World Heritage Committee : Committee of UNESCO.

- Location: Paris, France.

- Establishment: Created by the World Heritage Convention in 1972.

- Mission: To identify, protect, and preserve cultural and natural heritage worldwide.
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Functions:
- Listing World Heritage Sites: Evaluates and decides on the inclusion of sites on the World Heritage List.
- Monitoring Conservation: Reviews the state of conservation of listed sites and takes actions to protect them.
- Technical Assistance and Training: Provides support and training to countries for heritage conservation.
- Emergency Assistance: Offers aid for sites in immediate danger.

- Composition: 21 member states elected by the General Assembly of States Parties.

- Meetings: Annually to discuss and make decisions on heritage issues.

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Army Exercises:

1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
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Naval Exercises:

1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
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Air Force Exercises:

1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia

Tri-Service Exercises:

1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries

Dark Oxygen
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🔹Concept: Oxygen produced in complete darkness, thousands of feet below the ocean surface.

🔹Characteristics:
- Non-photosynthetic Production: Unlike traditional oxygen production, dark oxygen is not produced through photosynthesis.
- Deep Ocean Generation: Occurs in the absence of sunlight, deep within the ocean.
- Chemical Reaction-Based: Generated through chemical reactions rather than biological processes.

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Report :

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1. UNDP
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report
- Human Development Perspectives
- Annual Report
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Reports

2. UNEP
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
- Emissions Gap Report
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Frontiers Report
- Green Economy Report
- Yearbook of Global Environmental Law

3. UNFCCC
- Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports
- Climate Action Reports
- Emissions Gap Report
- Technical Reports on Climate Science
- Adaptation Communications
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4. UN-Habitat
- World Cities Report
- State of the World’s Cities Report
- Global Urban Monitoring Report
- Urban Trends Report
- Habitat III Reports

5. UNICEF
- State of the World's Children Report
- UNICEF’s Annual Report
- Progress for Children Reports
- Child Survival Reports
- The State of the World's Children in Numbers

6. FAO
- State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)
- State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture
- Agricultural Outlook
- The State of Food and Agriculture
- Food Loss and Waste Reports

7. WHO
- World Health Report
- Global Tuberculosis Report
- World Malaria Report
- Global Status Reports on Noncommunicable Diseases
- World Immunization Report
- Global Health Estimates
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8. UNESCO
- Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report
- World Water Development Report
- Global Science Report
- World Heritage Report
- Education for Sustainable Development Reports
- Cultural Heritage Report

9. ILO
- World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
- Global Wage Report
- ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work
- Labour Market Trends Report
- Employment Policy Reports

10. UNCTAD
- Trade and Development Report
- World Investment Report
- Technology and Innovation Report
- Commodity Market Reports
- Economic Development in Africa Report

11. UNODC
- World Drug Report
- Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
- Global Crime Trends Report
- Corruption Perceptions Report
- Handbook on Crime Statistics

12. World Bank (in partnership with the UN)
- World Development Report
- Global Economic Prospects
- Doing Business Report
- Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report
- World Bank Annual Report
- Global Monitoring Report on Education for All
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Chronological List of Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols

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1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.
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👆TGPSC GROUP-1 MAINS SAMPLE COPY

New Ramsar Sites in India

➕In News:
Recently, three additional wetlands have been recognized as Ramsar sites

➕1. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary:
Location: Northeastern Uthukuli Taluk, Tiruppur Dist. , TN.
Significance:
- Named after King Nanjarayan.
- Spans two villages, Sarkar Periyapalayam and Neruperichal.
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➕2. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary:
Designation: Declared 16th bird sanctuary in TN (2021).
Location: Coromandel Coast in Villupuram Dist, north of Pondicherry.
Ecological Features:
- Significance: Largest wetlands in Peninsular India.
- Migratory Pathway: Lies in the Central Asian Flyway, crucial stopover for migratory birds.
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➕3. Tawa Reservoir:
Location: MP.
Features:
- Size: Largest protected area in the state.
- Construction: Built at the confluence of the Tawa & Denwa rivers.
- Protected Area: Located within Satpura Tiger Reserve, Forms western boundary of Satpura National Park & Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.
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