Tungabhadra River

➕ Location: Flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.It  is major tributary of the Krishna River.

➕ Origin: Formed by the confluence of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers, originating in the Western Ghats.

➕ Length: Approximately 531 kilometers.

➕ Historical Name: Tungabhadra River was previously known as the Varada River.

➕Cultural Significance:
  - Virupaksha Temple: The famous Virupaksha Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Hampi.
  - Vijayanagara Empire: Closely associated with the Vijayanagara Empire, with Hampi located on its banks.

➕ Infrastructure:
  - Tungabhadra Dam: Commonly known as Pampa Sagar, this multifunctional dam is located near Hosapete, Ballari district, Karnataka. It was erected by Thirumalai Iyengar in 1953. The dam plays a crucial role in irrigation, water storage, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation.

Address To The Nation by the hon’ble president of india, SMT. DROUPADI MURMU on the eve of the 78th independence day

Cheque Truncation System (CTS)

➕Concept: A digital process of clearing cheques without physically moving the cheque from one bank to another.

➕How It Works:
- Image Capture: The bank captures an electronic image of the cheque along with essential details.
- Transmission: The image and data are securely transmitted to the clearing house.
- Clearing: The clearing house processes the cheque based on the image, speeding up the clearing cycle.
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➕Benefits:
- Faster Processing: Reduces the time taken to clear cheques, enabling quicker settlements.
- Enhanced Security: Minimizes the risk of fraud by eliminating physical cheque handling.
- Cost-Effective: Reduces operational costs by cutting down on physical movement and processing of cheques.

➕Implementation:
- RBI Initiative: Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to streamline cheque processing.
- Nationwide Coverage: Implemented in all major cities and banks across India.

GREAT Scheme

● Grant for Research and Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT).

- Objective: To encourage young innovators, scientists, technologists, and startup ventures in the field of Technical Textiles to translate their ideas into commercial technologies/products and make India self-reliant.

- Funding: Provides a grant-in-aid of up to Rs 50 lakh for a period of up to 18 months.

National Technical Textiles Mission

- Objective: Increase the penetration level of technical textiles in India and position the country as a global leader in this sector.
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- Components:

● Research, Innovation and Development

● Promotion and Market Development

● Export Promotion

● Education, Training, Skill Development

- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles.

Energy Transition Index

- Published by: World Economic Forum.

- Purpose: To comprehensively monitor the global energy transition.

- Framework: Measures transition towards an energy system that supports sustainability, security, access, and enabling institutions.

Energy Transition Index 2024

- Top 5: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, and France.

- Emerging Economies: Brazil and China show notable progress.

- Global Trend: 83% of countries regressed in at least one dimension (security, equity, sustainability) compared to last year.

- India's Rank: 63rd.

- Progress: 107 of 120 countries showed progress over the past decade, but the overall pace has slowed, and balancing the transition's facets remains challenging.
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- India's Achievements:

● Clean Energy Infrastructure: Renewable energy and biomass constitute 42% of its power generation capacity.

● Global Standing: India is the fourth-largest renewables market globally.

World Heritage Committee : Committee of UNESCO.

- Location: Paris, France.

- Establishment: Created by the World Heritage Convention in 1972.

- Mission: To identify, protect, and preserve cultural and natural heritage worldwide.
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Functions:
- Listing World Heritage Sites: Evaluates and decides on the inclusion of sites on the World Heritage List.
- Monitoring Conservation: Reviews the state of conservation of listed sites and takes actions to protect them.
- Technical Assistance and Training: Provides support and training to countries for heritage conservation.
- Emergency Assistance: Offers aid for sites in immediate danger.

- Composition: 21 member states elected by the General Assembly of States Parties.

- Meetings: Annually to discuss and make decisions on heritage issues.

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Army Exercises:

1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
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Naval Exercises:

1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
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Air Force Exercises:

1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia

Tri-Service Exercises:

1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries

Dark Oxygen
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🔹Concept: Oxygen produced in complete darkness, thousands of feet below the ocean surface.

🔹Characteristics:
- Non-photosynthetic Production: Unlike traditional oxygen production, dark oxygen is not produced through photosynthesis.
- Deep Ocean Generation: Occurs in the absence of sunlight, deep within the ocean.
- Chemical Reaction-Based: Generated through chemical reactions rather than biological processes.

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Report :

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1. UNDP
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report
- Human Development Perspectives
- Annual Report
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Reports

2. UNEP
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
- Emissions Gap Report
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Frontiers Report
- Green Economy Report
- Yearbook of Global Environmental Law

3. UNFCCC
- Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports
- Climate Action Reports
- Emissions Gap Report
- Technical Reports on Climate Science
- Adaptation Communications
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4. UN-Habitat
- World Cities Report
- State of the World’s Cities Report
- Global Urban Monitoring Report
- Urban Trends Report
- Habitat III Reports

5. UNICEF
- State of the World's Children Report
- UNICEF’s Annual Report
- Progress for Children Reports
- Child Survival Reports
- The State of the World's Children in Numbers

6. FAO
- State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)
- State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture
- Agricultural Outlook
- The State of Food and Agriculture
- Food Loss and Waste Reports

7. WHO
- World Health Report
- Global Tuberculosis Report
- World Malaria Report
- Global Status Reports on Noncommunicable Diseases
- World Immunization Report
- Global Health Estimates
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8. UNESCO
- Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report
- World Water Development Report
- Global Science Report
- World Heritage Report
- Education for Sustainable Development Reports
- Cultural Heritage Report

9. ILO
- World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
- Global Wage Report
- ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work
- Labour Market Trends Report
- Employment Policy Reports

10. UNCTAD
- Trade and Development Report
- World Investment Report
- Technology and Innovation Report
- Commodity Market Reports
- Economic Development in Africa Report

11. UNODC
- World Drug Report
- Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
- Global Crime Trends Report
- Corruption Perceptions Report
- Handbook on Crime Statistics

12. World Bank (in partnership with the UN)
- World Development Report
- Global Economic Prospects
- Doing Business Report
- Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report
- World Bank Annual Report
- Global Monitoring Report on Education for All
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Chronological List of Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols

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1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
2. Stockholm Declaration (1972): Human environment and sustainable development.
3. CITES (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
5. Basel Convention (1989): Controlling hazardous waste movements.
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing of biodiversity.
7. UNFCCC (1992): Stabilizing greenhouse gases to combat climate change.
8. UNCCD (1994): Combating desertification and drought.
9. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
10. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
11. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
12. Kuala Lumpur Protocol (2010): Liability and redress for biodiversity damage from LMOs.
13. Paris Agreement (2015): Limiting global temperature rise.
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