ALL NOBEL PRIZES IN 2024
☘️ PHYSICS
- 2024 Laureates: John J Hopfield
- Geoffrey E Hinton
- Awarded for: foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks
☘️ CHEMISTRY
- 2024 Laureates: David Baker (For computational protein design)
- Demis Hassabis & John M Jumper (For protein structure prediction)
☘️ PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE
- 2024 Laureates: Victor Ambros & Gary Ruvkun
- Awarded for: for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation
☘️ LITERATURE
- 2024 Laureates: Han Kang (South Korean writer)
- Awarded for: for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life
☘️ NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
- 2024 Laureates: Nihon Hidankyo (Japanese organization)
- Awarded for: for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again
☘️ ECONOMIC SCIENCES
- 2024 Laureates: Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A Robinson
- Awarded for: for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
☘️ PHYSICS
- 2024 Laureates: John J Hopfield
- Geoffrey E Hinton
- Awarded for: foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks
☘️ CHEMISTRY
- 2024 Laureates: David Baker (For computational protein design)
- Demis Hassabis & John M Jumper (For protein structure prediction)
☘️ PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE
- 2024 Laureates: Victor Ambros & Gary Ruvkun
- Awarded for: for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation
☘️ LITERATURE
- 2024 Laureates: Han Kang (South Korean writer)
- Awarded for: for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life
☘️ NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
- 2024 Laureates: Nihon Hidankyo (Japanese organization)
- Awarded for: for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again
☘️ ECONOMIC SCIENCES
- 2024 Laureates: Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A Robinson
- Awarded for: for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
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1. First Buddhist Council (483 BCE, Rajagaha)
- Held shortly after Buddha's death (Mahaparinirvana)
- Convened by King Ajatashatru under Elder Mahakassapa's leadership
- Main purpose: To preserve Buddha's teachings by compiling the Vinaya (monastic rules) and Suttas (discourses)
- Ananda recited Buddha's discourses (Sutta Pitaka)
- Upali recited the monastic rules (Vinaya Pitaka)
2. Second Buddhist Council (383 BCE, Vaishali)
- Held 100 years after the first council
- Main issue: Dispute over monastic rules and practices
- Addressed the "Ten Points" controversy about rules for monks
- Led to the first major split in Buddhist Sangha between:
* Sthaviravada (traditionalists)
* Mahasanghika (progressives)
3. Third Buddhist Council (250 BCE, Pataliputra)
- Convened by Emperor Ashoka
- Presided over by Moggaliputta Tissa
- Purpose: To purify the Sangha and resolve doctrinal disputes
- Resulted in the compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka
- Led to the dispatch of Buddhist missionaries to different regions
- Established the Kathavatthu (Points of Controversy)
4. Fourth Buddhist Council (72 BCE, Kashmir)
- Conducted under Kushan King Kanishka's patronage
- Presided over by Vasumitra and Ashvaghosa
- Focus: Synthesis of various Buddhist schools
- Led to the rise of Mahayana Buddhism
- Resulted in Sanskrit commentaries on the Tripitaka
- Marked the spread of Buddhism into Central Asia
Key Impacts:
- Helped preserve and systematize Buddhist teachings
- Led to the emergence of different Buddhist schools
- Facilitated the spread of Buddhism beyond India
- Contributed to the development of Buddhist literature and philosophy
- Held shortly after Buddha's death (Mahaparinirvana)
- Convened by King Ajatashatru under Elder Mahakassapa's leadership
- Main purpose: To preserve Buddha's teachings by compiling the Vinaya (monastic rules) and Suttas (discourses)
- Ananda recited Buddha's discourses (Sutta Pitaka)
- Upali recited the monastic rules (Vinaya Pitaka)
2. Second Buddhist Council (383 BCE, Vaishali)
- Held 100 years after the first council
- Main issue: Dispute over monastic rules and practices
- Addressed the "Ten Points" controversy about rules for monks
- Led to the first major split in Buddhist Sangha between:
* Sthaviravada (traditionalists)
* Mahasanghika (progressives)
3. Third Buddhist Council (250 BCE, Pataliputra)
- Convened by Emperor Ashoka
- Presided over by Moggaliputta Tissa
- Purpose: To purify the Sangha and resolve doctrinal disputes
- Resulted in the compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka
- Led to the dispatch of Buddhist missionaries to different regions
- Established the Kathavatthu (Points of Controversy)
4. Fourth Buddhist Council (72 BCE, Kashmir)
- Conducted under Kushan King Kanishka's patronage
- Presided over by Vasumitra and Ashvaghosa
- Focus: Synthesis of various Buddhist schools
- Led to the rise of Mahayana Buddhism
- Resulted in Sanskrit commentaries on the Tripitaka
- Marked the spread of Buddhism into Central Asia
Key Impacts:
- Helped preserve and systematize Buddhist teachings
- Led to the emergence of different Buddhist schools
- Facilitated the spread of Buddhism beyond India
- Contributed to the development of Buddhist literature and philosophy
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Birsa Munda: The Architect of Tribal Resilience.
🏹 Birsa Munda was a prominent freedom fighter and a tribal leader who dedicated his life to fight for the rights of indigenous communities.
🏹 He was born in 1875 in Chotanagpur region and belonged to the Munda tribe.
🏹 He closely witnessed the exploitation of his people by the colonial agrarian policies such as Permanent settlement which replaced the traditional agrarian system of Mundas known as Khuntkatti agrarian system.
🏹 Forced labour in plantations and exploitation by money lenders (dikus) led to tribal movement
🏹The Munda rebellion (Ulgulan) led by Birsa Munda was started in the late 19th century.
🏹British by force suppressed the movement and captured Birsa Munda. He died in captivity in 1900 under mysterious circumstances.
🏹 His birthday is recognised as Tribal Pride Day (Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas)
🏹 Birsa Munda was a prominent freedom fighter and a tribal leader who dedicated his life to fight for the rights of indigenous communities.
🏹 He was born in 1875 in Chotanagpur region and belonged to the Munda tribe.
🏹 He closely witnessed the exploitation of his people by the colonial agrarian policies such as Permanent settlement which replaced the traditional agrarian system of Mundas known as Khuntkatti agrarian system.
🏹 Forced labour in plantations and exploitation by money lenders (dikus) led to tribal movement
🏹The Munda rebellion (Ulgulan) led by Birsa Munda was started in the late 19th century.
🏹British by force suppressed the movement and captured Birsa Munda. He died in captivity in 1900 under mysterious circumstances.
🏹 His birthday is recognised as Tribal Pride Day (Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas)
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🔆e-FAST India Initiative
✅Recently, NITI Aayog has announced the launch of the ‘NITI GearShift Challenge’ as part of the e-FAST India initiative
✅e-FAST was born from the recognition of the urgent need to decarbonize road-based freight transportation in India to realize its 2070 net zero commitments.
✅It was launched in September 2022.
✅It aims to galvanize the transition towards cleaner and greener freight transportation.
✅The platform facilitates active collaborations at both the national and international levels, supports ideation and development of pilot programs on a scalable basis, and explores technology integration and associated research.
✅It is a platform that facilitates deliberation, debates and collaboration between different stakeholders including the government, Original Equipment Manufacturers, Logistics Service Providers, Shippers, and industry experts to enable the development and adoption of electric technology in the freight sector at scale.
✅Recently, NITI Aayog has announced the launch of the ‘NITI GearShift Challenge’ as part of the e-FAST India initiative
✅e-FAST was born from the recognition of the urgent need to decarbonize road-based freight transportation in India to realize its 2070 net zero commitments.
✅It was launched in September 2022.
✅It aims to galvanize the transition towards cleaner and greener freight transportation.
✅The platform facilitates active collaborations at both the national and international levels, supports ideation and development of pilot programs on a scalable basis, and explores technology integration and associated research.
✅It is a platform that facilitates deliberation, debates and collaboration between different stakeholders including the government, Original Equipment Manufacturers, Logistics Service Providers, Shippers, and industry experts to enable the development and adoption of electric technology in the freight sector at scale.
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🔆Population Pyramids
✅The population pyramid (The age-sex pyramid)
The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population.
The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group. The following three diagrams show different types of Population Pyramids.
✅Expanding Population
The age-sex pyramid in such a case is a triangular-shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries. These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates.
✅Constant Population
Here, the age-sex pyramid is bell-shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near-constant population.
✅Declining Population
This pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative.
✅The population pyramid (The age-sex pyramid)
The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population.
The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group. The following three diagrams show different types of Population Pyramids.
✅Expanding Population
The age-sex pyramid in such a case is a triangular-shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries. These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates.
✅Constant Population
Here, the age-sex pyramid is bell-shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near-constant population.
✅Declining Population
This pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative.
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📍International Conventions:
✅ Paris Convention (1883): Protects industrial property internationally.
✅ Berne Convention (1886): Governs international copyright protection.
✅ Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970): Simplifies global patent application processes.
✅ Budapest Treaty: Ensures recognition of microorganism deposits in patent procedures.
✅ Marrakesh Treaty: Facilitates access to published works for visually impaired persons.
📍Laws Governing IPR in India:
✅ Patents Act, 1970: Governs patent filings and protection.
✅ Designs Act, 2000: Protects industrial designs.
✅ Trademarks Act, 1999: Regulates trademark registration.
✅ Geographical Indications Act, 1999: Protects GIs specific to regions.
✅ Copyright Act, 1957: Ensures protection of creative works.
✅ CIPAM (Cell for IPR Promotion and Management): Implements National IPR Policy.
✅ Paris Convention (1883): Protects industrial property internationally.
✅ Berne Convention (1886): Governs international copyright protection.
✅ Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970): Simplifies global patent application processes.
✅ Budapest Treaty: Ensures recognition of microorganism deposits in patent procedures.
✅ Marrakesh Treaty: Facilitates access to published works for visually impaired persons.
📍Laws Governing IPR in India:
✅ Patents Act, 1970: Governs patent filings and protection.
✅ Designs Act, 2000: Protects industrial designs.
✅ Trademarks Act, 1999: Regulates trademark registration.
✅ Geographical Indications Act, 1999: Protects GIs specific to regions.
✅ Copyright Act, 1957: Ensures protection of creative works.
✅ CIPAM (Cell for IPR Promotion and Management): Implements National IPR Policy.
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🔆Bhakti Saint & their time period
✅Shankara (788 - 820 AD)
✅Ramanuja (1017-1137 A.D)
✅Basava (12th Century)
✅Madhva (1238-1319 AD)
✅Ramanada (15th century)
✅Kabir (1440-1510 AD)
✅Chaitanya (1468-1533 AD)
✅Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD)
✅Purandara (15th century)
✅Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 AD)
✅Surdas (1483-1563 AD)
✅Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 AD)
✅Shankaradeva (1499-1569 AD)
✅Mirabai (1498-1563 AD)
✅Haridas (1478-1573 AD)
✅Tulasidas (1532-1623 AD)
✅Namdeva (1270-1309 AD)
✅Jnanesvar (1275-1296 AD)
✅Eknath (1533-1599AD)
✅Tukaram (1608 - 1650AD)
✅Shankara (788 - 820 AD)
✅Ramanuja (1017-1137 A.D)
✅Basava (12th Century)
✅Madhva (1238-1319 AD)
✅Ramanada (15th century)
✅Kabir (1440-1510 AD)
✅Chaitanya (1468-1533 AD)
✅Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD)
✅Purandara (15th century)
✅Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 AD)
✅Surdas (1483-1563 AD)
✅Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 AD)
✅Shankaradeva (1499-1569 AD)
✅Mirabai (1498-1563 AD)
✅Haridas (1478-1573 AD)
✅Tulasidas (1532-1623 AD)
✅Namdeva (1270-1309 AD)
✅Jnanesvar (1275-1296 AD)
✅Eknath (1533-1599AD)
✅Tukaram (1608 - 1650AD)
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