👆TGPSC GROUP-1 MAINS SAMPLE COPY

New Ramsar Sites in India

➕In News:
Recently, three additional wetlands have been recognized as Ramsar sites

➕1. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary:
Location: Northeastern Uthukuli Taluk, Tiruppur Dist. , TN.
Significance:
- Named after King Nanjarayan.
- Spans two villages, Sarkar Periyapalayam and Neruperichal.
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➕2. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary:
Designation: Declared 16th bird sanctuary in TN (2021).
Location: Coromandel Coast in Villupuram Dist, north of Pondicherry.
Ecological Features:
- Significance: Largest wetlands in Peninsular India.
- Migratory Pathway: Lies in the Central Asian Flyway, crucial stopover for migratory birds.
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➕3. Tawa Reservoir:
Location: MP.
Features:
- Size: Largest protected area in the state.
- Construction: Built at the confluence of the Tawa & Denwa rivers.
- Protected Area: Located within Satpura Tiger Reserve, Forms western boundary of Satpura National Park & Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Space Missions:

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NASA (United States)

1. Apollo 11 (1969): First human Moon landing.
2. Voyager 1 (1977): Entered interstellar space.
3. Hubble Space Telescope (1990-Present): Deep-space imagery.
4. Curiosity Rover (2012-Present): Exploring Mars.
5. Perseverance Rover (2021-Present): Searching for signs of life on Mars.
6. James Webb Space Telescope (2021-Present): Advanced space observations.
7. New Horizons (2006-Present): First mission to Pluto.
8. Parker Solar Probe (2018-Present): Studying the Sun.

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ESA (European Space Agency)

1. Rosetta (2004-2016): Orbited and landed on a comet.
2. Gaia (2013-Present): Mapping the Milky Way.
3. ExoMars TGO (2016-Present): Mars atmospheric study.
4. BepiColombo (2018-Present): Mission to Mercury.
5. Ariane 5 (1996-2023): Heavy-lift launcher.
6. Envisat (2002-2012): Earth observation.
7. Copernicus (2000s-Present): Environmental monitoring.
8. Mars Express (2003-Present): Mars exploration.

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CNSA (China National Space Administration)

1. Chang'e 3 (2013): First Chinese lunar rover.
2. Chang'e 4 (2019): First far-side lunar landing.
3. Chang'e 5 (2020): Returned lunar samples.
4. Tianwen-1 (2021-Present): Mars mission with rover.
5. Tiangong-1 (2011-2018): First space station prototype.
6. Tiangong-2 (2016-2019): Second space lab.
7. Tiangong Space Station (2021-Present): China's modular space station.
8. Shenzhou 5 (2003): First Chinese human spaceflight.

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ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)

1. Aryabhata (1975): First Indian satellite.
2. Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Discovered lunar water.
3. Mangalyaan (2013-Present): Mars Orbiter Mission.
4. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Lunar orbiter.
5. PSLV-C37 (2017): Launched 104 satellites.
6. GSAT-11 (2018): Heaviest Indian communication satellite.
7. Gaganyaan (Planned 2024): First human spaceflight.
8. RISAT-2BR1 (2019): Reconnaissance satellite.

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JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

1. Hayabusa (2003-2010): Asteroid sample return.
2. Hayabusa2 (2014-2020): Returned samples from Ryugu.
3. Kibo Module (2008-Present): ISS research module.
4. Akatsuki (2010-Present): Venus orbiter.
5. SLIM (Planned 2024): Lunar lander.
6. IKAROS (2010-Present): Solar sail demonstration.
7. Astro-H (Hitomi) (2016): X-ray astronomy satellite.
8. Nozomi (1998-2003): Mars mission (failed).

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Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency)

1. Luna 2 (1959): First impact on the Moon.
2. Vostok 1 (1961): First human spaceflight.
3. Luna 9 (1966): First soft landing on the Moon.
4. Soyuz 1 (1967): Early Soyuz crewed mission.
5. Mir Space Station (1986-2001): First modular space station.
6. Venera 7 (1970): First Venus landing.
7. Soyuz TM-32 (2001): First space tourist mission.
8. Luna 25 (Planned 2024): Lunar exploration.

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CSA (Canadian Space Agency)

1. Canadarm (1981-2011): Shuttle robotic arm.
2. Canadarm2 (2001-Present): ISS robotic arm.
3. RADARSAT-1 (1995-2013): Earth observation.
4. RADARSAT-2 (2007-Present): Advanced Earth observation.
5. OSIRIS-REx (2016-2023): Asteroid sample mission.
6. Alouette 1 (1962): First Canadian satellite.
7. SCISAT-1 (2003-Present): Atmospheric research.
8. RADARSAT Constellation (2019-Present): Earth observation satellites.

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Erosional and Depositional Landforms by Different Natural Agents

1. River Landforms


- Erosional:
- V-shaped Valleys: Narrow, steep-sided valleys.
- Gorges/Canyons: Deep, narrow valleys.
- Waterfalls: Vertical river drops.
- Rapids: Fast, turbulent river sections.
- Depositional:
- Floodplains: Flat, fertile areas beside rivers.
- Deltas: Landforms at river mouths.
- Alluvial Fans: Fan-shaped deposits at mountain bases.
- Levees: Natural embankments along rivers.
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2. Wind (Aeolian)

- Erosional:
- Yardangs: Wind-carved ridges.
- Deflation Hollows: Wind-created depressions.
- Desert Pavement: Rock-covered surfaces.
- Depositional:
- Sand Dunes: Wind-formed sand mounds.
- Loess: Wind-deposited silt.
- Ripples: Small sand ridges.

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3. Glacial Landforms

- Erosional:
- U-shaped Valleys: Glacially carved valleys.
- Cirques: Bowl-shaped depressions.
- Arêtes: Sharp ridges.
- Horns: Pyramid-shaped peaks.
- Depositional:
- Moraines: Glacial debris accumulations.
- Drumlins: Elongated hills of glacial till.
- Eskers: Sinuous ridges from meltwater streams.
- Kettles: Depressions from melting ice.

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4. Coastal Landforms


- Erosional:
- Cliffs: Steep coastal rock faces.
- Wave-cut Platforms: Flat areas at cliff bases.
- Sea Arches/Stacks: Eroded rock formations.
- Depositional:
- Beaches: Sand/pebble accumulations.
- Spits: Sand ridges extending into the sea.
- Barrier Islands: Coastal sand islands.
- Lagoons: Shallow water bodies separated from the sea.

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Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)

➕Purpose: Designed specifically for launching small satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSO).
➕Payload Capacity: Up to 500 kg to SSO, up to 300 kg to GTO.
➕Turnaround Time: Rapid launch capability with a turnaround time of less than a week.
➕Launching Mini, Micro or Nano satellites
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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

➕Purpose: Primarily used for launching satellites into polar orbits and geostationary transfer orbits.
➕ Payload Capacity: Up to 1,750 kg to SSO, up to 1,425 kg to GTO.
➕Turnaround Time: Longer turnaround compared to SSLV.
➕Usage: Used for a wide range of missions, including Earth observation, remote sensing, and interplanetary missions.
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Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

➕Purpose: Designed to launch heavier payloads into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and beyond.
➕ Payload Capacity: Up to 5,000 kg to LEO, up to 2,500 kg to GTO.
➕ Turnaround Time: Longer turnaround, given the complexity of missions.
➕Usage: Primarily used for launching communication satellites, weather satellites, and interplanetary missions.
➕Advanced Technology: Equipped with a cryogenic upper stage, allowing it to carry heavier payloads to higher orbits.
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Sports for Nature (S4N) Project

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➕ Type: Initiative for ensuring environmentally friendly sports events.

➕ Launch: Introduced at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games opening ceremony.

➕ Collaborators:
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
- International Olympic Committee (IOC)
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and Dona Bertarelli Philanthropy.
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➕ Goal: To protect wildlife and natural habitats by 2030 through eco-friendly sports practices.

➕ Key Principles:
- Conserving Important Species and Habitats: Preventing harm to sensitive areas and protecting biodiversity.
- Restoring Ecosystems: Improving and rehabilitating damaged habitats.
- Creating Sustainable Supply Chains: Ensuring eco-friendly practices in sourcing and logistics.
- Encouraging Action: Promoting nature-friendly practices within the sports community.

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20 August 2024 Current Affairs

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1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi to embark on a three-day visit to Poland and Ukraine from Wednesday.
2. Government gives nod to enhance security deployment at all Central government hospitals by 25 per cent; A committee headed by DG Health Services to look into aspects of hospital security and facilities.
3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi to hold talks with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim in New Delhi today; Two countries to sign a number of agreements following the talks.
4. India and Japan to hold 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in New Delhi this evening.
5. Prime Minister Narendra Modi interacts with Indian contingent for Paris Paralympics beginning 28th of this month.
6. Notification for first phase of Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir to be issued today.

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ప్రధాని నరేంద్ర మోదీ బుధవారం నుంచి పోలాండ్, ఉక్రెయిన్‌లలో మూడు రోజుల పర్యటనకు బయలుదేరుతారు.
2. అన్ని కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వ ఆసుపత్రుల వద్ద భద్రతా విస్తరణను 25 శాతం పెంచడానికి ప్రభుత్వం ఆమోదం తెలిపింది; DG హెల్త్ సర్వీసెస్ నేతృత్వంలోని కమిటీ ఆసుపత్రి భద్రత మరియు సౌకర్యాల అంశాలను పరిశిలిస్తుంది.
3. ఈరోజు న్యూఢిల్లీలో తన మలేషియా కౌంటర్ అన్వర్ ఇబ్రహీంతో చర్చలు జరపనున్న ప్రధాని నరేంద్ర మోదీ; చర్చల అనంతరం పలు ఒప్పందాలపై రెండు దేశాలు సంతకాలు చేయనున్నాయి.
4. భారతదేశం మరియు జపాన్ మధ్య ఈ సాయంత్రం న్యూఢిల్లీలో 2+2 మంత్రివర్గ చర్చలు జరగనున్నాయి.
5. ఈ నెల 28న ప్రారంభమయ్యే పారిస్ పారాలింపిక్స్ కోసం భారత బృందంతో ప్రధాని నరేంద్ర మోదీ సంభాషించారు.
6. జమ్మూ కాశ్మీర్‌లో తొలి దశ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికలకు ఈరోజు నోటిఫికేషన్ విడుదల కానుంది.

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#DCA

2023 Cyclones:

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1. Biparjoy 
   - Location: Arabian Sea, Gujarat, India 
   - Name given by: Bangladesh 

2. Mocha 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Myanmar, Bangladesh 
   - Name given by: Yemen 

3. Michaung 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, India 
   - Name given by: Myanmar 

4. Tej 
   - Location: Arabian Sea, Oman, Yemen 
   - Name given by: India 

5. Hamoon 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, Northeast India 
   - Name given by: Iran 

6. Mandous 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, India 
   - Name given by: UAE 

7. Fabien 
   - Location: Indian Ocean, near Diego Garcia 
   - Name given by: Maldives 

8. Deep Depression BOB 03 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Odisha, West Bengal, India 
   - Details: Heavy rainfall but not a full cyclone 

9. Gulab 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, India 
   - Name given by: Pakistan 

10. Tauktae 
   - Location: Arabian Sea, Gujarat, Maharashtra, India 
   - Name given by: Myanmar 

11. Yaas 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, West Bengal, Odisha, India 
   - Name given by: Oman 

12. Nisarga 
   - Location: Arabian Sea, Maharashtra, India 
   - Name given by: Bangladesh 

13. Amphan 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, West Bengal, Odisha, India 
   - Name given by: Thailand 

14. Freddy 
   - Location: Indian Ocean, affected Madagascar and Mozambique 
   - Name given by: Australia 
  
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2024 Cyclones:

15. Remal 
   - Location: Arabian Sea, Western India 
   - Name given by: Oman 

16. Vyom 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal, Eastern India 
   - Name given by: India 

17. Probaho 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal 
   - Name given by: India 

18. Gagana 
   - Location: Bay of Bengal 
   - Name given by: Sri Lanka 

19. Asif 
   - Location: Arabian Peninsula 
   - Name given by: Saudi Arabia 

20. Kaani 
   - Location: Arabian Sea 
   - Name given by: Maldives

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Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)

➕Type: Highest decision-making body in the Ministry of Defence for procurement.

➕Formation: Established in 2001 following the recommendations on 'Reforming the National Security System' post-Kargil War (1999).

➕Composition:
- Chairman: Defence Minister.
- Members: Includes the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
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➕Key Functions:
- Long-Term Planning: Provides in-principle approval for the 15-year Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP) for defence forces.
- Acquisition Proposals: Grants acceptance of necessity for acquisition proposals.
- Categorization: Categorizes acquisition proposals into ‘Buy’, ‘Buy & Make’, and ‘Make’.
- Offset Provisions: Makes decisions on offset provisions for acquisition proposals above Rs 300 crore.
- Technology Transfer: Decides on the Transfer of Technology under the ‘Buy & Make’ category of acquisition proposals.
- Field Trials: Oversees field trial evaluations
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