Panipat Wars

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1. First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Sultanate of Delhi
- Key Figures: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
- Outcome: Victory for Babur
- Significance: Established Mughal rule in India.

2. Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE)
- Combatants: Mughal Empire vs. Suri Empire
- Key Figures: Akbar vs. Hemu
- Outcome: Victory for Akbar
- Significance: Restored Mughal control after the Suri Empire.
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3. Third Battle of Panipat (1761 CE)
- Combatants: Maratha Empire vs. Durrani Empire
- Key Figures: Sadashiv Ballal vs. Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Outcome: Victory for Ahmad Shah Abdali
- Significance: Weakened the Maratha Empire, leading to a power vacuum.

The Four Buddhist Councils

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1. First Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 543 BCE
- Place: Rajagriha, India
- Presided by: Mahakasyapa
- King Patronage: Ajatashatru

2. Second Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 383 BCE
- Place: Vesali, India
- Presided by: Sabbakami
- King Patronage: Kalasoka

3. Third Buddhist Council
- Year: c. 250 BCE
- Place: Pataliputra, India
- Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
- King Patronage: Emperor Ashoka
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4. Fourth Buddhist Council
- Year: 100 CE (Mahayana tradition)
- Place: Kundalavana (Mahayana), India
- Presided by: Vasumitra (Mahayana)
- King Patronage: Kanishka the Great (Mahayana)

Babur's key wars that established the Mughal Empire:

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1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, ending the Delhi Sultanate and establishing Mughal rule in India.

2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga, securing his dominance in northern India.

3. Battle of Chanderi (1528): Babur captured Chanderi, weakening Rajput resistance.

4. Battle of Ghaghra (1529): Babur defeated Afghan chiefs, solidifying control over the Gangetic plains.

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Tungabhadra River

➕ Location: Flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.It  is major tributary of the Krishna River.

➕ Origin: Formed by the confluence of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers, originating in the Western Ghats.

➕ Length: Approximately 531 kilometers.

➕ Historical Name: Tungabhadra River was previously known as the Varada River.

➕Cultural Significance:
  - Virupaksha Temple: The famous Virupaksha Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Hampi.
  - Vijayanagara Empire: Closely associated with the Vijayanagara Empire, with Hampi located on its banks.

➕ Infrastructure:
  - Tungabhadra Dam: Commonly known as Pampa Sagar, this multifunctional dam is located near Hosapete, Ballari district, Karnataka. It was erected by Thirumalai Iyengar in 1953. The dam plays a crucial role in irrigation, water storage, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation.

Address To The Nation by the hon’ble president of india, SMT. DROUPADI MURMU on the eve of the 78th independence day

Cheque Truncation System (CTS)

➕Concept: A digital process of clearing cheques without physically moving the cheque from one bank to another.

➕How It Works:
- Image Capture: The bank captures an electronic image of the cheque along with essential details.
- Transmission: The image and data are securely transmitted to the clearing house.
- Clearing: The clearing house processes the cheque based on the image, speeding up the clearing cycle.
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➕Benefits:
- Faster Processing: Reduces the time taken to clear cheques, enabling quicker settlements.
- Enhanced Security: Minimizes the risk of fraud by eliminating physical cheque handling.
- Cost-Effective: Reduces operational costs by cutting down on physical movement and processing of cheques.

➕Implementation:
- RBI Initiative: Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to streamline cheque processing.
- Nationwide Coverage: Implemented in all major cities and banks across India.

GREAT Scheme

● Grant for Research and Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT).

- Objective: To encourage young innovators, scientists, technologists, and startup ventures in the field of Technical Textiles to translate their ideas into commercial technologies/products and make India self-reliant.

- Funding: Provides a grant-in-aid of up to Rs 50 lakh for a period of up to 18 months.

National Technical Textiles Mission

- Objective: Increase the penetration level of technical textiles in India and position the country as a global leader in this sector.
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- Components:

● Research, Innovation and Development

● Promotion and Market Development

● Export Promotion

● Education, Training, Skill Development

- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles.

Energy Transition Index

- Published by: World Economic Forum.

- Purpose: To comprehensively monitor the global energy transition.

- Framework: Measures transition towards an energy system that supports sustainability, security, access, and enabling institutions.

Energy Transition Index 2024

- Top 5: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, and France.

- Emerging Economies: Brazil and China show notable progress.

- Global Trend: 83% of countries regressed in at least one dimension (security, equity, sustainability) compared to last year.

- India's Rank: 63rd.

- Progress: 107 of 120 countries showed progress over the past decade, but the overall pace has slowed, and balancing the transition's facets remains challenging.
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- India's Achievements:

● Clean Energy Infrastructure: Renewable energy and biomass constitute 42% of its power generation capacity.

● Global Standing: India is the fourth-largest renewables market globally.

World Heritage Committee : Committee of UNESCO.

- Location: Paris, France.

- Establishment: Created by the World Heritage Convention in 1972.

- Mission: To identify, protect, and preserve cultural and natural heritage worldwide.
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Functions:
- Listing World Heritage Sites: Evaluates and decides on the inclusion of sites on the World Heritage List.
- Monitoring Conservation: Reviews the state of conservation of listed sites and takes actions to protect them.
- Technical Assistance and Training: Provides support and training to countries for heritage conservation.
- Emergency Assistance: Offers aid for sites in immediate danger.

- Composition: 21 member states elected by the General Assembly of States Parties.

- Meetings: Annually to discuss and make decisions on heritage issues.

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Army Exercises:

1. Yudh Abhyas - United States
2. Sampriti - Bangladesh
3. Indra - Russia
4. Mitra Shakti - Sri Lanka
5. Vajra Prahar - United States
6. Shakti - France
7. Ekuverin - Maldives
8. Hand-in-Hand - China
9. Nomadic Elephant - Mongolia
10. Al Nagah - Oman
11. Garuda Shakti - Indonesia
12. Harimau Shakti - Malaysia
13. Surya Kiran - Nepal
14. Ajeya Warrior - United Kingdom
15. Khanjar - Kyrgyzstan
16. Lamitye - Seychelles
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Naval Exercises:

1. Malabar - United States, Japan, Australia
2. SIMBEX - Singapore
3. Varuna - France
4. Konkan - United Kingdom
5. Indra Navy - Russia
6. Milan - Multilateral Exercise (includes various countries)
7. SLINEX - Sri Lanka
8. JIMEX - Japan
9. AUSINDEX - Australia
10. IBSAMAR - South Africa and Brazil
11. CORPAT - Indonesia
12. SIMBEX - Singapore
13. IMCOR - Myanmar
14. Paschim Lehar - Internal Exercise
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Air Force Exercises:

1. Cope India - United States
2. Garuda - France
3. Indradhanush - United Kingdom
4. Aviaindra - Russia
5. Desert Eagle - United Arab Emirates
6. Eastern Bridge - Oman
7. Ex Pitch Black - Australia

Tri-Service Exercises:

1. Indra - Russia
2. Exercise Tiger Triumph - United States
3. PANEX-21 - BIMSTEC Countries

Dark Oxygen
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🔹Concept: Oxygen produced in complete darkness, thousands of feet below the ocean surface.

🔹Characteristics:
- Non-photosynthetic Production: Unlike traditional oxygen production, dark oxygen is not produced through photosynthesis.
- Deep Ocean Generation: Occurs in the absence of sunlight, deep within the ocean.
- Chemical Reaction-Based: Generated through chemical reactions rather than biological processes.

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