Right _to _left shunts:-
is most common types of cardiac malformations,

Left-to-right shunts:- this is usually a cyanotic in early stage but in later stages can cause cyanosis when produced significant
pulmonary hypertension and reversal blood flow through the shunt occurs

Atrial septal defects:-
Is caused most commonly by failure to close of foramen ovale before birth.

foramen ovale is a flap of tissue in septum between 2 ventricle as a one-way valve
allowing blood to keep flowing from right to left during intrauterine life

Ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow freely
from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

Complete irreversible closure of DA occurs
within the 1st few years after birth,

In Patent ductus arteriosusThe proximal pulmonary arteries are also dilated with development of pulmonary hypertension and cause left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation
and right atrial dilation.

Cardiac malformations associated with right-to-left shunts are distinguished by cyanosis after of birth

Patient with TOF is at risk to develop infective endocarditis, systemic emboli and brain •
abscesses

Transposition of great arteries:- •
There's abnormal truncal septation, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and
the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle,

the most common sites of metastasis to •
the heart are: lungs, breast and malignant melanoma,

Myxoma: is a primary benign tumor,

Over
5000 heart transplantation procedures are performed annually worldwide,
mostly for DCM and IHD

The major complications of cardiac transplantation are acute cardiac rejection and allograft arteriopathy.

The immunosuppression
required for allograft survival also increases the risk for opportunistic infections
and certain malignancies

In acute cardiac rejectio histologic pattern similar to that seen in viral myocarditis.

Both T cell and antibody responses to the allograft are not involved in the rejection reaction.

the outlook for transplant recipients generally is good, with a 1-year survival
rate of 90% and a 5-year survival rate of more than 70%.

Allograft arteriopathy is the single most important longterm limitation for cardiac •
transplantation.

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