🔆Raja Raja Chola I
✅Birth: Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he rose to become one of history’s most illustrious and visionary rulers.
✅Rajaraja is regarded as Ulakalanda Perumel (the great one who measured the earth like Trivikrama) and as Shiva who established control over the land of Bhargava Rama.
✅Reign: Raja Raja’s reign, from 985 to 1014 CE, encompassed the whole of southern India, part of Ceylon and the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagos.
✅The Cholas undertook military expeditions to Sri Lanka (during the time of Rajaraja I) and SriVijaya (during the time of Rajendra I).
✅Titles: He decorated himself with high-sounding titles of Jayangonda, Pandya-kulasani, Singalantaka, Colamartanda, and Telingakulakala.
✅Stone records: He started prefacing stone records (official prasasti) with a set description of the major events of his reign.
📍Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeswaram)
✅Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, part of the UNESCO “Great Living Chola Temples.”
✅Era: Built in 1009 CE by Raja Raja Chola I, it is the largest and tallest Indian temple.
📍Design:
✅Features a massive 70-meter pyramidal vimana with an octagonal dome-shaped stupika.
✅Two large gopuras adorned with intricate sculptures.
✅Sanctum houses a two-storey lingam of Lord Shiva.
✅Birth: Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he rose to become one of history’s most illustrious and visionary rulers.
✅Rajaraja is regarded as Ulakalanda Perumel (the great one who measured the earth like Trivikrama) and as Shiva who established control over the land of Bhargava Rama.
✅Reign: Raja Raja’s reign, from 985 to 1014 CE, encompassed the whole of southern India, part of Ceylon and the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagos.
✅The Cholas undertook military expeditions to Sri Lanka (during the time of Rajaraja I) and SriVijaya (during the time of Rajendra I).
✅Titles: He decorated himself with high-sounding titles of Jayangonda, Pandya-kulasani, Singalantaka, Colamartanda, and Telingakulakala.
✅Stone records: He started prefacing stone records (official prasasti) with a set description of the major events of his reign.
📍Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeswaram)
✅Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, part of the UNESCO “Great Living Chola Temples.”
✅Era: Built in 1009 CE by Raja Raja Chola I, it is the largest and tallest Indian temple.
📍Design:
✅Features a massive 70-meter pyramidal vimana with an octagonal dome-shaped stupika.
✅Two large gopuras adorned with intricate sculptures.
✅Sanctum houses a two-storey lingam of Lord Shiva.
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Ancient universities of india
1.Takshashila (Taxila)
Location: Present-day Pakistan
Founder: There is no specific founder mentioned, but it flourished around the 6th century BCE.
Key Supporters: Rulers of the Gandhara region, particularly during the Achaemenid Empire and later under Mauryan rule.
Subjects Taught: Vedic literature, medicine, law, military science, and more.
Famous Scholars: Chanakya (Kautilya), Jivaka, Panini (grammarian).
---
2. Nalanda
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Kumaragupta I of the Gupta Empire (5th century CE) is credited with its establishment.
Royal Support: Harshavardhana and Pala kings (like Dharmapala) provided significant patronage.
Subjects Taught: Buddhism, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
Famous Scholars: Aryabhata, Xuanzang (Chinese traveler)
---
3. Vikramashila
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist philosophy, logic, and Tantric studies.
Famous Scholars: Atisha Dipankara (Buddhist scholar who spread Buddhism to Tibet)
---
4. Vallabhi
Location: Present-day Gujarat, India
Founder: Maitraka rulers of Vallabhi (6th century CE).
Subjects Taught: Hindu philosophy, law, and Buddhist studies.
Royal Support: Maitraka dynasty
---
5. Odantapuri
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist studies and philosophy.
---
6. Somapura Mahavihara
Location: Present-day Bangladesh (Paharpur)
Founder: Dharmapala, the Pala king (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist learning and architecture.
---
7. Pushpagiri
Location: Present-day Odisha, India
Founder: Exact founder unknown, but it flourished under the patronage of the Kalinga kings.
Specialization: Buddhism and other classical studies
---
8. Kanthaka Chetiya (in Sri Lanka)
Location: Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Founder: Patronized by Sri Lankan kings like Devanampiya Tissa.
Specialization: Buddhist studies, particularly Theravada tradition.
1.Takshashila (Taxila)
Location: Present-day Pakistan
Founder: There is no specific founder mentioned, but it flourished around the 6th century BCE.
Key Supporters: Rulers of the Gandhara region, particularly during the Achaemenid Empire and later under Mauryan rule.
Subjects Taught: Vedic literature, medicine, law, military science, and more.
Famous Scholars: Chanakya (Kautilya), Jivaka, Panini (grammarian).
---
2. Nalanda
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Kumaragupta I of the Gupta Empire (5th century CE) is credited with its establishment.
Royal Support: Harshavardhana and Pala kings (like Dharmapala) provided significant patronage.
Subjects Taught: Buddhism, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
Famous Scholars: Aryabhata, Xuanzang (Chinese traveler)
---
3. Vikramashila
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist philosophy, logic, and Tantric studies.
Famous Scholars: Atisha Dipankara (Buddhist scholar who spread Buddhism to Tibet)
---
4. Vallabhi
Location: Present-day Gujarat, India
Founder: Maitraka rulers of Vallabhi (6th century CE).
Subjects Taught: Hindu philosophy, law, and Buddhist studies.
Royal Support: Maitraka dynasty
---
5. Odantapuri
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist studies and philosophy.
---
6. Somapura Mahavihara
Location: Present-day Bangladesh (Paharpur)
Founder: Dharmapala, the Pala king (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist learning and architecture.
---
7. Pushpagiri
Location: Present-day Odisha, India
Founder: Exact founder unknown, but it flourished under the patronage of the Kalinga kings.
Specialization: Buddhism and other classical studies
---
8. Kanthaka Chetiya (in Sri Lanka)
Location: Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Founder: Patronized by Sri Lankan kings like Devanampiya Tissa.
Specialization: Buddhist studies, particularly Theravada tradition.
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International Criminal Court (ICC):
✅Establishment: Created by the Rome Statute in 1998; began operations in 2003.
✅Headquarters: Located in The Hague, Netherlands.
✅Purpose: Prosecutes individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression.
✅Membership: 123 countries recognize ICC authority; key non-members include the US, China, Russia, and India.
📍Structure:
✅Judges: 18 judges elected for non-renewable nine-year terms.
✅Presidency: Comprises a President and two Vice-Presidents.
✅Registry: Manages administrative and operational support.
📍Jurisdiction:
✅Covers crimes committed in member states or by nationals of member states.
✅Operates only when national courts are unable or unwilling to act.
✅Jurisdiction applies only to crimes committed after July 1, 2002.
📍Relationship with UN:
✅Not a UN body but cooperates through agreements.
✅The UN Security Council can refer cases to the ICC if outside its jurisdiction
✅Establishment: Created by the Rome Statute in 1998; began operations in 2003.
✅Headquarters: Located in The Hague, Netherlands.
✅Purpose: Prosecutes individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression.
✅Membership: 123 countries recognize ICC authority; key non-members include the US, China, Russia, and India.
📍Structure:
✅Judges: 18 judges elected for non-renewable nine-year terms.
✅Presidency: Comprises a President and two Vice-Presidents.
✅Registry: Manages administrative and operational support.
📍Jurisdiction:
✅Covers crimes committed in member states or by nationals of member states.
✅Operates only when national courts are unable or unwilling to act.
✅Jurisdiction applies only to crimes committed after July 1, 2002.
📍Relationship with UN:
✅Not a UN body but cooperates through agreements.
✅The UN Security Council can refer cases to the ICC if outside its jurisdiction
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Indian Chemical Council (ICC) wins 2024 OPCW-The Hague Award.
It was conferred during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties (CSP) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) at the Hague (Netherlands) on November 25, 2024.
It is the first time that the Award recognises the efforts of a chemical industry body.
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC):
a. It came into force in 1997, and presently has 193 States Parties.
b. OPCW, with its Secretariat in The Hague, is the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention, with a mission to achieve a world free of chemical weapons.
c. India is an original signatory to the Convention.
d. India’s National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) is the national authority responsible for implementing the Convention in India.
In 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.
OPCW-The Hague Award: Instituted in 2014 by OPCW & Municipality of The Hague.
It was conferred during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties (CSP) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) at the Hague (Netherlands) on November 25, 2024.
It is the first time that the Award recognises the efforts of a chemical industry body.
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC):
a. It came into force in 1997, and presently has 193 States Parties.
b. OPCW, with its Secretariat in The Hague, is the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention, with a mission to achieve a world free of chemical weapons.
c. India is an original signatory to the Convention.
d. India’s National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) is the national authority responsible for implementing the Convention in India.
In 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.
OPCW-The Hague Award: Instituted in 2014 by OPCW & Municipality of The Hague.
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