🔆 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) :
✅ Origin - Shanghai Five (1996) : China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
✅ 2001 : Adding Uzbekistan as a sixth member , The Shanghai Five was renamed the SCO.
✅ 2015 : The SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members.
✅ 2016 : India and Pakistan signed the memorandum of obligations in Tashkent (Uzbekistan), thereby starting the formal process of joining the SCO as full members.
✅ 2017: India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members
✅ 2021: It was announced that Iran would become a full member of the SCO.
✅ Headquarter - Beijing, China
🔸 Members - China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Iran, and Uzbekistan
🔸Observers - Afghanistan, Belarus, and Mongolia
🔸Dialogue Partners - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Egypt, Nepal, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia
✅ Structure :
🔸 The Council of Heads of State
🔸 The Council of Heads of Government
🔸 The Council of Foreign Ministers
🔸 The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure
✅ Significance - Addresses security issues in Asia with primarily Asian members.
✅ 23rd Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit : Hosted By India
✅ SCO Summit 2024(24th) - Astana, Kazakhstan
🔸Belarus has become the 10th member state of the SCO
✅ Origin - Shanghai Five (1996) : China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
✅ 2001 : Adding Uzbekistan as a sixth member , The Shanghai Five was renamed the SCO.
✅ 2015 : The SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members.
✅ 2016 : India and Pakistan signed the memorandum of obligations in Tashkent (Uzbekistan), thereby starting the formal process of joining the SCO as full members.
✅ 2017: India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members
✅ 2021: It was announced that Iran would become a full member of the SCO.
✅ Headquarter - Beijing, China
🔸 Members - China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Iran, and Uzbekistan
🔸Observers - Afghanistan, Belarus, and Mongolia
🔸Dialogue Partners - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Egypt, Nepal, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia
✅ Structure :
🔸 The Council of Heads of State
🔸 The Council of Heads of Government
🔸 The Council of Foreign Ministers
🔸 The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure
✅ Significance - Addresses security issues in Asia with primarily Asian members.
✅ 23rd Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit : Hosted By India
✅ SCO Summit 2024(24th) - Astana, Kazakhstan
🔸Belarus has become the 10th member state of the SCO
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Project Veer Gatha
✅The Government had launched Project ‘Veer Gatha’ as part of ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’ to celebrate 75th year of Independence.
✅It was launched under the Gallantry Awards Portal (GAP) in 2021, aims to share the courageous acts and life stories of Gallantry Awardees with students to foster patriotism and civic values.
✅Through this initiative, students have created projects in various formats, including poems, essays, paintings, and videos, to honor these gallantry award winners.
✅Aligned with the Republic Day celebrations each year, Project Veer Gatha has seen great success with its first three editions.
✅Under Project Veer Gatha 4.0, 100 winners will be selected and their felicitation will be done jointly by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defence during the upcoming Republic Day. Each winner will be awarded a cash prize of Rs. 10,000.
✅The Government had launched Project ‘Veer Gatha’ as part of ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’ to celebrate 75th year of Independence.
✅It was launched under the Gallantry Awards Portal (GAP) in 2021, aims to share the courageous acts and life stories of Gallantry Awardees with students to foster patriotism and civic values.
✅Through this initiative, students have created projects in various formats, including poems, essays, paintings, and videos, to honor these gallantry award winners.
✅Aligned with the Republic Day celebrations each year, Project Veer Gatha has seen great success with its first three editions.
✅Under Project Veer Gatha 4.0, 100 winners will be selected and their felicitation will be done jointly by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defence during the upcoming Republic Day. Each winner will be awarded a cash prize of Rs. 10,000.
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🔆Raja Raja Chola I
✅Birth: Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he rose to become one of history’s most illustrious and visionary rulers.
✅Rajaraja is regarded as Ulakalanda Perumel (the great one who measured the earth like Trivikrama) and as Shiva who established control over the land of Bhargava Rama.
✅Reign: Raja Raja’s reign, from 985 to 1014 CE, encompassed the whole of southern India, part of Ceylon and the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagos.
✅The Cholas undertook military expeditions to Sri Lanka (during the time of Rajaraja I) and SriVijaya (during the time of Rajendra I).
✅Titles: He decorated himself with high-sounding titles of Jayangonda, Pandya-kulasani, Singalantaka, Colamartanda, and Telingakulakala.
✅Stone records: He started prefacing stone records (official prasasti) with a set description of the major events of his reign.
📍Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeswaram)
✅Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, part of the UNESCO “Great Living Chola Temples.”
✅Era: Built in 1009 CE by Raja Raja Chola I, it is the largest and tallest Indian temple.
📍Design:
✅Features a massive 70-meter pyramidal vimana with an octagonal dome-shaped stupika.
✅Two large gopuras adorned with intricate sculptures.
✅Sanctum houses a two-storey lingam of Lord Shiva.
✅Birth: Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he rose to become one of history’s most illustrious and visionary rulers.
✅Rajaraja is regarded as Ulakalanda Perumel (the great one who measured the earth like Trivikrama) and as Shiva who established control over the land of Bhargava Rama.
✅Reign: Raja Raja’s reign, from 985 to 1014 CE, encompassed the whole of southern India, part of Ceylon and the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagos.
✅The Cholas undertook military expeditions to Sri Lanka (during the time of Rajaraja I) and SriVijaya (during the time of Rajendra I).
✅Titles: He decorated himself with high-sounding titles of Jayangonda, Pandya-kulasani, Singalantaka, Colamartanda, and Telingakulakala.
✅Stone records: He started prefacing stone records (official prasasti) with a set description of the major events of his reign.
📍Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeswaram)
✅Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, part of the UNESCO “Great Living Chola Temples.”
✅Era: Built in 1009 CE by Raja Raja Chola I, it is the largest and tallest Indian temple.
📍Design:
✅Features a massive 70-meter pyramidal vimana with an octagonal dome-shaped stupika.
✅Two large gopuras adorned with intricate sculptures.
✅Sanctum houses a two-storey lingam of Lord Shiva.
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Ancient universities of india
1.Takshashila (Taxila)
Location: Present-day Pakistan
Founder: There is no specific founder mentioned, but it flourished around the 6th century BCE.
Key Supporters: Rulers of the Gandhara region, particularly during the Achaemenid Empire and later under Mauryan rule.
Subjects Taught: Vedic literature, medicine, law, military science, and more.
Famous Scholars: Chanakya (Kautilya), Jivaka, Panini (grammarian).
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2. Nalanda
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Kumaragupta I of the Gupta Empire (5th century CE) is credited with its establishment.
Royal Support: Harshavardhana and Pala kings (like Dharmapala) provided significant patronage.
Subjects Taught: Buddhism, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
Famous Scholars: Aryabhata, Xuanzang (Chinese traveler)
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3. Vikramashila
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist philosophy, logic, and Tantric studies.
Famous Scholars: Atisha Dipankara (Buddhist scholar who spread Buddhism to Tibet)
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4. Vallabhi
Location: Present-day Gujarat, India
Founder: Maitraka rulers of Vallabhi (6th century CE).
Subjects Taught: Hindu philosophy, law, and Buddhist studies.
Royal Support: Maitraka dynasty
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5. Odantapuri
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist studies and philosophy.
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6. Somapura Mahavihara
Location: Present-day Bangladesh (Paharpur)
Founder: Dharmapala, the Pala king (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist learning and architecture.
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7. Pushpagiri
Location: Present-day Odisha, India
Founder: Exact founder unknown, but it flourished under the patronage of the Kalinga kings.
Specialization: Buddhism and other classical studies
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8. Kanthaka Chetiya (in Sri Lanka)
Location: Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Founder: Patronized by Sri Lankan kings like Devanampiya Tissa.
Specialization: Buddhist studies, particularly Theravada tradition.
1.Takshashila (Taxila)
Location: Present-day Pakistan
Founder: There is no specific founder mentioned, but it flourished around the 6th century BCE.
Key Supporters: Rulers of the Gandhara region, particularly during the Achaemenid Empire and later under Mauryan rule.
Subjects Taught: Vedic literature, medicine, law, military science, and more.
Famous Scholars: Chanakya (Kautilya), Jivaka, Panini (grammarian).
---
2. Nalanda
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Kumaragupta I of the Gupta Empire (5th century CE) is credited with its establishment.
Royal Support: Harshavardhana and Pala kings (like Dharmapala) provided significant patronage.
Subjects Taught: Buddhism, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
Famous Scholars: Aryabhata, Xuanzang (Chinese traveler)
---
3. Vikramashila
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist philosophy, logic, and Tantric studies.
Famous Scholars: Atisha Dipankara (Buddhist scholar who spread Buddhism to Tibet)
---
4. Vallabhi
Location: Present-day Gujarat, India
Founder: Maitraka rulers of Vallabhi (6th century CE).
Subjects Taught: Hindu philosophy, law, and Buddhist studies.
Royal Support: Maitraka dynasty
---
5. Odantapuri
Location: Present-day Bihar, India
Founder: Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala dynasty (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist studies and philosophy.
---
6. Somapura Mahavihara
Location: Present-day Bangladesh (Paharpur)
Founder: Dharmapala, the Pala king (8th century CE).
Specialization: Buddhist learning and architecture.
---
7. Pushpagiri
Location: Present-day Odisha, India
Founder: Exact founder unknown, but it flourished under the patronage of the Kalinga kings.
Specialization: Buddhism and other classical studies
---
8. Kanthaka Chetiya (in Sri Lanka)
Location: Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Founder: Patronized by Sri Lankan kings like Devanampiya Tissa.
Specialization: Buddhist studies, particularly Theravada tradition.
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