🔆 Kursk Region Emergency Declared in Russia
📍 Context
✅ An emergency has been declared in Russia’s Kursk Region due to escalating tensions and attacks.
📍 Geographical Location
✅ Position: Located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain, adjacent to Ukraine.
✅ Encompasses: The Dnieper and Don river basins.
📍 Security Situation
✅ Armed militants have attacked Russia’s southern republic of Dagestan, highlighting the region's growing instability.
📍 Key Notes
✅ The Kursk region is a critical area in the context of the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe, and this declaration comes as military tensions continue to rise.
📍 Context
✅ An emergency has been declared in Russia’s Kursk Region due to escalating tensions and attacks.
📍 Geographical Location
✅ Position: Located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain, adjacent to Ukraine.
✅ Encompasses: The Dnieper and Don river basins.
📍 Security Situation
✅ Armed militants have attacked Russia’s southern republic of Dagestan, highlighting the region's growing instability.
📍 Key Notes
✅ The Kursk region is a critical area in the context of the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe, and this declaration comes as military tensions continue to rise.
*🛡️Evolution of Education Policy*
♟️University Education Commission (1948-49)
♟️Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)
♟️Education Commission (1964-66) under Dr. D.S. Kothari
♟️National Policy on Education, 1968
♟️42nd Constitutional Amendment,1976-Education in Concurrent List
♟️National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986
♟️NPE 1986 Modified in 1992 (Program of Action, 1992)
♟️T.S.R. Subramaniam Committee Report (27 May, 2016)
♟️Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee Report (31 May, 2019)
♟️New Education Policy 2020
♟️University Education Commission (1948-49)
♟️Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)
♟️Education Commission (1964-66) under Dr. D.S. Kothari
♟️National Policy on Education, 1968
♟️42nd Constitutional Amendment,1976-Education in Concurrent List
♟️National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986
♟️NPE 1986 Modified in 1992 (Program of Action, 1992)
♟️T.S.R. Subramaniam Committee Report (27 May, 2016)
♟️Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee Report (31 May, 2019)
♟️New Education Policy 2020
*🛡️Impact of a Falling Rupee*
💎 *Mnemonic:* " *CRISIS* "- Rupee Depreciation Triggers an Economic CRISIS!
♟️ *C* - *Costlier Imports –* Crude oil, electronics, and raw materials become expensive.
♟️ *R* - *Rising Inflation –* Businesses pass higher import costs to consumers.
♟️ *I* - *Investor Flight –* Foreign investors withdraw capital from Indian markets.
♟️ *S* - *Shrinking Export Gains –* Inflation-driven input costs negate export benefits.
♟️ *I -* *Increasing Debt Burden –* Foreign debt becomes expensive, raising repayment costs.
♟️ *S*- *Stock Market Volatility –* Economic uncertainty reduces foreign investments.
💎 *Mnemonic:* " *CRISIS* "- Rupee Depreciation Triggers an Economic CRISIS!
♟️ *C* - *Costlier Imports –* Crude oil, electronics, and raw materials become expensive.
♟️ *R* - *Rising Inflation –* Businesses pass higher import costs to consumers.
♟️ *I* - *Investor Flight –* Foreign investors withdraw capital from Indian markets.
♟️ *S* - *Shrinking Export Gains –* Inflation-driven input costs negate export benefits.
♟️ *I -* *Increasing Debt Burden –* Foreign debt becomes expensive, raising repayment costs.
♟️ *S*- *Stock Market Volatility –* Economic uncertainty reduces foreign investments.
*🛡️Ramganga*
♟️Rises in Garhwal district of UK.
♟️River deflects to the South west by shiwaliks.
♟️Emerge in Ganga plain in Najibabad.
♟️The Khoh, the Gangan, the Aril, the Kosi, and the Deoha (Gorra) are important tributaries of Ramganga.
♟️Joins River Ganga in Hardoi district opposite of Kannauj.
♟️Rises in Garhwal district of UK.
♟️River deflects to the South west by shiwaliks.
♟️Emerge in Ganga plain in Najibabad.
♟️The Khoh, the Gangan, the Aril, the Kosi, and the Deoha (Gorra) are important tributaries of Ramganga.
♟️Joins River Ganga in Hardoi district opposite of Kannauj.
*🛡️Enforcement Directorate (ED)*
♟️It is a multi-disciplinary organization mandated with the investigation of offence of money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws.
♟️It was established in 1956 as an ‘Enforcement Unit’ under the Department of Economic Affairs. Later, in 1957, this unit was renamed the ‘Enforcement Directorate’.
♟️It is under the administrative control of the Department of Revenue (under the Ministry of Finance) for operational purposes.
♟️ED is responsible for enforcement of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA), and Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA).
♟️ED has the power to attach the assets of the culprits found guilty of the violation of FEMA.
♟️It has also been empowered to undertake, search, seizure, arrest, prosecution action, and survey, etc. against the offences committed under PMLA.
♟️Appointment of Director of ED: The ED Director is appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee: chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary.
♟️It is a multi-disciplinary organization mandated with the investigation of offence of money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws.
♟️It was established in 1956 as an ‘Enforcement Unit’ under the Department of Economic Affairs. Later, in 1957, this unit was renamed the ‘Enforcement Directorate’.
♟️It is under the administrative control of the Department of Revenue (under the Ministry of Finance) for operational purposes.
♟️ED is responsible for enforcement of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA), and Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA).
♟️ED has the power to attach the assets of the culprits found guilty of the violation of FEMA.
♟️It has also been empowered to undertake, search, seizure, arrest, prosecution action, and survey, etc. against the offences committed under PMLA.
♟️Appointment of Director of ED: The ED Director is appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee: chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary.
*💎Important terms related To Jainism*
*🎯ASRAV* - Inflow of karmas to the soul that occurs at every second in life.
*🎯SAMVARA* - Stoppage of the influx of the material karmas into the soul consciousness.
*🎯NIRJARA* - Shedding or removal of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation. It is one of the seven fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy.
*🎯SALLEKHANA* - It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food
and liquids. Also Called Santhara.
*🎯KAIVALYA,* also known as Kevala Jnana, means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.
*🎯ASRAV* - Inflow of karmas to the soul that occurs at every second in life.
*🎯SAMVARA* - Stoppage of the influx of the material karmas into the soul consciousness.
*🎯NIRJARA* - Shedding or removal of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation. It is one of the seven fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy.
*🎯SALLEKHANA* - It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food
and liquids. Also Called Santhara.
*🎯KAIVALYA,* also known as Kevala Jnana, means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.
*🛡️Hills from South to North*
*💎Trick:- CAN She go to JaPaN to Meet God.*
♟️C: Cardimom
♟️A: Anaimalai
♟️N: Nilgiri
♟️S: Shevroy
♟️J: Javadi
♟️P: Palakonda
♟️N: Nallamalla
♟️M: Mahendragiri
♟️G: Garjhat
*💎Trick:- CAN She go to JaPaN to Meet God.*
♟️C: Cardimom
♟️A: Anaimalai
♟️N: Nilgiri
♟️S: Shevroy
♟️J: Javadi
♟️P: Palakonda
♟️N: Nallamalla
♟️M: Mahendragiri
♟️G: Garjhat
🔆 AUGUST OFFER vs. CRIPPS MISSION
1. Time Period
- August Offer: August 1940
- Cripps Mission: March 1942
2. Viceroy
- Both: Lord Linlithgow
3. Context
- August Offer: Britain needed Indian support in WWII
- Cripps Mission: Japanese threat in Southeast Asia
4. Main Proposals
- August Offer: Dominion status (future), expanded Executive Council, post-war Constituent Assembly
- Cripps Mission: Dominion status with right to secede, Constituent Assembly, provinces could opt out
5. Shortcomings
- August Offer: Vague, no immediate power transfer, British control over defense
- Cripps Mission: No full independence, provinces could secede, British control over defense
6. Political Reactions
- August Offer: Congress rejected; some welcomed future self-rule
- Cripps Mission: Rejected by both Congress and Muslim League
7. Outcome
- August Offer: Rejected; increased demand for independence
- Cripps Mission: Failed; led to Quit India Movement
8. Impact
- August Offer: Strengthened resolve for full independence
- Cripps Mission: Triggered Quit India Movement, exposed British rigidity
1. Time Period
- August Offer: August 1940
- Cripps Mission: March 1942
2. Viceroy
- Both: Lord Linlithgow
3. Context
- August Offer: Britain needed Indian support in WWII
- Cripps Mission: Japanese threat in Southeast Asia
4. Main Proposals
- August Offer: Dominion status (future), expanded Executive Council, post-war Constituent Assembly
- Cripps Mission: Dominion status with right to secede, Constituent Assembly, provinces could opt out
5. Shortcomings
- August Offer: Vague, no immediate power transfer, British control over defense
- Cripps Mission: No full independence, provinces could secede, British control over defense
6. Political Reactions
- August Offer: Congress rejected; some welcomed future self-rule
- Cripps Mission: Rejected by both Congress and Muslim League
7. Outcome
- August Offer: Rejected; increased demand for independence
- Cripps Mission: Failed; led to Quit India Movement
8. Impact
- August Offer: Strengthened resolve for full independence
- Cripps Mission: Triggered Quit India Movement, exposed British rigidity