, three-part city, stone inscriptions.
🔆 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
Even 1 mark in UPSC PRELIMS can get you ON or OFF the Merit List.
Each year Map Based Questions carry atleast 8-10 marks.
Tiger Reserves, Cultural Sites, Ramsar Sites, Hills.... the list is ENDLESS
Do you STRUGGLE with MAPS? If YES!
Here's a SUPER POWERFUL Memory Technique to help you MASTER MAPS👇
🚨MUST WATCH for PRELIMS 2025🚨
https://youtu.be/h9dM7QFzc8M?si=hDoPX5h--3fH021b
Each year Map Based Questions carry atleast 8-10 marks.
Tiger Reserves, Cultural Sites, Ramsar Sites, Hills.... the list is ENDLESS
Do you STRUGGLE with MAPS? If YES!
Here's a SUPER POWERFUL Memory Technique to help you MASTER MAPS👇
🚨MUST WATCH for PRELIMS 2025🚨
https://youtu.be/h9dM7QFzc8M?si=hDoPX5h--3fH021b
YouTube
Learn EVERYTHING on a MAP - a MUST WATCH for UPSC 2025
Struggling with maps for UPSC Prelims?
Tiger reserves, Ramsar sites, mountain ranges, biosphere reserves… it’s overwhelming, right?😮💨
This video reveals a POWERFUL MEMORY HACK to help you remember locations faster, recall details easily, and never blank…
Tiger reserves, Ramsar sites, mountain ranges, biosphere reserves… it’s overwhelming, right?😮💨
This video reveals a POWERFUL MEMORY HACK to help you remember locations faster, recall details easily, and never blank…
Green GDP
Chhattisgarh became the first state to link forest ecosystems with Green GDP
Green GDP
Green GDP is calculated by subtracting the cost of natural resource depletion and ecosystem degradation from Net Domestic Product (NDP).
Gross Environment Product (GEP)
GEP is a method to assess ecological status by assigning monetary value to the products and services that ecosystems provide, including provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Uttarakhand is the first state in India to launch a Gross Environment Product Index(GEPI) in 2024 .
Chhattisgarh became the first state to link forest ecosystems with Green GDP
Green GDP
Green GDP is calculated by subtracting the cost of natural resource depletion and ecosystem degradation from Net Domestic Product (NDP).
Gross Environment Product (GEP)
GEP is a method to assess ecological status by assigning monetary value to the products and services that ecosystems provide, including provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Uttarakhand is the first state in India to launch a Gross Environment Product Index(GEPI) in 2024 .
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