refers to any substance or agent that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

antibiotics can also include antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitic drugs, while Antimicrobials are specific to bacterial infections.

antibiotics are synthetic or natural chemical substances

have a thinner peptidoglycan layer, Instead, they have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), they also have an outer membrane

Penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin, are examples of _____

All the followings are bactericidal except

_________ inhibit the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, which can prevent them from multiplying

Used when we know the specific type of bacteria that infected the patient.

can cause permanent discoloration of teeth and bone weakness in <6 years children.

many drugs can be dangerous during pregnancy except for cephalosporin and penicillin

Aminoglycoside (gentamicin) and penicillin have synergistic effect that means they enforce each other, but the difference in their charge (gentamicin -), (penicillin +) can make them precipitate if given simultaneously through IV line.

The first type of penicillin discovered was _______

Penicillin acts on an enzyme called beta-lactamase in the cell wall. Penicillin works by inhibiting this enzyme, thereby preventing the formation of the cell wall

is a secondary infection that can occur when the use of antibiotics like penicillin disrupts the normal balance of bacteria in the body.

is a type of natural penicillin that has a short half-life (6 times a day) and can only be administered through injection.

Procaine penicillin: is a long-acting form of penicillin that can be given as an intramuscular injection and has a duration of action that can last for up to four weeks.

About ampicillin, one of the following is false