🔆GPS Spoofing:
✅GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
✅Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data.
✅This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more.
📍How Does GPS Spoofing Work?
✅It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
✅The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth.
✅These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
✅However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
✅Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed.
✅With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones.
✅These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals.
✅As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.
#UPSC #PSC #currentaffairs #prelims
✅GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
✅Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data.
✅This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more.
📍How Does GPS Spoofing Work?
✅It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
✅The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth.
✅These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
✅However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
✅Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed.
✅With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones.
✅These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals.
✅As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.
#UPSC #PSC #currentaffairs #prelims
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Committees on Ragging 🏛
🔹 Raghavan Committee (2007) – Head: R.K. Raghavan (ex-CBI Director).
👉 What it said? Implement strict rules to stop ragging – UGC introduced these rules in 2009.
🔹 Unny Committee (1999) – Head: Prof. K.P.S. Unny (JNU Registrar).
👉 What it said? Focus on student safety, institutional accountability, and a strong complaint system.
How to Stop Ragging? 🚫
✅ Strict Rules – Enforce UGC’s 2009 regulations, take action against colleges that fail to comply.
✅ Awareness – Conduct workshops to educate students on the dangers of ragging.
✅ Complaint System – Set up 24/7 helplines and anonymous complaint boxes.
✅ Monitoring – Install CCTV in hostels and campuses, conduct surprise inspections.
✅ Punishment – Suspend or expel those involved in ragging, file criminal cases if necessary.
✅ Counseling – Provide mental health support and counseling for victims.
✅ Involve Seniors – Make seniors mentors to create a positive and respectful campus culture.
🔹 Raghavan Committee (2007) – Head: R.K. Raghavan (ex-CBI Director).
👉 What it said? Implement strict rules to stop ragging – UGC introduced these rules in 2009.
🔹 Unny Committee (1999) – Head: Prof. K.P.S. Unny (JNU Registrar).
👉 What it said? Focus on student safety, institutional accountability, and a strong complaint system.
How to Stop Ragging? 🚫
✅ Strict Rules – Enforce UGC’s 2009 regulations, take action against colleges that fail to comply.
✅ Awareness – Conduct workshops to educate students on the dangers of ragging.
✅ Complaint System – Set up 24/7 helplines and anonymous complaint boxes.
✅ Monitoring – Install CCTV in hostels and campuses, conduct surprise inspections.
✅ Punishment – Suspend or expel those involved in ragging, file criminal cases if necessary.
✅ Counseling – Provide mental health support and counseling for victims.
✅ Involve Seniors – Make seniors mentors to create a positive and respectful campus culture.
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Don't think about regret and anxiety. Seek action courageously.
💪Confidence comes from preparation, which is nothing but planning and practicing.
🏆Winners put pressure on themselves.
That is the pressure of preparing and not worrying about winning.
🥊A complete mental and physical preparation is the result of sacrifice and self-discipline.
🥋It is easy to be average but tough to be the best.
No wonder the average people choose the easy way.
⛳Preparation is the necessary edge to succeed in any field.
🏈Preparation = Purpose + Principle + Planning + Practice + Persistence + Patience + Price ❤️
💪Confidence comes from preparation, which is nothing but planning and practicing.
🏆Winners put pressure on themselves.
That is the pressure of preparing and not worrying about winning.
🥊A complete mental and physical preparation is the result of sacrifice and self-discipline.
🥋It is easy to be average but tough to be the best.
No wonder the average people choose the easy way.
⛳Preparation is the necessary edge to succeed in any field.
🏈Preparation = Purpose + Principle + Planning + Practice + Persistence + Patience + Price ❤️
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National Party Status (India)
Current National Parties (6):
1. BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
2. INC (Indian National Congress)
3. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)
4. CPI(M) (Communist Party of India - Marxist)
5. NPP (National People’s Party)
6. AAP (Aam Aadmi Party)
Criteria for National Party Status:
1. Vote Share & LS/State Seats: 6% of votes in 4+ states (Lok Sabha or Assembly elections) + 4 Lok Sabha MPs.
2. Lok Sabha Seats: At least 2% of LS seats (minimum 11 MPs) from 3+ states.
3. State Party Status: Recognized as a state party in 4+ states.
Benefits of National Party Status:
1. Symbol: Exclusive use of the reserved election symbol across India.
2. Nominations: Only 1 proposer required for candidate nominations.
3. Media Access: Free broadcasting on Akashvani/Doordarshan during elections.
4. Star Campaigners: Allowed 40-star campaigners (vs. 20 for others).
Current National Parties (6):
1. BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
2. INC (Indian National Congress)
3. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)
4. CPI(M) (Communist Party of India - Marxist)
5. NPP (National People’s Party)
6. AAP (Aam Aadmi Party)
Criteria for National Party Status:
1. Vote Share & LS/State Seats: 6% of votes in 4+ states (Lok Sabha or Assembly elections) + 4 Lok Sabha MPs.
2. Lok Sabha Seats: At least 2% of LS seats (minimum 11 MPs) from 3+ states.
3. State Party Status: Recognized as a state party in 4+ states.
Benefits of National Party Status:
1. Symbol: Exclusive use of the reserved election symbol across India.
2. Nominations: Only 1 proposer required for candidate nominations.
3. Media Access: Free broadcasting on Akashvani/Doordarshan during elections.
4. Star Campaigners: Allowed 40-star campaigners (vs. 20 for others).
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🔆Indian Home Rule Movement
Factors that Contributed to the establishment of Home Rule League:
✅This was the high-time of the First World War.
✅Unification of extremists and moderates
✅Unification of INC and Muslim League.
✅ Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. And Annie Besant
movement spread to other parts of India.
✅The Home Rule league was ‘self-government’ based on the Irish model.
✅Initiate political reforms by pressurizing Government and mobilizing people’s opinion.
Note: demand was not Total Independence
✅Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers:
a) New India
b) Commonweal However,
Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
The decline of Home Rule League:
✅In 1918, the Home Rule League declined due to many factors.
✅In 1917: Montford reforms was presented before the British Parliament. The Montford reforms promised responsible Government in India.
✅It was the Montford reforms that turned Annie Besant ‘pro-British’.
✅Bal Gangadhar Tilak went to England to file a legal suit against Valentine Chirol. Valentine Chirol had published, a book, “Father of Indian Unrest”
#PYQanalysis
Factors that Contributed to the establishment of Home Rule League:
✅This was the high-time of the First World War.
✅Unification of extremists and moderates
✅Unification of INC and Muslim League.
✅ Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. And Annie Besant
movement spread to other parts of India.
✅The Home Rule league was ‘self-government’ based on the Irish model.
✅Initiate political reforms by pressurizing Government and mobilizing people’s opinion.
Note: demand was not Total Independence
✅Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers:
a) New India
b) Commonweal However,
Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
The decline of Home Rule League:
✅In 1918, the Home Rule League declined due to many factors.
✅In 1917: Montford reforms was presented before the British Parliament. The Montford reforms promised responsible Government in India.
✅It was the Montford reforms that turned Annie Besant ‘pro-British’.
✅Bal Gangadhar Tilak went to England to file a legal suit against Valentine Chirol. Valentine Chirol had published, a book, “Father of Indian Unrest”
#PYQanalysis
🔆MONTREAL PROTOCOL (MP)
✅Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer.
✅ It is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out:
✅ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
✅ Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
✅ Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs),
✅ Carbontetrachloride (CCl4),
✅ Methylbromide (CH3Br),
✅ Bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl),
✅ Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3),
✅ Halons
#quick_revision
✅Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer.
✅ It is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out:
✅ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
✅ Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
✅ Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs),
✅ Carbontetrachloride (CCl4),
✅ Methylbromide (CH3Br),
✅ Bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl),
✅ Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3),
✅ Halons
#quick_revision
https://x.com/dcpcentraldelhi/status/1902699396581462305?s=46
Mental Health is new pandemic, commendable initiative to counter psychological issues.
Mental Health is new pandemic, commendable initiative to counter psychological issues.
Indian Home Rule Movement
Factors Contributing to the Establishment of Home Rule League
1. Timing: During the First World War.
2. Unity: Extremists and moderates united.
3. INC & Muslim League: Both came together.
4. Regional Spread:
Tilak’s League: Maharashtra & Karnataka.
Annie Besant’s League: Other parts of India.
5. Irish Model: Inspired by Ireland’s self-government.
6. Objective: Pressurize the British for political reforms (not total independence).
7. Media Support:
Annie Besant: New India, Commonweal.
Tilak: Kesari, Mahratta, Young India.
Decline of Home Rule League (1918):
1. 1917 Montford Reforms: Promised responsible government.
2. Annie Besant’s Shift: Became pro-British after Montford reforms.
3. Tilak’s Legal Case: Went to England to sue Valentine Chirol (author of Father of Indian Unrest).
Factors Contributing to the Establishment of Home Rule League
1. Timing: During the First World War.
2. Unity: Extremists and moderates united.
3. INC & Muslim League: Both came together.
4. Regional Spread:
Tilak’s League: Maharashtra & Karnataka.
Annie Besant’s League: Other parts of India.
5. Irish Model: Inspired by Ireland’s self-government.
6. Objective: Pressurize the British for political reforms (not total independence).
7. Media Support:
Annie Besant: New India, Commonweal.
Tilak: Kesari, Mahratta, Young India.
Decline of Home Rule League (1918):
1. 1917 Montford Reforms: Promised responsible government.
2. Annie Besant’s Shift: Became pro-British after Montford reforms.
3. Tilak’s Legal Case: Went to England to sue Valentine Chirol (author of Father of Indian Unrest).
maturing is realising you lack focus, not potential you lack consistency, not ability. you lack strategy not resources you lack discipline, not oportunities.
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