KOPPEN'S Classification of India's CLIMATE
- wladimir koeppen divided India's climate into Five main Zones. He also further broke these zones into smaller sub-types
- 5 main Climate zones in koeppen's classification:
1) Tropical climate
2) Dry Climate
3) warm Temperate climate
4) Cold Temperate climate
5) Ice climate
☘️ (E): Polar Type
- This Climate covers Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
- Precipitation occurs in the form of Snow
- Temperature: 0 - 10° c
☘️ (Et): Tundra type
- This Climate covers Mountain Area of Uttarakhand
- Rainfall varies from year to year
- Temperature: 0 - 10° c
☘️ (Dfc): Cold, Humid winter with short summer
- This Climate covers Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam
- Rainfall: 200 cm
☘️ (Cwg): Monsoon with Dry winter
- This Climate covers Most parts of the Ganga Plain (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & West Bengal), Assam, Most of North East India, & in Malwa Plateau (Eastern Rajasthan, Northern Madhya Pradesh)
- Rainfall: 100 - 200 cm
☘️ (BShw): Semi-Arid Steppe type Climate
- This Climate covers Some Rain shadow areas of Western ghats, Large part of Rajasthan, Punjab & Contiguous areas of Haryana & North Western Gujarat
- Rainfall: 12 - 25 cm
☘️ (BWhw): Hot Desert type Climate
- This Climate covers Most of Western Rajasthan
- Rainfall: less than 12 cm
☘️ (Aw): Tropical Savanna type
- This Climate covers most of the Peninsular Plateau barring coromandal and Malabar coastal strips
- Including the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
- Rainfall: 75 cm
☘️ (As): Monsoon type with a dry season in the summer season
- This Climate covers Coromandal coast (Coastal Tamilnadu) and adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh
- Rainfall: 75 - 100 cm
☘️ (Amw): Monsoon type with the short dry winter season
- This Climate covers Western coastal region, South of Mumbai, South of Goa, including the Malabar coast (Kerala & Karnataka) & parts of the Konkan coast (Maharashtra, Goa & Karnataka)
- Rainfall: over 300 cm
- wladimir koeppen divided India's climate into Five main Zones. He also further broke these zones into smaller sub-types
- 5 main Climate zones in koeppen's classification:
1) Tropical climate
2) Dry Climate
3) warm Temperate climate
4) Cold Temperate climate
5) Ice climate
☘️ (E): Polar Type
- This Climate covers Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
- Precipitation occurs in the form of Snow
- Temperature: 0 - 10° c
☘️ (Et): Tundra type
- This Climate covers Mountain Area of Uttarakhand
- Rainfall varies from year to year
- Temperature: 0 - 10° c
☘️ (Dfc): Cold, Humid winter with short summer
- This Climate covers Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam
- Rainfall: 200 cm
☘️ (Cwg): Monsoon with Dry winter
- This Climate covers Most parts of the Ganga Plain (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & West Bengal), Assam, Most of North East India, & in Malwa Plateau (Eastern Rajasthan, Northern Madhya Pradesh)
- Rainfall: 100 - 200 cm
☘️ (BShw): Semi-Arid Steppe type Climate
- This Climate covers Some Rain shadow areas of Western ghats, Large part of Rajasthan, Punjab & Contiguous areas of Haryana & North Western Gujarat
- Rainfall: 12 - 25 cm
☘️ (BWhw): Hot Desert type Climate
- This Climate covers Most of Western Rajasthan
- Rainfall: less than 12 cm
☘️ (Aw): Tropical Savanna type
- This Climate covers most of the Peninsular Plateau barring coromandal and Malabar coastal strips
- Including the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
- Rainfall: 75 cm
☘️ (As): Monsoon type with a dry season in the summer season
- This Climate covers Coromandal coast (Coastal Tamilnadu) and adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh
- Rainfall: 75 - 100 cm
☘️ (Amw): Monsoon type with the short dry winter season
- This Climate covers Western coastal region, South of Mumbai, South of Goa, including the Malabar coast (Kerala & Karnataka) & parts of the Konkan coast (Maharashtra, Goa & Karnataka)
- Rainfall: over 300 cm
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ICTP Galathea Bay
✅The mega international container transshipment port (ICTP) at Galathea Bay has been notified as the 13th major port.
✅It is located in the Great Nicobar island in the Bay of Bengal.
✅Great Nicobar Island is a part of the Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands, is 40 nautical miles from Malacca Strait.
✅Malacca Strait is the international shipping channel catering to about 35 percent of the annual global sea trade.
✅The port will be strategically located on the East-West international trade and shipping route in proximity to transshipment terminals like Singapore, Klang and Colombo.
✅It is also a part of the rapidly evolving Indo-Pacific geopolitical region.
✅As a gateway to the region, it will capture transshipment cargo from Indian east coast ports, as also Bangladesh and Myanmar.
✅The mega international container transshipment port (ICTP) at Galathea Bay has been notified as the 13th major port.
✅It is located in the Great Nicobar island in the Bay of Bengal.
✅Great Nicobar Island is a part of the Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands, is 40 nautical miles from Malacca Strait.
✅Malacca Strait is the international shipping channel catering to about 35 percent of the annual global sea trade.
✅The port will be strategically located on the East-West international trade and shipping route in proximity to transshipment terminals like Singapore, Klang and Colombo.
✅It is also a part of the rapidly evolving Indo-Pacific geopolitical region.
✅As a gateway to the region, it will capture transshipment cargo from Indian east coast ports, as also Bangladesh and Myanmar.
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Recent Cyclones in News🌪
Cyclone Dana
▪️Named by - Qatar
▪️Meaning - Perfectly sized, valuable & beautiful pearl
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal
Cyclone Yagi
▪️Named by - Japan
▪️Meaning - Goat
▪️Location - South East Asia
Cyclone Remal
▪️Named by - Oman
▪️Meaning - Sand
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal
Cyclone Dana
▪️Named by - Qatar
▪️Meaning - Perfectly sized, valuable & beautiful pearl
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal
Cyclone Yagi
▪️Named by - Japan
▪️Meaning - Goat
▪️Location - South East Asia
Cyclone Remal
▪️Named by - Oman
▪️Meaning - Sand
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal
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🔆Prithvi Vigyan Scheme
✅Consolidation of Programs: The Prithvi scheme unifies five existing sub- schemes:
1. Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS),
2. Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology (O- SMART),
3. Polar Science and Cryosphere Research (PACER),
4. Seismology and Geosciences (SAGE),
5. Research, Education, Training and Outreach (REACHOUT).
✅Aim: This integration is designed to enhance our understanding of Earth’s systems and apply scientific knowledge for societal, environmental, and economic benefits.
✅Consolidation of Programs: The Prithvi scheme unifies five existing sub- schemes:
1. Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS),
2. Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology (O- SMART),
3. Polar Science and Cryosphere Research (PACER),
4. Seismology and Geosciences (SAGE),
5. Research, Education, Training and Outreach (REACHOUT).
✅Aim: This integration is designed to enhance our understanding of Earth’s systems and apply scientific knowledge for societal, environmental, and economic benefits.
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🔆Indian states with longest coastline :
Trick : GAuTaM.
✅G : Gujarat
✅A : Andhra Pradesh
✅T : Tamil Nadu
✅M : Maharashtra
Trick : GAuTaM.
✅G : Gujarat
✅A : Andhra Pradesh
✅T : Tamil Nadu
✅M : Maharashtra
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🔆 Madhubani Painting :
✅ Madhubani town (Bihar) .
✅ Also known as MITHILA PAINTING [Traditionally done by Womens] .
✅ Theme - Religious Motifs of Hindu [ Durga, Lakshmi , Rama]
✅ Symbols - Fish depicts good luck & fertility
✅ Depict people and their association with nature and scenes and deities from the ancient epics
✅ Features - Double line border , Bold use of Colours etc.
✅ Famous Painters - Jagdamba Devi , Karpoori Devi , Sita Devi .
✅ GI (Geographical Indication) Status - 2007
✅ Madhubani town (Bihar) .
✅ Also known as MITHILA PAINTING [Traditionally done by Womens] .
✅ Theme - Religious Motifs of Hindu [ Durga, Lakshmi , Rama]
✅ Symbols - Fish depicts good luck & fertility
✅ Depict people and their association with nature and scenes and deities from the ancient epics
✅ Features - Double line border , Bold use of Colours etc.
✅ Famous Painters - Jagdamba Devi , Karpoori Devi , Sita Devi .
✅ GI (Geographical Indication) Status - 2007
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International Solar Alliance (ISA):
✅Established: 2015; headquartered in India (first intergovernmental organization headquartered in India).
✅Membership: 120 Member and Signatory countries, aiming to mobilize $1 trillion in solar investments by 2030.
✅Mission: Drive global solar energy adoption to foster sustainable growth, reduce energy costs, and provide universal energy access.
✅Primary goals: Enhance solar energy in sectors like agriculture, transport, and health; standardize solar policies; and provide solar training and data.
✅Partnerships: Collaborates with development banks, civil society, private, and public sectors, focusing on support for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅Established: 2015; headquartered in India (first intergovernmental organization headquartered in India).
✅Membership: 120 Member and Signatory countries, aiming to mobilize $1 trillion in solar investments by 2030.
✅Mission: Drive global solar energy adoption to foster sustainable growth, reduce energy costs, and provide universal energy access.
✅Primary goals: Enhance solar energy in sectors like agriculture, transport, and health; standardize solar policies; and provide solar training and data.
✅Partnerships: Collaborates with development banks, civil society, private, and public sectors, focusing on support for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
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🔆Committees on Western Ghats:
📍Sanjay Kumar Committee:
✅Formed to review state objections on ESA demarcations and validate proposed exclusions.
✅Will conduct field visits to verify if demands for village exclusions from ESA listings are justified.
✅Seeks to finalize the ESA status for villages, restricting activities harmful to biodiversity.
📍Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011):
✅Established by UPA government to propose protection measures for the Western Ghats.
✅Recommended designating the entire Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
✅Proposed the creation of a dedicated ecological authority to regulate development.
✅Report suggested rigorous conservation, but its recommendations were not fully adopted.
📍Kasturirangan Committee (2012):
✅Formed as a follow-up to the Gadgil Committee to provide a more moderate approach.
✅Based ESA demarcations on 37% of the Western Ghats, focusing on forested areas.
✅Emphasized a balance between conservation and developmental needs, allowing limited activity in specific areas.
📍Sanjay Kumar Committee:
✅Formed to review state objections on ESA demarcations and validate proposed exclusions.
✅Will conduct field visits to verify if demands for village exclusions from ESA listings are justified.
✅Seeks to finalize the ESA status for villages, restricting activities harmful to biodiversity.
📍Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011):
✅Established by UPA government to propose protection measures for the Western Ghats.
✅Recommended designating the entire Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
✅Proposed the creation of a dedicated ecological authority to regulate development.
✅Report suggested rigorous conservation, but its recommendations were not fully adopted.
📍Kasturirangan Committee (2012):
✅Formed as a follow-up to the Gadgil Committee to provide a more moderate approach.
✅Based ESA demarcations on 37% of the Western Ghats, focusing on forested areas.
✅Emphasized a balance between conservation and developmental needs, allowing limited activity in specific areas.
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Important Current Affairs for All Upcoming Exams
1) President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the 8th Bhartiya Kala Mahotsav, focussed on the North-Eastern states at the Rashtrapati Nilayam, Secunderabad, Telangana.
▪️Telangana :-
➨CM - A Revanth Reddy
➨KBR National Park
➨Amrabad Tiger Reserve
➨Kawal Tiger Reserve
➨ Pakhal Lake And Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Pocharam Dam And Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
2) India has secured a position on the 15-member Steering Committee of the GlobE Network, an international anti-corruption body, following a multi-stage voting process during the plenary session held in Beijing.
3) India's newest airline, Shankh Air, has received approval from the Civil Aviation Ministry to operate in the country.
➨It will be the first scheduled airline from Uttar Pradesh, with Lucknow and Noida serving as its primary hubs.
4) Shri B. Vanlalvawna, presently Joint Secretary in the Ministry, has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Cambodia.
5) To boost the bilateral economic relationship between India and Uzbekistan, a Bilateral Investment Treaty was signed between the two countries in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
6) Visionary industrialist and leader Deepak C Mehta, Chairman and Managing Director of Deepak Nitrite Limited, has been conferred the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Chemical Council (ICC) at the 59th ICC Annual Awards Function in Mumbai.
7) India has made significant strides in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024, now ranking 39th among 133 global economies, according to data released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva.
➨ This marks a remarkable ascent of 42 positions over the past nine years, up from 40th place in 2023.
8) India is ranked 58th globally, with a talent score of 40.47 in the IMD World Talent Ranking 2024, a decline from last year's 56th position and a significant drop from 52nd in 2022.
9) Union Minister of Textiles, Shri Giriraj Singh launched India-specific fashion trend book, “Paridhi 24x25” a bilingual web portal of VisioNxt and the AI Taxonomy e-book.
10) The Chief Minister of Mizoram, Pu Lalduhoma launched the state's new flagship initiative, the Handholding Scheme (Bana Kaih), during an official ceremony at Vanapa Hall.
11) Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated the 21st Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) Zone III Conference at Aizawl, Mizoram.
➨ The CPA Zone --III Conference theme was “Democratic Sanctity, Transparency, Accountability, and Results from Democracy.
12) Union Minister of Communications Jyotiraditya M. Scindia visited Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) Bengaluru Campus and inaugurated 5G O-RAN testing lab.
➨ He later inaugurated the “Tejas Centre of Excellence for Wireless Communications” at the Bengaluru Headquarters.
13) Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution & New & Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi inaugurated the 2nd India Sugar & Bio-Energy Conference in New Delhi.
14) Tripura Chief Minister Prof. Dr. Manik Saha launched a new scheme christened as CM-SATH which guarantees monthly stipend worth Rs 5,000 for 100 toppers of Madhyamik and HS examinations.
▪️Tripura :-
➨CM - Manik Saha
➨Governor - Satyadev Narayan Arya
➨Bison (Rajbari) National Park
➨Clouded Leopard National Park
➨Trishna Wild Life Sanctuary
➨Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary
≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡
1) President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the 8th Bhartiya Kala Mahotsav, focussed on the North-Eastern states at the Rashtrapati Nilayam, Secunderabad, Telangana.
▪️Telangana :-
➨CM - A Revanth Reddy
➨KBR National Park
➨Amrabad Tiger Reserve
➨Kawal Tiger Reserve
➨ Pakhal Lake And Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Pocharam Dam And Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
2) India has secured a position on the 15-member Steering Committee of the GlobE Network, an international anti-corruption body, following a multi-stage voting process during the plenary session held in Beijing.
3) India's newest airline, Shankh Air, has received approval from the Civil Aviation Ministry to operate in the country.
➨It will be the first scheduled airline from Uttar Pradesh, with Lucknow and Noida serving as its primary hubs.
4) Shri B. Vanlalvawna, presently Joint Secretary in the Ministry, has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Cambodia.
5) To boost the bilateral economic relationship between India and Uzbekistan, a Bilateral Investment Treaty was signed between the two countries in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
6) Visionary industrialist and leader Deepak C Mehta, Chairman and Managing Director of Deepak Nitrite Limited, has been conferred the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Chemical Council (ICC) at the 59th ICC Annual Awards Function in Mumbai.
7) India has made significant strides in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024, now ranking 39th among 133 global economies, according to data released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva.
➨ This marks a remarkable ascent of 42 positions over the past nine years, up from 40th place in 2023.
8) India is ranked 58th globally, with a talent score of 40.47 in the IMD World Talent Ranking 2024, a decline from last year's 56th position and a significant drop from 52nd in 2022.
9) Union Minister of Textiles, Shri Giriraj Singh launched India-specific fashion trend book, “Paridhi 24x25” a bilingual web portal of VisioNxt and the AI Taxonomy e-book.
10) The Chief Minister of Mizoram, Pu Lalduhoma launched the state's new flagship initiative, the Handholding Scheme (Bana Kaih), during an official ceremony at Vanapa Hall.
11) Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated the 21st Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) Zone III Conference at Aizawl, Mizoram.
➨ The CPA Zone --III Conference theme was “Democratic Sanctity, Transparency, Accountability, and Results from Democracy.
12) Union Minister of Communications Jyotiraditya M. Scindia visited Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) Bengaluru Campus and inaugurated 5G O-RAN testing lab.
➨ He later inaugurated the “Tejas Centre of Excellence for Wireless Communications” at the Bengaluru Headquarters.
13) Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution & New & Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi inaugurated the 2nd India Sugar & Bio-Energy Conference in New Delhi.
14) Tripura Chief Minister Prof. Dr. Manik Saha launched a new scheme christened as CM-SATH which guarantees monthly stipend worth Rs 5,000 for 100 toppers of Madhyamik and HS examinations.
▪️Tripura :-
➨CM - Manik Saha
➨Governor - Satyadev Narayan Arya
➨Bison (Rajbari) National Park
➨Clouded Leopard National Park
➨Trishna Wild Life Sanctuary
➨Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary
➨Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary
≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡
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The PM Vidyalaxmi scheme is a government initiative to provide financial support to meritorious students for higher education.
- Eligibility: Students admitted to top 860 higher education institutions (HEIs) are eligible, covering over 22 lakh students annually
- Loan Features: Collateral-free, guarantor-free education loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee
- Interest Subvention: 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹10 lakh for students with annual family income up to ₹8 lakh
- Application Process: Unified online portal, "PM-Vidyalaxmi," for loan and interest subvention applications
- Budget Allocation: ₹3,600 crore allocated from 2024-25 to 2030-31, benefiting an estimated 7 lakh new students
- Eligibility: Students admitted to top 860 higher education institutions (HEIs) are eligible, covering over 22 lakh students annually
- Loan Features: Collateral-free, guarantor-free education loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee
- Interest Subvention: 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹10 lakh for students with annual family income up to ₹8 lakh
- Application Process: Unified online portal, "PM-Vidyalaxmi," for loan and interest subvention applications
- Budget Allocation: ₹3,600 crore allocated from 2024-25 to 2030-31, benefiting an estimated 7 lakh new students
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