this asymmetric hypertrophy is often associated with ventricular outflow
obstruction during systole, so it's called "idiopathic hypertrophic sub-aortic
stenosis" .

Ventricular dilation is common in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy so left atrium may be dilated because of impaired diastolic filling of thickened rigid left ventricle

Restrictive cardiomyopathy:-
It's a disorder characterized by a primary decrease in ventricular compliance,
resulting in impaired atrium filling during diastole,

most common cause of decrease of compliance due to endomyocardial fibrosis.

persistent hypertension eventually can culminate in dysfunction, cardiac dilation, CHF, and even sudden death.

hypertensive heart disease most commonly affects the left side of the heart secondary to systemic hypertension, pulmonary
hypertension also can cause right-sided hypertensive changes—so-called ―cor
pulmonale.

Pericardial effusionis often asymptomatic if it
accumulate rapidly

most cause of effusions are congestive heart failure, hypoalbuminemia,
malignancy, and mediastinal lymphatic obstruction .

Congenital heart diseases: it's most
common cause of heart disease in adult.

Right _to _left shunts:-
is most common types of cardiac malformations,

Left-to-right shunts:- this is usually a cyanotic in early stage but in later stages can cause cyanosis when produced significant
pulmonary hypertension and reversal blood flow through the shunt occurs

Atrial septal defects:-
Is caused most commonly by failure to close of foramen ovale before birth.

foramen ovale is a flap of tissue in septum between 2 ventricle as a one-way valve
allowing blood to keep flowing from right to left during intrauterine life

Ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow freely
from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

Complete irreversible closure of DA occurs
within the 1st few years after birth,

In Patent ductus arteriosusThe proximal pulmonary arteries are also dilated with development of pulmonary hypertension and cause left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation
and right atrial dilation.

Cardiac malformations associated with right-to-left shunts are distinguished by cyanosis after of birth

Patient with TOF is at risk to develop infective endocarditis, systemic emboli and brain •
abscesses

Transposition of great arteries:- •
There's abnormal truncal septation, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and
the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle,

the most common sites of metastasis to •
the heart are: lungs, breast and malignant melanoma,

Myxoma: is a primary benign tumor,