Report :

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1. UNDP
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report
- Human Development Perspectives
- Annual Report
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Reports

2. UNEP
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
- Emissions Gap Report
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Frontiers Report
- Green Economy Report
- Yearbook of Global Environmental Law

3. UNFCCC
- Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports
- Climate Action Reports
- Emissions Gap Report
- Technical Reports on Climate Science
- Adaptation Communications
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4. UN-Habitat
- World Cities Report
- State of the World’s Cities Report
- Global Urban Monitoring Report
- Urban Trends Report
- Habitat III Reports

5. UNICEF
- State of the World's Children Report
- UNICEF’s Annual Report
- Progress for Children Reports
- Child Survival Reports
- The State of the World's Children in Numbers

6. FAO
- State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)
- State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture
- Agricultural Outlook
- The State of Food and Agriculture
- Food Loss and Waste Reports

7. WHO
- World Health Report
- Global Tuberculosis Report
- World Malaria Report
- Global Status Reports on Noncommunicable Diseases
- World Immunization Report
- Global Health Estimates
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8. UNESCO
- Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report
- World Water Development Report
- Global Science Report
- World Heritage Report
- Education for Sustainable Development Reports
- Cultural Heritage Report

9. ILO
- World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
- Global Wage Report
- ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work
- Labour Market Trends Report
- Employment Policy Reports

10. UNCTAD
- Trade and Development Report
- World Investment Report
- Technology and Innovation Report
- Commodity Market Reports
- Economic Development in Africa Report

11. UNODC
- World Drug Report
- Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
- Global Crime Trends Report
- Corruption Perceptions Report
- Handbook on Crime Statistics

12. World Bank (in partnership with the UN)
- World Development Report
- Global Economic Prospects
- Doing Business Report
- Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report
- World Bank Annual Report
- Global Monitoring Report on Education for All
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Chronological List of Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols

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1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.
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👆TGPSC GROUP-1 MAINS SAMPLE COPY

New Ramsar Sites in India

➕In News:
Recently, three additional wetlands have been recognized as Ramsar sites

➕1. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary:
Location: Northeastern Uthukuli Taluk, Tiruppur Dist. , TN.
Significance:
- Named after King Nanjarayan.
- Spans two villages, Sarkar Periyapalayam and Neruperichal.
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➕2. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary:
Designation: Declared 16th bird sanctuary in TN (2021).
Location: Coromandel Coast in Villupuram Dist, north of Pondicherry.
Ecological Features:
- Significance: Largest wetlands in Peninsular India.
- Migratory Pathway: Lies in the Central Asian Flyway, crucial stopover for migratory birds.
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➕3. Tawa Reservoir:
Location: MP.
Features:
- Size: Largest protected area in the state.
- Construction: Built at the confluence of the Tawa & Denwa rivers.
- Protected Area: Located within Satpura Tiger Reserve, Forms western boundary of Satpura National Park & Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Space Missions:

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NASA (United States)

1. Apollo 11 (1969): First human Moon landing.
2. Voyager 1 (1977): Entered interstellar space.
3. Hubble Space Telescope (1990-Present): Deep-space imagery.
4. Curiosity Rover (2012-Present): Exploring Mars.
5. Perseverance Rover (2021-Present): Searching for signs of life on Mars.
6. James Webb Space Telescope (2021-Present): Advanced space observations.
7. New Horizons (2006-Present): First mission to Pluto.
8. Parker Solar Probe (2018-Present): Studying the Sun.

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ESA (European Space Agency)

1. Rosetta (2004-2016): Orbited and landed on a comet.
2. Gaia (2013-Present): Mapping the Milky Way.
3. ExoMars TGO (2016-Present): Mars atmospheric study.
4. BepiColombo (2018-Present): Mission to Mercury.
5. Ariane 5 (1996-2023): Heavy-lift launcher.
6. Envisat (2002-2012): Earth observation.
7. Copernicus (2000s-Present): Environmental monitoring.
8. Mars Express (2003-Present): Mars exploration.

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CNSA (China National Space Administration)

1. Chang'e 3 (2013): First Chinese lunar rover.
2. Chang'e 4 (2019): First far-side lunar landing.
3. Chang'e 5 (2020): Returned lunar samples.
4. Tianwen-1 (2021-Present): Mars mission with rover.
5. Tiangong-1 (2011-2018): First space station prototype.
6. Tiangong-2 (2016-2019): Second space lab.
7. Tiangong Space Station (2021-Present): China's modular space station.
8. Shenzhou 5 (2003): First Chinese human spaceflight.

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ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)

1. Aryabhata (1975): First Indian satellite.
2. Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Discovered lunar water.
3. Mangalyaan (2013-Present): Mars Orbiter Mission.
4. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Lunar orbiter.
5. PSLV-C37 (2017): Launched 104 satellites.
6. GSAT-11 (2018): Heaviest Indian communication satellite.
7. Gaganyaan (Planned 2024): First human spaceflight.
8. RISAT-2BR1 (2019): Reconnaissance satellite.

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JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

1. Hayabusa (2003-2010): Asteroid sample return.
2. Hayabusa2 (2014-2020): Returned samples from Ryugu.
3. Kibo Module (2008-Present): ISS research module.
4. Akatsuki (2010-Present): Venus orbiter.
5. SLIM (Planned 2024): Lunar lander.
6. IKAROS (2010-Present): Solar sail demonstration.
7. Astro-H (Hitomi) (2016): X-ray astronomy satellite.
8. Nozomi (1998-2003): Mars mission (failed).

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Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency)

1. Luna 2 (1959): First impact on the Moon.
2. Vostok 1 (1961): First human spaceflight.
3. Luna 9 (1966): First soft landing on the Moon.
4. Soyuz 1 (1967): Early Soyuz crewed mission.
5. Mir Space Station (1986-2001): First modular space station.
6. Venera 7 (1970): First Venus landing.
7. Soyuz TM-32 (2001): First space tourist mission.
8. Luna 25 (Planned 2024): Lunar exploration.

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CSA (Canadian Space Agency)

1. Canadarm (1981-2011): Shuttle robotic arm.
2. Canadarm2 (2001-Present): ISS robotic arm.
3. RADARSAT-1 (1995-2013): Earth observation.
4. RADARSAT-2 (2007-Present): Advanced Earth observation.
5. OSIRIS-REx (2016-2023): Asteroid sample mission.
6. Alouette 1 (1962): First Canadian satellite.
7. SCISAT-1 (2003-Present): Atmospheric research.
8. RADARSAT Constellation (2019-Present): Earth observation satellites.

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Erosional and Depositional Landforms by Different Natural Agents

1. River Landforms


- Erosional:
- V-shaped Valleys: Narrow, steep-sided valleys.
- Gorges/Canyons: Deep, narrow valleys.
- Waterfalls: Vertical river drops.
- Rapids: Fast, turbulent river sections.
- Depositional:
- Floodplains: Flat, fertile areas beside rivers.
- Deltas: Landforms at river mouths.
- Alluvial Fans: Fan-shaped deposits at mountain bases.
- Levees: Natural embankments along rivers.
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2. Wind (Aeolian)

- Erosional:
- Yardangs: Wind-carved ridges.
- Deflation Hollows: Wind-created depressions.
- Desert Pavement: Rock-covered surfaces.
- Depositional:
- Sand Dunes: Wind-formed sand mounds.
- Loess: Wind-deposited silt.
- Ripples: Small sand ridges.

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3. Glacial Landforms

- Erosional:
- U-shaped Valleys: Glacially carved valleys.
- Cirques: Bowl-shaped depressions.
- Arêtes: Sharp ridges.
- Horns: Pyramid-shaped peaks.
- Depositional:
- Moraines: Glacial debris accumulations.
- Drumlins: Elongated hills of glacial till.
- Eskers: Sinuous ridges from meltwater streams.
- Kettles: Depressions from melting ice.

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4. Coastal Landforms


- Erosional:
- Cliffs: Steep coastal rock faces.
- Wave-cut Platforms: Flat areas at cliff bases.
- Sea Arches/Stacks: Eroded rock formations.
- Depositional:
- Beaches: Sand/pebble accumulations.
- Spits: Sand ridges extending into the sea.
- Barrier Islands: Coastal sand islands.
- Lagoons: Shallow water bodies separated from the sea.

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