During his reign, King Cnut (994-1035) introduced into English law in the "Laws of Canute", a fine for the murder of a Dane in England. The law stated that any unknown man that was murdered was presumed to be a Dane, and the village nearest to the deceased was compelled to pay 40 to 46 marks.

This law disappeared for some time until the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. This "Murdrum" Act was reintroduced by William the Conqueror (c. 1028-1087) as a means of protecting the Normans from being tracked down and killed by local resistances. The law was changed so as to presume that any unknown man that turned up dead was of Norman birth and the local village would be fined. If the locals could prove that the body was not Norman, but rather English, via what was known as "presentment of Englishry", then they did not have to pay the fine.

In the 11th century court rolls there are several instances of false presentments of Englishry being investigated. False presentments of Englishry were made by locals in an attempt to evade the fine for murdering a Norman.

One quote from the time is as follows:

"Those who are left of the Anglo-Saxon subjects secretly laid ambushes for the suspected and hated race of the Normans. And, here and there when opportunity offered, killed them secretly in the woods and in remote places as vengeance."

From the 12th to 14th century it had become nearly impossible to distinguish between whether someone was Norman or English. Consequently, the Murdrum Act was abolished by King Edward III in 1340 under the Englishry Act.

Where I post from

"Then I began to quicken
and be wise,
And to grow and to prosper;
one word from another word
found a word for me,
One deed from another deed
found a deed for me."
-Odin, Hávamál 141

Origin and mobility of Iron Age Gaulish groups in present-day France revealed through archaeogenomics

New paper on the Iron Age Gauls:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004222003649

Imagined reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon Hall, found in Marjorie Quennel’s 1927 book Everyday Life in Anglo-Saxon, Viking, and Norman Times.

The Vǫluspá, one of the sacred sources of Germanic Pagan spirituality, reveals to us a time before Creation.