🔆 The National Film Awards    :
✅ Established - 1954
✅ Three sections : Feature Films, Non-Feature Films, and Best Writing in Cinema.
✅ These awards have been administered by the Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973.
✅ Award ceremony - New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards.
✅ This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public.
✅ The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest honor, given for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian Cinema
✅ Renaming of Awards :
◽️The Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a director' will now be known simply as 'Best Debut Film of a Director
◽️The Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration' has been renamed as the 'Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social, and Environmental Values
✅ Based on Recommendations of a committee set up by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.

🔆Marburg Viral Disease :

✅It is a severe, highly infectious hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola belongs to the filovirus family.
✅The natural host of the Marburg virus is the African fruit bat, which carries the pathogen.
✅The virus can be transmitted from bats to primates, including humans.
✅The virus was first identified in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, after workers contracted it from infected green monkeys.
✅There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments.

🔆 Government Securities (G-Sec) :

✅ A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
✅ A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
✅ Kinds :
◽️Short : Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
◽️Long : Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
✅ Issuer :
🔸️ Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
🔸️ State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
✅ G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
✅ Issue Mechanism : The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.

🔆Chikungunya

✅It is a viral diseasetransmitted to humans through the bites of mosquitoes infected with the chikungunya virus.
✅The word comes from the African Makonde language and means "bent over in pain." 

📍Transmission:
✅It is most commonly transmitted by mosquitoes, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, which can also transmit dengue and Zika viruses.
✅It is not spread from person to person. 
✅It was first described during an outbreak in southern Tanzania in 1952 and has now been identified in nearly 40 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

📍Symptoms:
✅Symptoms usually begin 4 to 8 days after a mosquito bite but can appear anywhere from 2 to 12 days.
✅The most common symptom is an abrupt onset of fever, often accompanied by joint pain. 
✅Other symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. 
✅Serious complications are uncommon, but atypical severe cases can cause long-term symptoms and even death, especially in older people.

📍Treatment:
✅There is currently no approved vaccine or specific treatmentfor chikungunya virus infections.
✅The goal of treatment for the infection is to relieve symptoms with rest, fluids and drugs.

Nobel Prize in Physiology (2024)

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.


Nobel laureate (Indians)

• Literature (1913) - Ravindra Nath Tagore
• Physics (1930) - CV Raman
• Medicine (1968) - Hargovind Khurana
• Peace (1979) - Mother Teresa
• Physics (1983) - Subramanian Chandrasekhar
• Economics (1998) - Amartya Sen
• Chemistry (2009) - Venkataraman Radhakrishnan
• Peace (2014) - Kailash Satyarthi ​
• Economics (2019) - Abhijeet Banerjee

🔆 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) :

✅ Attacks the immune system in the human body
✅ Destroys a Specific Type of WBC (White Blood Cells) & The T-helper cells / CD4 cells .
✅ This virus also replicates & multiplies itself inside these cells.
✅ It primarily targets and damages CD4 immune cells, which are essential for the body's ability to fight infections and diseases
✅ Late Stage - The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome stage (AIDS) [Severe Condition : Failure of the infected person’s immune system]
✅ Transmission - Through The Exchange of Bodily Fluids such as Blood, Breast Milk, Vaginal Fluid, Semen or Pre-Ejaculate
✅ Cure - Antiretroviral Therapy [allowing the number of CD4 immune cells to bounce back] , Bone Marrow Transplant [Replaces one’s bone marrow with healthy cells]

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)  :
✅ Statutory body
✅ Established - September 2008 ,Under The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act).
✅ Operates - Under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
✅ Headquarters - New Delhi
✅ Six regional offices - Delhi, Guwahati, Mumbai, Kolkata, Cochin, and Chennai.
✅ Structure - Chairperson and twenty two members out of which 1/3rd are to be women
✅ The FSSAI is responsible for the Food Certification in India.
✅ Functions -
◽️Creating Guidelines and Standards
◽️Awarding License
◽️Conducting Audits
◽️Literacy about food safety
◽️Retain Records and Information
◽️Keeping the Government Informed

🏝 12 BLUE FLAG BEACHES IN INDIA

1. Minicoy Thundi Beach : Lakshadweep

2. Kadmat Beach : Lakshadweep

3. Kovalam Beach : Tamil Nadu

4. Eden Beach : Puducherry

5. Golden Beach – Odisha
(Oldest)

6. Shivrajpur Beach – Gujarat

7. Kappadd Beach : Kerala

8. Ghoghla Beach : Diu

9. Radhanagar Beach : Andaman & Nicobar

10. Kasarkod Beach : Karnataka

11. Padubidri Beach : Karnataka

12. Rushikonda Beach : Andhra Pradesh

School of philosophy

🔆Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan

✅Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently launched the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, a comprehensive package aimed at saturating basic schemes in Scheduled Tribe (ST)-majority villages across India. This initiative is part of the government's efforts to improve the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities.

📍 Key Features of the Package

✅Scheme Saturation: The package aims to ensure the implementation of various government schemes in ST-majority villages. This will help address the specific needs and challenges faced by these communities.
✅Focus on Tribal Development: The package is specifically designed to benefit tribal people across the country. It will provide essential services and infrastructure to improve their quality of life.

📍Significance of the Package

✅Addressing Tribal Disparity
✅ Empowering Tribal Communities
✅Promoting Tribal Development

Article 12:

✅ It defines the term ‘state’ for the purposes of Part III.
✅ Article 12 and applicability on United Nation (UN): The Delhi High Court has ruled earlier that the UN is not a State under Article 12 and hence cannot be brought under the jurisdiction.
✅ Article 12 and PM CARES fund: The Centre recently informed the Delhi High Court in a plea seeking to declare the fund a ‘state’ under Article 12 that:
🔸 PM CARES Fund is set up as a public charitable trust and is not created under the Constitution or any law made by the Parliament or the state.

📍Judiciary under Article 12 :

✅ Judicial & Non-Judicial Function: When the Judiciary is discharging Judicial functions, it is not regarded as a State whereas the non-judicial function brings it under the definition of ‘State’.

Related cases:

✅ Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar case (1966): Judiciary should be put under the ambit of Article 12, otherwise the courts would be allowed to make rules which violate the fundamental rights of the citizens.
✅ Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra case (2002): Superior courts of justice do not fall within the ambit of ‘state’ or ‘other authorities’ under Article 12.
✅ Riju Prasad Sarmah Case (2015): The court again held that when a court is acting in its judicial capacity, it cannot be regarded as a State. However, its administrative action is amenable to the writ jurisdiction.

𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 - 𝐂) 𝐆𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐚

In December 2023, Gujarat's iconic dance form Garba was inscribed in UNESCO’s prestigious Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). This recognition highlights Garba’s cultural significance, its deep ritualistic roots, and its role in promoting social inclusivity. Garba, traditionally performed during Navratri, fosters unity by bringing together communities across all walks of life. This marks the 15th ICH element from India to be included in the UNESCO list. Keep participating in MyGov’s New India Quiz to celebrate and learn about India's rich cultural heritage.