5_6123065442018795527.pdf
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02/06/2026
GENERAL RECRUITMENT FOR THE POST OF ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER (CIVIL) IN TRANSPORT ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT
GENERAL RECRUITMENT FOR THE POST OF ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER (CIVIL) IN TRANSPORT ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT
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5_6123065442018795528.PDF
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GENERAL RECRUITMENT FOR THE POST OF ASSISTANT ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEER IN TELANGANA POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
ENGINEER IN TELANGANA POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Pre-Historic Era & Megalithic Culture in Telangana
🔹 The Stone Ages: Key Discoveries
Pioneering Studies: Sir Robert Brucefoot studied the pre-historic period of Telangana in the mid-19th century, focusing on "Valigonda" (presently in Yadadri district).
Mesolithic Age (Microlithic Age): First-generation rock paintings featuring deers were discovered in the caves of Sanganoni Palli in Mahabubnagar district.
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age): Evidence of early cattle rearing—indicated by piles of ash from burnt animal dung—was found at Utnoor mandal.
🔹 The Megalithic Age (1500 B.C. to 300 A.D.)
Historians note that true civilization in Telangana began during this period, which is also known as the "Iron Age" because iron tools were used for the first time.
Local Names: The large stone burials (megaliths) are known by locals as Pandavula Gullu and Veerlapadulu.
Burial Types: They used Pit burials, Cyst burials, Dolmens, and Rock-cut burials.
🔹 Important Megalithic Excavation Sites
Hyderabad Central University (HCU): The first excavated megalithic burial ground in the country is located here, containing food grains dating back 4,250 years.
Eleshwaram (Nalgonda): An elephant-shaped burial box was discovered, along with a unique tomb where a man's skeleton was found on top of a woman's skeleton.
Pochampadu: A horse skeleton was found inside a graveyard.
Hasmatpet (Hyderabad): Beads made out of bones were excavated.
#telangana_history_movement_and_state_formation@tgpscnotes
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June 2nd CM Speech.pdf
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Important Reminder for Aspirants
Everyone must carefully go through this document at least once. It highlights all the major initiatives, policies, schemes, and development works undertaken by the present Government.
These topics are frequently asked in TGPSC examinations, and missing them could cost you valuable marks. Make sure you revise thoroughly and keep this document handy for quick reference.
Everyone must carefully go through this document at least once. It highlights all the major initiatives, policies, schemes, and development works undertaken by the present Government.
These topics are frequently asked in TGPSC examinations, and missing them could cost you valuable marks. Make sure you revise thoroughly and keep this document handy for quick reference.
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Cultural Conditions of the Ikshvakus
• Official religion was Shaivism, but rulers also supported Buddhism and Vedic traditions.
• Vasistha Putra Sri Santhamula, Ehubala Santamula, and Rudra Purusha Datta performed Vedic sacrifices and granted lands to Brahmins.
• Veera Purusha Datta, the “Ikshvaku Ashoka,” embraced Buddhism, making Nagarjunakonda a major Buddhist hub.
• Adavi Shanta Sri and Upasika Bodhisri donated monasteries, viharas, and platforms, strengthening Buddhist institutions.
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• Amaravati became the center of the Purva Shaila sect.
• Nagarjunakonda emerged as the center of the Apara Shaila sect.
• Buddhist Nikayas were recited in mantra form for the first time.
• Consecration pillars were erected near stupas as votive offerings when devotees’ wishes were fulfilled.
• Copper and glass vessel found at Phanigiri Buddhist site, Suryapet District — evidence of 3rd‑century craftsmanship and ritual practices.
• Rare four‑headed Buddha statue excavated at Singa Raya Loddi, Karimnagar — unique iconographic development in Buddhist art.
• Prakrit remained the court language in early Ikshvaku inscriptions.
• Sanskrit gained prominence; Gummadi Gurru inscription at Nagarjunakonda is the first Sanskrit inscription in South India.
• Aryadeva, disciple of Nagarjuna, authored Chitta Suddhi Prakaranam and later headed Nagarjuna University.
#Telangana_history #Ikshavakus
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Religious Landscape – A Synthesis of Faiths
• Official religion was Shaivism, but rulers also supported Buddhism and Vedic traditions.
• Vasistha Putra Sri Santhamula, Ehubala Santamula, and Rudra Purusha Datta performed Vedic sacrifices and granted lands to Brahmins.
• Veera Purusha Datta, the “Ikshvaku Ashoka,” embraced Buddhism, making Nagarjunakonda a major Buddhist hub.
• Adavi Shanta Sri and Upasika Bodhisri donated monasteries, viharas, and platforms, strengthening Buddhist institutions.
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Buddhist Sects and Developments
• Amaravati became the center of the Purva Shaila sect.
• Nagarjunakonda emerged as the center of the Apara Shaila sect.
• Buddhist Nikayas were recited in mantra form for the first time.
• Consecration pillars were erected near stupas as votive offerings when devotees’ wishes were fulfilled.
Archaeological Discoveries (2015)
• Copper and glass vessel found at Phanigiri Buddhist site, Suryapet District — evidence of 3rd‑century craftsmanship and ritual practices.
• Rare four‑headed Buddha statue excavated at Singa Raya Loddi, Karimnagar — unique iconographic development in Buddhist art.
Literature and Language
• Prakrit remained the court language in early Ikshvaku inscriptions.
• Sanskrit gained prominence; Gummadi Gurru inscription at Nagarjunakonda is the first Sanskrit inscription in South India.
• Aryadeva, disciple of Nagarjuna, authored Chitta Suddhi Prakaranam and later headed Nagarjuna University.
#Telangana_history #Ikshavakus
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Preamble
- Definition: Introductory statement of the Constitution; reflects its philosophy, values, and objectives.
- Authority: Begins with "We, the people of India" → sovereignty lies with citizens.
- Nature: Non‑justiciable; cannot be enforced in courts but guides constitutional interpretation.
- Key Descriptions of India: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.
- Sovereign: India is independent in internal & external matters.
- Socialist: Added by 42nd Amendment (1976); ensures social & economic justice.
- Secular: Added by 42nd Amendment (1976); equal respect for all religions.
- Democratic: Government elected by people through universal adult franchise.
- Republic: Head of State (President) is elected, not hereditary.
- Objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression, belief, faith, worship), Equality (status & opportunity), Fraternity (dignity & unity).
- Amendment: 42nd Amendment Act (1976) added Socialist, Secular, and "integrity of the nation."
- Judicial Use: Courts rely on Preamble for interpreting constitutional provisions.
- Importance: Called the "Soul of the Constitution"; embodies ideals & aspirations of the people.
#Indian_Polity
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Public Finance & Taxation
🔹 What is Public Finance?
- Public finance deals with the income and expenditure of the government.
- It includes taxation, public debt, budgeting, and fiscal policy.
- Objective: Mobilize resources, redistribute income, and promote economic stability.
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🔹 Sources of Government Revenue
- Direct Taxes → Levied directly on individuals and companies.
- Examples: Income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax (abolished).
- Indirect Taxes → Levied on goods and services.
- Examples: GST, customs duty, excise duty (merged into GST).
- Non‑Tax Revenue → Dividends from PSUs, fees, fines, spectrum auctions.
- Capital Receipts → Borrowings, disinvestment proceeds.
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🔹 Taxation System in India
- Direct Taxes: Progressive in nature, higher income → higher tax rate.
- Indirect Taxes: Regressive, as burden falls equally on rich and poor.
- Tax Administration: Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC).
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🔹 Current Context (2026–27)
- Direct tax collections projected at ₹22 lakh crore, driven by corporate profits and digital compliance.
- GST collections averaging ₹1.9–2 lakh crore per month.
- Govt focusing on tax rationalization and widening the tax base.
- Introduction of faceless assessment and e‑filing systems to reduce corruption.
- Debate continues on bringing petroleum and electricity under GST.
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🔹 Significance
- Public finance ensures resource mobilization for development.
- Taxation is a tool for redistribution of wealth and reducing inequality.
- Fiscal discipline strengthens investor confidence and macroeconomic stability.
#Economy@tgpscnotes
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The Satavahanas - Origin & Early Rulers
🔹 Satavahana Dynasty: Quick Facts
Time Period: Approximately 220 B.C. to 225 A.D.
Capitals: 1st: Kotilingala (Jagtial district), 2nd: Pratishtanapuram (Paithan), 3rd: Dhanyakatakam (Amaravati).
Founder: Simuka (Sri Mukha).
Greatest King: Gautamiputra Satakarni.
Official Language: Prakrit.
Official Emblem: Sun.
🔹 The Telangana Birthplace Debate
Historians like P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, B.N. Shastri, and Dr. Dhame Raja Reddy firmly argue that Telangana is the true birthplace of the Satavahanas.
The Evidence: The first capital was established at Kotilingala, where coins of the founder, Simukha, were excavated.
🔹 Key Early Rulers to Remember
Srimukha (Simuka): The founder of the dynasty and a contemporary of Ashoka. His coins (bearing names like Ranagobhadra and Rana Goswamy) were found at Kotilingala. He initially patronized Jainism but later shifted to the Vedic religion.
Kanha (Krishna): Brother of Simuka. He was the very first Satavahana king to issue an inscription (the Kanheri inscription) and helped spread the Bhagavata religion to the Deccan.
Satakarni-I: Son of Simuka. His wife, Naganika, issued the famous Nanaghat inscription in Prakrit, which details his military victories and titles like Dakshina padapati. He holds the distinction of being the first king in India to donate lands to Brahmins
#telangana_history_movement_and_state_formation@tgpscnotes
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