🔆Spices Board India
✅ Statutory organization constituted under the Spices Board Act 1986
✅ It was formed with the merger of the erstwhile Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council
✅ Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✅ It functions as an international link between the Indian exporters and the importers abroad
✅ It is responsible for the overall development of cardamom (small and large) and also implement post-harvest improvement programmes to improve the quality of the 52 scheduled spices for export along with organic production, processing and certification of spices
✅ Recently, with certain spices of Indian brands facing bans in Singapore and Hong Kong due to quality concerns, the Spices Board said it will start mandatory testing of such consignments.
✅ Statutory organization constituted under the Spices Board Act 1986
✅ It was formed with the merger of the erstwhile Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council
✅ Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✅ It functions as an international link between the Indian exporters and the importers abroad
✅ It is responsible for the overall development of cardamom (small and large) and also implement post-harvest improvement programmes to improve the quality of the 52 scheduled spices for export along with organic production, processing and certification of spices
✅ Recently, with certain spices of Indian brands facing bans in Singapore and Hong Kong due to quality concerns, the Spices Board said it will start mandatory testing of such consignments.
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MONETARY POLICY [ QUANTITATIVE TOOL ]
1. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
■ Repo & Reverse Repo Rate
2. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
5. Bank Rate
6. Credit Ceiling
7. Open Market Operation
☆ Higher SLR , CRR - lower liquidity
1. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
■ Repo & Reverse Repo Rate
2. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
4. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
5. Bank Rate
6. Credit Ceiling
7. Open Market Operation
☆ Higher SLR , CRR - lower liquidity
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🔆India’s Initiatives at COP29:
✅Resilient Infrastructure: Highlighted CDRI and IRIS initiatives for disaster-resilient infrastructure and SIDS adaptation.
✅Industrial Decarbonization: Co-hosted LeadIT Member Meet with Sweden; promoted hydrogen-based solutions and CO2 capture.
✅SIDS Adaptation Finance: Advocated finance unlocking and disaster-resilient support for SIDS.
✅Solar Energy Leadership: Promoted solar adoption with ISA, targeting a 20-fold increase by 2050.
✅Gender-Inclusive Action: Showcased women-led clean energy solutions and gender-inclusive climate policies.
✅LeadIT Summit: Reaffirmed commitment to heavy industry decarbonization under the Paris Agreement.
✅Resilient Infrastructure: Highlighted CDRI and IRIS initiatives for disaster-resilient infrastructure and SIDS adaptation.
✅Industrial Decarbonization: Co-hosted LeadIT Member Meet with Sweden; promoted hydrogen-based solutions and CO2 capture.
✅SIDS Adaptation Finance: Advocated finance unlocking and disaster-resilient support for SIDS.
✅Solar Energy Leadership: Promoted solar adoption with ISA, targeting a 20-fold increase by 2050.
✅Gender-Inclusive Action: Showcased women-led clean energy solutions and gender-inclusive climate policies.
✅LeadIT Summit: Reaffirmed commitment to heavy industry decarbonization under the Paris Agreement.
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🔆Committees on Western Ghats:
📍Sanjay Kumar Committee:
✅Formed to review state objections on ESA demarcations and validate proposed exclusions.
✅Will conduct field visits to verify if demands for village exclusions from ESA listings are justified.
✅Seeks to finalize the ESA status for villages, restricting activities harmful to biodiversity.
📍Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011):
✅Established by UPA government to propose protection measures for the Western Ghats.
✅Recommended designating the entire Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
✅Proposed the creation of a dedicated ecological authority to regulate development.
✅Report suggested rigorous conservation, but its recommendations were not fully adopted.
📍Kasturirangan Committee (2012):
✅Formed as a follow-up to the Gadgil Committee to provide a more moderate approach.
✅Based ESA demarcations on 37% of the Western Ghats, focusing on forested areas.
✅Emphasized a balance between conservation and developmental needs, allowing limited activity in specific areas.
📍Sanjay Kumar Committee:
✅Formed to review state objections on ESA demarcations and validate proposed exclusions.
✅Will conduct field visits to verify if demands for village exclusions from ESA listings are justified.
✅Seeks to finalize the ESA status for villages, restricting activities harmful to biodiversity.
📍Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011):
✅Established by UPA government to propose protection measures for the Western Ghats.
✅Recommended designating the entire Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
✅Proposed the creation of a dedicated ecological authority to regulate development.
✅Report suggested rigorous conservation, but its recommendations were not fully adopted.
📍Kasturirangan Committee (2012):
✅Formed as a follow-up to the Gadgil Committee to provide a more moderate approach.
✅Based ESA demarcations on 37% of the Western Ghats, focusing on forested areas.
✅Emphasized a balance between conservation and developmental needs, allowing limited activity in specific areas.
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🔆 Government Securities (G-Sec) :
✅ A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
✅ A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
✅ Kinds :
◽️Short : Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
◽️Long : Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
✅ Issuer :
🔸️ Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
🔸️ State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
✅ G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
✅ Issue Mechanism : The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.
✅ A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
✅ A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
✅ Kinds :
◽️Short : Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
◽️Long : Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
✅ Issuer :
🔸️ Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
🔸️ State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
✅ G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
✅ Issue Mechanism : The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.
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Simon Commission - Nov 1927
Delhi Proposals - Dec 1927
Simon Commission arrived India - Feb 1928
Nehru Report - Aug 1928
Jinnah's 14 points - March 1929
INC Lahore session - Dec 1929
Simon Commission report - 1930
Delhi Proposals - Dec 1927
Simon Commission arrived India - Feb 1928
Nehru Report - Aug 1928
Jinnah's 14 points - March 1929
INC Lahore session - Dec 1929
Simon Commission report - 1930
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