🔆 Goods and Services Tax (GST) :
✅ Introduced - 101st Constitution Amendment Act, 2016
✅ Slogan - ‘One Nation One Tax’.
✅ Legislative Basis :
🔸️In India, GST Bill was first introduced in 2014 as The Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill.
🔸️This got an approval in 2016 and was renumbered in the statute by Rajya Sabha as The Constitution (101 Amendment) Act, 2016.
✅ Subsumed Indirect Taxes - Excise duty, Value Added Tax (VAT), Service tax, Luxury tax etc.
✅ 4-Tier Tax Structure - 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.
✅ Components 4️⃣ : Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union Territories GST (UTGST), and Integrated GST (IGST).
⭕️ The Goods and Services Tax Council :
✅️ Constitutional body , Article 279A
✅️ Secretariat - New Delhi
✅️ Chairperson - The Union Finance Minister
✅️ Members :
🔸The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance
🔸The Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each state government
✅️ Vice -Chairperson - Council from the States have to choose one amongst themselves as the Vice-Chairperson of the Council.
✅ Introduced - 101st Constitution Amendment Act, 2016
✅ Slogan - ‘One Nation One Tax’.
✅ Legislative Basis :
🔸️In India, GST Bill was first introduced in 2014 as The Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill.
🔸️This got an approval in 2016 and was renumbered in the statute by Rajya Sabha as The Constitution (101 Amendment) Act, 2016.
✅ Subsumed Indirect Taxes - Excise duty, Value Added Tax (VAT), Service tax, Luxury tax etc.
✅ 4-Tier Tax Structure - 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.
✅ Components 4️⃣ : Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union Territories GST (UTGST), and Integrated GST (IGST).
⭕️ The Goods and Services Tax Council :
✅️ Constitutional body , Article 279A
✅️ Secretariat - New Delhi
✅️ Chairperson - The Union Finance Minister
✅️ Members :
🔸The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance
🔸The Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each state government
✅️ Vice -Chairperson - Council from the States have to choose one amongst themselves as the Vice-Chairperson of the Council.
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🌱 Green Hydrogen
Production Method: Electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources like wind, solar, or hydroelectric power.
🌱 Blue Hydrogen
Production Method: Produced from natural gas through steam methane reforming (SMR) or autothermal reforming (ATR), combined with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).
🌱 Gray Hydrogen
Production Method: Steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas without carbon capture.
🌱 Brown/Black Hydrogen
Production Method: Gasification of coal or lignite.
🌱 Pink Hydrogen
Production Method: Electrolysis of water using nuclear energy
🌱 Yellow Hydrogen
Production Method: Electrolysis using grid electricity, which may include both renewable and non-renewable sources.
🌱 Turquoise Hydrogen
Production Method: Pyrolysis of methane, producing solid carbon instead of CO₂ as a by-product.
🌱 White Hydrogen
Production Method: Naturally occurring hydrogen found in geological formations.
Production Method: Electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources like wind, solar, or hydroelectric power.
🌱 Blue Hydrogen
Production Method: Produced from natural gas through steam methane reforming (SMR) or autothermal reforming (ATR), combined with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).
🌱 Gray Hydrogen
Production Method: Steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas without carbon capture.
🌱 Brown/Black Hydrogen
Production Method: Gasification of coal or lignite.
🌱 Pink Hydrogen
Production Method: Electrolysis of water using nuclear energy
🌱 Yellow Hydrogen
Production Method: Electrolysis using grid electricity, which may include both renewable and non-renewable sources.
🌱 Turquoise Hydrogen
Production Method: Pyrolysis of methane, producing solid carbon instead of CO₂ as a by-product.
🌱 White Hydrogen
Production Method: Naturally occurring hydrogen found in geological formations.
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☘️ Champaran Satyagraha (1917):
- Gandhi's first major movement in India.
- Focused on the plight of indigo farmers in Bihar.
- Resulted in the abolition of oppressive indigo farming practices.
☘️ Lucknow Pact (1916):
- Alliance between the Congress and Muslim League.
- Agreed on common demands for constitutional reforms.
- Strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity briefly.
☘️ Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
- Rowlatt Act allowed detention without trial.
- General Dyer ordered open fire on peaceful protesters in Amritsar.
- Over 1,000 casualties intensified anti-British sentiments.
☘️ Formation of RSS (1925):
- Founded by K.B. Hedgewar in Nagpur.
- Focused on promoting Hindu cultural and social values.
- Became a significant influence in Indian socio-political discourse.
☘️ Simon Commission Protests (1927):
- All-white commission formed to review constitutional reforms.
- Boycotted with widespread protests led by Congress leaders.
- Lala Lajpat Rai's death during protests intensified resistance.
https://t.me/TGPSCNotes
☘️ Second Round Table Conference (1931):
- Gandhi represented Congress after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
- Failed to achieve agreements on key issues like communal representation.
- Disillusionment grew among Indian leaders.
☘️ Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930):
- Gandhi marched 240 miles to protest the salt tax.
- Civil disobedience spread, with mass defiance of colonial laws.
- Highlighted India's resolve for independence.
☘️ Government of India Act (1935):
- Introduced provincial autonomy and expanded electorates.
- Proposed a federal structure that was never fully implemented.
- Widely criticized for retaining British control.
☘️ Simla Conference (1945):
- Attempt to resolve Congress-Muslim League deadlock.
- Failed due to disagreements over communal representation.
- Reflected deepening political divides.
☘️ Mountbatten Plan (1947):
- Proposed partition of India into two nations, India and Pakistan.
- Aimed to avoid prolonged communal violence.
- Accepted by Congress and Muslim League.
☘️ First Round Table Conference (1930):
- Held in London to discuss constitutional reforms.
- Boycotted by Congress due to British non-recognition of Indian demands.
- Marked by limited progress.
☘️ Quit India Movement (1942):
- Launched by Gandhi with the slogan "Do or Die."
- Mass arrests and suppression followed by widespread protests.
- Unified India in demanding immediate independence.
☘️ Indian National Army and Subhas Chandra Bose (1943):
- Bose led the INA to fight against British rule with Japanese support.
- Inspired patriotic fervor but failed to secure a military victory.
- Highlighted global dimensions of India’s struggle.
☘️ Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (1946):
- Indian sailors revolted against British officers.
- Sparked solidarity protests across India.
- Showcased the declining loyalty of Indian armed forces to the British.
☘️ Independence and Partition (15 August 1947):
- India achieved independence but was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
- Resulted in massive violence and the largest migration in human history.
- Marked the end of British rule and the beginning of a new era.
- Gandhi's first major movement in India.
- Focused on the plight of indigo farmers in Bihar.
- Resulted in the abolition of oppressive indigo farming practices.
☘️ Lucknow Pact (1916):
- Alliance between the Congress and Muslim League.
- Agreed on common demands for constitutional reforms.
- Strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity briefly.
☘️ Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
- Rowlatt Act allowed detention without trial.
- General Dyer ordered open fire on peaceful protesters in Amritsar.
- Over 1,000 casualties intensified anti-British sentiments.
☘️ Formation of RSS (1925):
- Founded by K.B. Hedgewar in Nagpur.
- Focused on promoting Hindu cultural and social values.
- Became a significant influence in Indian socio-political discourse.
☘️ Simon Commission Protests (1927):
- All-white commission formed to review constitutional reforms.
- Boycotted with widespread protests led by Congress leaders.
- Lala Lajpat Rai's death during protests intensified resistance.
https://t.me/TGPSCNotes
☘️ Second Round Table Conference (1931):
- Gandhi represented Congress after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
- Failed to achieve agreements on key issues like communal representation.
- Disillusionment grew among Indian leaders.
☘️ Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930):
- Gandhi marched 240 miles to protest the salt tax.
- Civil disobedience spread, with mass defiance of colonial laws.
- Highlighted India's resolve for independence.
☘️ Government of India Act (1935):
- Introduced provincial autonomy and expanded electorates.
- Proposed a federal structure that was never fully implemented.
- Widely criticized for retaining British control.
☘️ Simla Conference (1945):
- Attempt to resolve Congress-Muslim League deadlock.
- Failed due to disagreements over communal representation.
- Reflected deepening political divides.
☘️ Mountbatten Plan (1947):
- Proposed partition of India into two nations, India and Pakistan.
- Aimed to avoid prolonged communal violence.
- Accepted by Congress and Muslim League.
☘️ First Round Table Conference (1930):
- Held in London to discuss constitutional reforms.
- Boycotted by Congress due to British non-recognition of Indian demands.
- Marked by limited progress.
☘️ Quit India Movement (1942):
- Launched by Gandhi with the slogan "Do or Die."
- Mass arrests and suppression followed by widespread protests.
- Unified India in demanding immediate independence.
☘️ Indian National Army and Subhas Chandra Bose (1943):
- Bose led the INA to fight against British rule with Japanese support.
- Inspired patriotic fervor but failed to secure a military victory.
- Highlighted global dimensions of India’s struggle.
☘️ Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (1946):
- Indian sailors revolted against British officers.
- Sparked solidarity protests across India.
- Showcased the declining loyalty of Indian armed forces to the British.
☘️ Independence and Partition (15 August 1947):
- India achieved independence but was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
- Resulted in massive violence and the largest migration in human history.
- Marked the end of British rule and the beginning of a new era.
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