🐍 PYTHON – DAY 13 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Strings in Python
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📌 What is a String?
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single (' ') or double (" ") quotes.
Example:
name = "Python"
msg = 'Hello'
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔢 String Indexing
Each character in a string has an index number, starting from 0.
Example:
text = "Python"
text[0] → P
text[1] → y
text[-1] → n
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ String Slicing
Used to extract a portion of a string.
Syntax:
string[start:end]
Example:
text = "Python"
print(text[0:3]) # Pyt
print(text[2:]) # thon
print(text[:4]) # Pyth
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 String Looping
Example:
for ch in "Python":
print(ch)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 String Length
Use len() to find string length.
Example:
text = "Python"
print(len(text))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Strings are Immutable
Strings cannot be changed once created.
Example:
text = "Python"
text[0] = 'J' ❌ Error
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 13
✔ Print each character of a string
✔ Reverse a string
✔ Find length of a string
✔ Extract substring
Example Program:
text = input("Enter a string: ")
print(text[::-1])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 13 Goal
✔ Understand string basics
✔ Use indexing and slicing confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 14
🔥 String Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Strings in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a String?
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single (' ') or double (" ") quotes.
Example:
name = "Python"
msg = 'Hello'
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔢 String Indexing
Each character in a string has an index number, starting from 0.
Example:
text = "Python"
text[0] → P
text[1] → y
text[-1] → n
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ String Slicing
Used to extract a portion of a string.
Syntax:
string[start:end]
Example:
text = "Python"
print(text[0:3]) # Pyt
print(text[2:]) # thon
print(text[:4]) # Pyth
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 String Looping
Example:
for ch in "Python":
print(ch)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 String Length
Use len() to find string length.
Example:
text = "Python"
print(len(text))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Strings are Immutable
Strings cannot be changed once created.
Example:
text = "Python"
text[0] = 'J' ❌ Error
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 13
✔ Print each character of a string
✔ Reverse a string
✔ Find length of a string
✔ Extract substring
Example Program:
text = input("Enter a string: ")
print(text[::-1])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 13 Goal
✔ Understand string basics
✔ Use indexing and slicing confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 14
🔥 String Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 14 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: String Methods in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What are String Methods?
String methods are built-in functions used to manipulate and format strings.
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🔤 Common String Methods
🔹 upper() – Converts string to uppercase
Example:
text = "python"
print(text.upper())
🔹 lower() – Converts string to lowercase
print(text.lower())
🔹 title() – Capitalizes first letter of each word
print("hello world".title())
🔹 capitalize() – Capitalizes first character
print("python".capitalize())
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✂️ Trim Methods
🔹 strip() – Removes spaces from both sides
🔹 lstrip() – Removes left spaces
🔹 rstrip() – Removes right spaces
Example:
text = " python "
print(text.strip())
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🔁 Replace & Split
🔹 replace() – Replaces part of string
print("hello python".replace("python", "world"))
🔹 split() – Splits string into list
print("a,b,c".split(","))
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🔍 Search Methods
🔹 find() – Returns index of substring
print("python".find("t"))
🔹 count() – Counts occurrences
print("banana".count("a"))
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❓ Check Methods
🔹 isalpha() – Checks alphabets
🔹 isdigit() – Checks digits
🔹 isalnum() – Checks alphanumeric
Example:
print("Python123".isalnum())
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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 14
✔ Convert string to uppercase
✔ Count vowels in string
✔ Replace a word in sentence
✔ Split full name into first and last name
Example Program:
text = input("Enter text: ")
print(text.upper())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 14 Goal
✔ Master common string methods
✔ Manipulate strings effectively
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 15
🔥 Lists in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: String Methods in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What are String Methods?
String methods are built-in functions used to manipulate and format strings.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔤 Common String Methods
🔹 upper() – Converts string to uppercase
Example:
text = "python"
print(text.upper())
🔹 lower() – Converts string to lowercase
print(text.lower())
🔹 title() – Capitalizes first letter of each word
print("hello world".title())
🔹 capitalize() – Capitalizes first character
print("python".capitalize())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ Trim Methods
🔹 strip() – Removes spaces from both sides
🔹 lstrip() – Removes left spaces
🔹 rstrip() – Removes right spaces
Example:
text = " python "
print(text.strip())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Replace & Split
🔹 replace() – Replaces part of string
print("hello python".replace("python", "world"))
🔹 split() – Splits string into list
print("a,b,c".split(","))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔍 Search Methods
🔹 find() – Returns index of substring
print("python".find("t"))
🔹 count() – Counts occurrences
print("banana".count("a"))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
❓ Check Methods
🔹 isalpha() – Checks alphabets
🔹 isdigit() – Checks digits
🔹 isalnum() – Checks alphanumeric
Example:
print("Python123".isalnum())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 14
✔ Convert string to uppercase
✔ Count vowels in string
✔ Replace a word in sentence
✔ Split full name into first and last name
Example Program:
text = input("Enter text: ")
print(text.upper())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 14 Goal
✔ Master common string methods
✔ Manipulate strings effectively
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 15
🔥 Lists in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 15 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Lists in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a List?
A list is a collection of items stored in a single variable.
Lists are ordered, mutable (changeable) and allow duplicate values.
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🔹 Creating a List
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30, 40]
names = ["Python", "Java", "C"]
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🔢 List Indexing
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30]
nums[0] → 10
nums[-1] → 30
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✂️ List Slicing
Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(nums[1:4]) # [2, 3, 4]
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✏️ Modify List Elements
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30]
nums[1] = 25
print(nums)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Looping Through List
Example:
for n in nums:
print(n)
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🧮 List Length
Example:
print(len(nums))
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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 15
✔ Create a list of numbers
✔ Access elements using index
✔ Change list elements
✔ Print all list elements using loop
Example Program:
nums = [5, 10, 15, 20]
for n in nums:
print(n)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 15 Goal
✔ Understand list basics
✔ Use lists confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 16
🔥 List Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Lists in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a List?
A list is a collection of items stored in a single variable.
Lists are ordered, mutable (changeable) and allow duplicate values.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a List
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30, 40]
names = ["Python", "Java", "C"]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔢 List Indexing
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30]
nums[0] → 10
nums[-1] → 30
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ List Slicing
Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(nums[1:4]) # [2, 3, 4]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✏️ Modify List Elements
Example:
nums = [10, 20, 30]
nums[1] = 25
print(nums)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Looping Through List
Example:
for n in nums:
print(n)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 List Length
Example:
print(len(nums))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 15
✔ Create a list of numbers
✔ Access elements using index
✔ Change list elements
✔ Print all list elements using loop
Example Program:
nums = [5, 10, 15, 20]
for n in nums:
print(n)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 15 Goal
✔ Understand list basics
✔ Use lists confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 16
🔥 List Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 16 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: List Methods in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What are List Methods?
List methods are built-in functions used to add, remove, and manage list elements.
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➕ Adding Elements
🔹 append() – Adds element at the end
Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3]
nums.append(4)
🔹 insert() – Adds element at specific index
nums.insert(1, 10)
🔹 extend() – Adds multiple elements
nums.extend([5, 6])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➖ Removing Elements
🔹 remove() – Removes specific value
nums.remove(10)
🔹 pop() – Removes element by index
nums.pop()
nums.pop(1)
🔹 clear() – Removes all elements
nums.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Other Useful List Methods
🔹 sort() – Sorts list
nums.sort()
🔹 reverse() – Reverses list
nums.reverse()
🔹 count() – Counts occurrence
nums.count(2)
🔹 index() – Returns index of value
nums.index(3)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 List Copy
🔹 copy() – Creates shallow copy
new_list = nums.copy()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Notes
• Lists are mutable
• sort() changes original list
• Use sorted() to keep original list
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 16
✔ Add elements using append & insert
✔ Remove elements using pop & remove
✔ Sort a list
✔ Reverse a list
Example Program:
nums = [4, 2, 1, 3]
nums.sort()
print(nums)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 16 Goal
✔ Master list operations
✔ Manage list data efficiently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 17
🔥 Tuples in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: List Methods in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What are List Methods?
List methods are built-in functions used to add, remove, and manage list elements.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➕ Adding Elements
🔹 append() – Adds element at the end
Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3]
nums.append(4)
🔹 insert() – Adds element at specific index
nums.insert(1, 10)
🔹 extend() – Adds multiple elements
nums.extend([5, 6])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➖ Removing Elements
🔹 remove() – Removes specific value
nums.remove(10)
🔹 pop() – Removes element by index
nums.pop()
nums.pop(1)
🔹 clear() – Removes all elements
nums.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Other Useful List Methods
🔹 sort() – Sorts list
nums.sort()
🔹 reverse() – Reverses list
nums.reverse()
🔹 count() – Counts occurrence
nums.count(2)
🔹 index() – Returns index of value
nums.index(3)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 List Copy
🔹 copy() – Creates shallow copy
new_list = nums.copy()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Notes
• Lists are mutable
• sort() changes original list
• Use sorted() to keep original list
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 16
✔ Add elements using append & insert
✔ Remove elements using pop & remove
✔ Sort a list
✔ Reverse a list
Example Program:
nums = [4, 2, 1, 3]
nums.sort()
print(nums)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 16 Goal
✔ Master list operations
✔ Manage list data efficiently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 17
🔥 Tuples in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 17 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Tuples in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Tuple?
A tuple is a collection of items stored in a single variable.
Tuples are ordered and immutable (cannot be changed).
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Tuple
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
names = ("Python", "Java", "C")
Single element tuple:
x = (10,) ✔ comma is required
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔢 Tuple Indexing
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
t[0] → 10
t[-1] → 30
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ Tuple Slicing
Example:
t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(t[1:4])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Looping Through Tuple
Example:
for item in t:
print(item)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Tuple Immutability
Tuple elements cannot be modified.
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
t[0] = 5 ❌ Error
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Tuple Methods
🔹 count() – Counts occurrence
🔹 index() – Returns index
Example:
t = (1, 2, 2, 3)
print(t.count(2))
print(t.index(3))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Convert Tuple to List
Example:
t = (1, 2, 3)
lst = list(t)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 17
✔ Create tuple of numbers
✔ Access elements using index
✔ Loop through tuple
✔ Convert tuple to list
Example Program:
t = (5, 10, 15)
for i in t:
print(i)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 17 Goal
✔ Understand tuple basics
✔ Know difference between list & tuple
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 18
🔥 Sets in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Tuples in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Tuple?
A tuple is a collection of items stored in a single variable.
Tuples are ordered and immutable (cannot be changed).
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Tuple
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
names = ("Python", "Java", "C")
Single element tuple:
x = (10,) ✔ comma is required
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔢 Tuple Indexing
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
t[0] → 10
t[-1] → 30
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✂️ Tuple Slicing
Example:
t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(t[1:4])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Looping Through Tuple
Example:
for item in t:
print(item)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Tuple Immutability
Tuple elements cannot be modified.
Example:
t = (10, 20, 30)
t[0] = 5 ❌ Error
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Tuple Methods
🔹 count() – Counts occurrence
🔹 index() – Returns index
Example:
t = (1, 2, 2, 3)
print(t.count(2))
print(t.index(3))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Convert Tuple to List
Example:
t = (1, 2, 3)
lst = list(t)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 17
✔ Create tuple of numbers
✔ Access elements using index
✔ Loop through tuple
✔ Convert tuple to list
Example Program:
t = (5, 10, 15)
for i in t:
print(i)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 17 Goal
✔ Understand tuple basics
✔ Know difference between list & tuple
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 18
🔥 Sets in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 18 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Sets in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Set?
A set is a collection of unique elements stored in a single variable.
Sets are unordered and do not allow duplicate values.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Set
Example:
s = {10, 20, 30}
names = {"Python", "Java", "C"}
Duplicate values are removed automatically:
s = {1, 2, 2, 3}
Output → {1, 2, 3}
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➕ Add Elements to Set
🔹 add() – Adds single element
s.add(40)
🔹 update() – Adds multiple elements
s.update([50, 60])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➖ Remove Elements from Set
🔹 remove() – Removes element (error if not found)
s.remove(20)
🔹 discard() – Removes element (no error)
s.discard(100)
🔹 pop() – Removes random element
s.pop()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Set Operations
🔹 union() – Combines sets
🔹 intersection() – Common elements
🔹 difference() – Remaining elements
Example:
a = {1, 2, 3}
b = {3, 4, 5}
print(a.union(b))
print(a.intersection(b))
print(a.difference(b))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Check Membership
Example:
print(2 in a)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 18
✔ Create a set
✔ Add and remove elements
✔ Perform union & intersection
✔ Remove duplicate values from list using set
Example Program:
lst = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4]
s = set(lst)
print(s)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 18 Goal
✔ Understand set properties
✔ Perform set operations
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 19
🔥 Dictionaries in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Sets in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Set?
A set is a collection of unique elements stored in a single variable.
Sets are unordered and do not allow duplicate values.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Set
Example:
s = {10, 20, 30}
names = {"Python", "Java", "C"}
Duplicate values are removed automatically:
s = {1, 2, 2, 3}
Output → {1, 2, 3}
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➕ Add Elements to Set
🔹 add() – Adds single element
s.add(40)
🔹 update() – Adds multiple elements
s.update([50, 60])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➖ Remove Elements from Set
🔹 remove() – Removes element (error if not found)
s.remove(20)
🔹 discard() – Removes element (no error)
s.discard(100)
🔹 pop() – Removes random element
s.pop()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔄 Set Operations
🔹 union() – Combines sets
🔹 intersection() – Common elements
🔹 difference() – Remaining elements
Example:
a = {1, 2, 3}
b = {3, 4, 5}
print(a.union(b))
print(a.intersection(b))
print(a.difference(b))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Check Membership
Example:
print(2 in a)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 18
✔ Create a set
✔ Add and remove elements
✔ Perform union & intersection
✔ Remove duplicate values from list using set
Example Program:
lst = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4]
s = set(lst)
print(s)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 18 Goal
✔ Understand set properties
✔ Perform set operations
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 19
🔥 Dictionaries in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 19 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Dictionaries in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Dictionary?
A dictionary stores data in key–value pairs.
Dictionaries are unordered, mutable, and keys must be unique.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Dictionary
Example:
student = {
"name": "Soham",
"age": 20,
"course": "Python"
}
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔑 Access Dictionary Values
Example:
print(student["name"])
print(student.get("age"))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✏️ Modify Dictionary
Example:
student["age"] = 21
student["city"] = "Pune"
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
❌ Remove Dictionary Items
🔹 pop() – Removes specific key
student.pop("city")
🔹 popitem() – Removes last item
student.popitem()
🔹 clear() – Removes all items
student.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Loop Through Dictionary
Example:
for key in student:
print(key, student[key])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Dictionary Methods
🔹 keys() – Returns all keys
🔹 values() – Returns all values
🔹 items() – Returns key-value pairs
Example:
print(student.keys())
print(student.values())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 19
✔ Create student dictionary
✔ Add and update values
✔ Loop through dictionary
✔ Delete a key
Example Program:
student = {"name": "Amit", "age": 22}
for k, v in student.items():
print(k, v)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 19 Goal
✔ Understand key-value storage
✔ Use dictionaries effectively
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 20
🔥 Dictionary Methods & Nested Dictionary
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Dictionaries in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Dictionary?
A dictionary stores data in key–value pairs.
Dictionaries are unordered, mutable, and keys must be unique.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Dictionary
Example:
student = {
"name": "Soham",
"age": 20,
"course": "Python"
}
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔑 Access Dictionary Values
Example:
print(student["name"])
print(student.get("age"))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✏️ Modify Dictionary
Example:
student["age"] = 21
student["city"] = "Pune"
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
❌ Remove Dictionary Items
🔹 pop() – Removes specific key
student.pop("city")
🔹 popitem() – Removes last item
student.popitem()
🔹 clear() – Removes all items
student.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Loop Through Dictionary
Example:
for key in student:
print(key, student[key])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Dictionary Methods
🔹 keys() – Returns all keys
🔹 values() – Returns all values
🔹 items() – Returns key-value pairs
Example:
print(student.keys())
print(student.values())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 19
✔ Create student dictionary
✔ Add and update values
✔ Loop through dictionary
✔ Delete a key
Example Program:
student = {"name": "Amit", "age": 22}
for k, v in student.items():
print(k, v)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 19 Goal
✔ Understand key-value storage
✔ Use dictionaries effectively
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 20
🔥 Dictionary Methods & Nested Dictionary
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 20 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Dictionary Methods & Nested Dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 Important Dictionary Methods
🔹 update() – Adds or updates key-value pairs
Example:
student = {"name": "Soham"}
student.update({"age": 21})
🔹 get() – Returns value of key
print(student.get("name"))
🔹 setdefault() – Returns value, adds key if not present
student.setdefault("city", "Pune")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
❌ Removing Dictionary Data
🔹 del – Deletes key
del student["age"]
🔹 clear() – Removes all data
student.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧩 Nested Dictionary
A dictionary inside another dictionary is called a nested dictionary.
Example:
students = {
1: {"name": "Amit", "age": 20},
2: {"name": "Soham", "age": 21}
}
Access nested value:
print(students[1]["name"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Loop Through Nested Dictionary
Example:
for id, info in students.items():
print(id, info["name"], info["age"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Copy Dictionary
🔹 copy() – Creates shallow copy
new_dict = student.copy()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 20
✔ Use update() and setdefault()
✔ Create nested dictionary
✔ Access and print nested values
✔ Loop through nested dictionary
Example Program:
data = {1: {"name": "Raj", "marks": 80}}
print(data[1]["marks"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 20 Goal
✔ Master dictionary methods
✔ Work with nested dictionaries
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 21
🔥 Revision + Practice (Week Review)
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Dictionary Methods & Nested Dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 Important Dictionary Methods
🔹 update() – Adds or updates key-value pairs
Example:
student = {"name": "Soham"}
student.update({"age": 21})
🔹 get() – Returns value of key
print(student.get("name"))
🔹 setdefault() – Returns value, adds key if not present
student.setdefault("city", "Pune")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
❌ Removing Dictionary Data
🔹 del – Deletes key
del student["age"]
🔹 clear() – Removes all data
student.clear()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧩 Nested Dictionary
A dictionary inside another dictionary is called a nested dictionary.
Example:
students = {
1: {"name": "Amit", "age": 20},
2: {"name": "Soham", "age": 21}
}
Access nested value:
print(students[1]["name"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔁 Loop Through Nested Dictionary
Example:
for id, info in students.items():
print(id, info["name"], info["age"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Copy Dictionary
🔹 copy() – Creates shallow copy
new_dict = student.copy()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 20
✔ Use update() and setdefault()
✔ Create nested dictionary
✔ Access and print nested values
✔ Loop through nested dictionary
Example Program:
data = {1: {"name": "Raj", "marks": 80}}
print(data[1]["marks"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 20 Goal
✔ Master dictionary methods
✔ Work with nested dictionaries
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 21
🔥 Revision + Practice (Week Review)
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 21 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Revision + Practice (Week Review)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 Topics Covered (Day 1 – Day 20)
✔ Python Introduction & Installation
✔ Variables & Data Types
✔ Operators
✔ Conditional Statements
✔ while Loop & for Loop
✔ break, continue, pass
✔ Pattern Programs
✔ Functions & Arguments
✔ Recursion
✔ Strings & String Methods
✔ Lists & List Methods
✔ Tuples
✔ Sets
✔ Dictionaries & Nested Dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Quick Revision Points
🔹 Variables are dynamically typed
🔹 Indentation is mandatory in Python
🔹 Lists are mutable, tuples are immutable
🔹 Sets store unique values
🔹 Dictionaries store key-value pairs
🔹 Functions reduce code repetition
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧪 Practice Programs – Day 21
1️⃣ Check whether a number is even or odd
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2️⃣ Find sum of elements in a list
nums = [10, 20, 30]
print(sum(nums))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
3️⃣ Reverse a string
text = input("Enter string: ")
print(text[::-1])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
4️⃣ Count frequency using dictionary
text = "python"
freq = {}
for ch in text:
freq[ch] = freq.get(ch, 0) + 1
print(freq)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⭐ Challenge Tasks
✔ Print star pyramid
✔ Create simple calculator using functions
✔ Remove duplicates from list
✔ Store student data using dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 21 Goal
✔ Revise all fundamentals
✔ Identify weak topics
✔ Build confidence in basics
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 22
🔥 File Handling in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Revision + Practice (Week Review)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 Topics Covered (Day 1 – Day 20)
✔ Python Introduction & Installation
✔ Variables & Data Types
✔ Operators
✔ Conditional Statements
✔ while Loop & for Loop
✔ break, continue, pass
✔ Pattern Programs
✔ Functions & Arguments
✔ Recursion
✔ Strings & String Methods
✔ Lists & List Methods
✔ Tuples
✔ Sets
✔ Dictionaries & Nested Dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Quick Revision Points
🔹 Variables are dynamically typed
🔹 Indentation is mandatory in Python
🔹 Lists are mutable, tuples are immutable
🔹 Sets store unique values
🔹 Dictionaries store key-value pairs
🔹 Functions reduce code repetition
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧪 Practice Programs – Day 21
1️⃣ Check whether a number is even or odd
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2️⃣ Find sum of elements in a list
nums = [10, 20, 30]
print(sum(nums))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
3️⃣ Reverse a string
text = input("Enter string: ")
print(text[::-1])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
4️⃣ Count frequency using dictionary
text = "python"
freq = {}
for ch in text:
freq[ch] = freq.get(ch, 0) + 1
print(freq)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⭐ Challenge Tasks
✔ Print star pyramid
✔ Create simple calculator using functions
✔ Remove duplicates from list
✔ Store student data using dictionary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 21 Goal
✔ Revise all fundamentals
✔ Identify weak topics
✔ Build confidence in basics
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 22
🔥 File Handling in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 22 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: File Handling in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is File Handling?
File handling allows Python programs to read data from files and write data to files permanently.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📂 Types of Files
✔ Text files (.txt)
✔ Binary files (.bin, .dat)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📁 Opening a File
Syntax:
file = open("filename", "mode")
Common modes:
"r" → Read
"w" → Write
"a" → Append
"x" → Create
"rb" → Read binary
"wb" → Write binary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📖 Reading from a File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✍️ Writing to a File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello Python")
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➕ Append Data to File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "a")
file.write("\nWelcome")
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Using with Statement
Automatically closes the file.
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
print(file.read())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 22
✔ Create a text file
✔ Write data into file
✔ Read file content
✔ Append data to file
Example Program:
with open("test.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Python File Handling")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 22 Goal
✔ Understand file operations
✔ Read & write files safely
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 23
🔥 File Methods & File Modes
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: File Handling in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is File Handling?
File handling allows Python programs to read data from files and write data to files permanently.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📂 Types of Files
✔ Text files (.txt)
✔ Binary files (.bin, .dat)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📁 Opening a File
Syntax:
file = open("filename", "mode")
Common modes:
"r" → Read
"w" → Write
"a" → Append
"x" → Create
"rb" → Read binary
"wb" → Write binary
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📖 Reading from a File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✍️ Writing to a File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello Python")
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➕ Append Data to File
Example:
file = open("data.txt", "a")
file.write("\nWelcome")
file.close()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Using with Statement
Automatically closes the file.
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
print(file.read())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 22
✔ Create a text file
✔ Write data into file
✔ Read file content
✔ Append data to file
Example Program:
with open("test.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Python File Handling")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 22 Goal
✔ Understand file operations
✔ Read & write files safely
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 23
🔥 File Methods & File Modes
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
Forwarded from TECH BY WEB CODER
30 Pattern In Python.pdf
5 MB
Important Web Development And Programming Language Related Project🔗
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
Topic :- Top 30 Patterns in Python (Star, Alphabet, And Number)
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
Topic :- Top 30 Patterns in Python (Star, Alphabet, And Number)
👍1
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 23 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: File Methods & File Modes
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 File Modes in Python
🔹 "r" – Read mode (file must exist)
🔹 "w" – Write mode (creates new / overwrites file)
🔹 "a" – Append mode (adds data at end)
🔹 "x" – Create file (error if file exists)
🔹 "r+" – Read + Write
🔹 "w+" – Write + Read
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📖 Important File Methods
🔹 read() – Reads entire file
🔹 readline() – Reads one line
🔹 readlines() – Reads all lines as list
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.readline())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✍️ Writing Multiple Lines
Example:
with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
f.writelines(["Python\n", "Java\n", "C\n"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📍 File Cursor Position
🔹 tell() – Returns current position
🔹 seek() – Changes position
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.tell())
f.seek(0)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧹 Closing a File
🔹 close() – Closes file manually
🔹 with statement – Closes automatically (recommended)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Common File Errors
❌ FileNotFoundError
❌ PermissionError
❌ Wrong mode usage
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 23
✔ Read file line by line
✔ Write multiple lines to file
✔ Use tell() and seek()
✔ Try different file modes
Example Program:
with open("demo.txt", "w+") as f:
f.write("Hello Python")
f.seek(0)
print(f.read())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 23 Goal
✔ Master file modes
✔ Use file methods confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 24
🔥 Exception Handling (try, except)
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: File Methods & File Modes
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 File Modes in Python
🔹 "r" – Read mode (file must exist)
🔹 "w" – Write mode (creates new / overwrites file)
🔹 "a" – Append mode (adds data at end)
🔹 "x" – Create file (error if file exists)
🔹 "r+" – Read + Write
🔹 "w+" – Write + Read
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📖 Important File Methods
🔹 read() – Reads entire file
🔹 readline() – Reads one line
🔹 readlines() – Reads all lines as list
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.readline())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
✍️ Writing Multiple Lines
Example:
with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
f.writelines(["Python\n", "Java\n", "C\n"])
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📍 File Cursor Position
🔹 tell() – Returns current position
🔹 seek() – Changes position
Example:
with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.tell())
f.seek(0)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧹 Closing a File
🔹 close() – Closes file manually
🔹 with statement – Closes automatically (recommended)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Common File Errors
❌ FileNotFoundError
❌ PermissionError
❌ Wrong mode usage
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 23
✔ Read file line by line
✔ Write multiple lines to file
✔ Use tell() and seek()
✔ Try different file modes
Example Program:
with open("demo.txt", "w+") as f:
f.write("Hello Python")
f.seek(0)
print(f.read())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 23 Goal
✔ Master file modes
✔ Use file methods confidently
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 24
🔥 Exception Handling (try, except)
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 24 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Exception Handling in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is an Exception?
An exception is an error that occurs during program execution, which interrupts normal flow.
Examples:
ZeroDivisionError
ValueError
TypeError
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🛡 Why Use Exception Handling?
✔ Prevent program crash
✔ Handle errors gracefully
✔ Improve program reliability
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 try-except Block
Syntax:
try:
risky_code
except:
error_handling_code
Example:
try:
x = int(input("Enter number: "))
print(10 / x)
except:
print("Error occurred")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Handling Specific Exceptions
Example:
try:
print(10 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Multiple except Blocks
Example:
try:
x = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division error")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 else Block
Executes if no exception occurs.
Example:
try:
print(10 / 2)
except:
print("Error")
else:
print("Success")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 finally Block
Always executes (used for cleanup).
Example:
try:
print(10 / 2)
finally:
print("Done")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 24
✔ Handle divide by zero
✔ Handle invalid input
✔ Use else and finally
✔ Write safe calculator
Example Program:
try:
a = int(input("Enter a: "))
b = int(input("Enter b: "))
print(a / b)
except Exception as e:
print("Error:", e)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 24 Goal
✔ Handle runtime errors
✔ Write crash-free programs
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 25
🔥 User-Defined Exceptions
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Exception Handling in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is an Exception?
An exception is an error that occurs during program execution, which interrupts normal flow.
Examples:
ZeroDivisionError
ValueError
TypeError
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🛡 Why Use Exception Handling?
✔ Prevent program crash
✔ Handle errors gracefully
✔ Improve program reliability
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 try-except Block
Syntax:
try:
risky_code
except:
error_handling_code
Example:
try:
x = int(input("Enter number: "))
print(10 / x)
except:
print("Error occurred")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Handling Specific Exceptions
Example:
try:
print(10 / 0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Multiple except Blocks
Example:
try:
x = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division error")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 else Block
Executes if no exception occurs.
Example:
try:
print(10 / 2)
except:
print("Error")
else:
print("Success")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 finally Block
Always executes (used for cleanup).
Example:
try:
print(10 / 2)
finally:
print("Done")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 24
✔ Handle divide by zero
✔ Handle invalid input
✔ Use else and finally
✔ Write safe calculator
Example Program:
try:
a = int(input("Enter a: "))
b = int(input("Enter b: "))
print(a / b)
except Exception as e:
print("Error:", e)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 24 Goal
✔ Handle runtime errors
✔ Write crash-free programs
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 25
🔥 User-Defined Exceptions
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 25 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: User-Defined Exceptions
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a User-Defined Exception?
User-defined exceptions are custom errors created by programmers to handle specific situations.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧩 Why Use Custom Exceptions?
✔ Clear error messages
✔ Better control over program flow
✔ Easy debugging
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Custom Exception
Custom exceptions are created by inheriting from Exception class.
Example:
class AgeError(Exception):
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Raising a Custom Exception
Example:
def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise AgeError("Age must be 18 or above")
else:
print("Eligible")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Handling Custom Exception
Example:
try:
check_age(16)
except AgeError as e:
print(e)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Using raise Keyword
The raise keyword is used to trigger an exception manually.
Example:
raise ValueError("Invalid value")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Notes
• Custom exceptions should be meaningful
• Always handle raised exceptions
• Use inheritance properly
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 25
✔ Create custom exception for login failure
✔ Raise exception for invalid marks
✔ Handle custom exception using try-except
Example Program:
class MarksError(Exception):
pass
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
if marks < 0 or marks > 100:
raise MarksError("Invalid marks")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 25 Goal
✔ Understand custom exception creation
✔ Handle program-specific errors
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 26
🔥 Modules in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: User-Defined Exceptions
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a User-Defined Exception?
User-defined exceptions are custom errors created by programmers to handle specific situations.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧩 Why Use Custom Exceptions?
✔ Clear error messages
✔ Better control over program flow
✔ Easy debugging
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating a Custom Exception
Custom exceptions are created by inheriting from Exception class.
Example:
class AgeError(Exception):
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Raising a Custom Exception
Example:
def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise AgeError("Age must be 18 or above")
else:
print("Eligible")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Handling Custom Exception
Example:
try:
check_age(16)
except AgeError as e:
print(e)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Using raise Keyword
The raise keyword is used to trigger an exception manually.
Example:
raise ValueError("Invalid value")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Notes
• Custom exceptions should be meaningful
• Always handle raised exceptions
• Use inheritance properly
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 25
✔ Create custom exception for login failure
✔ Raise exception for invalid marks
✔ Handle custom exception using try-except
Example Program:
class MarksError(Exception):
pass
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
if marks < 0 or marks > 100:
raise MarksError("Invalid marks")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 25 Goal
✔ Understand custom exception creation
✔ Handle program-specific errors
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 26
🔥 Modules in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 26 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Modules in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Module?
A module is a file containing Python code (functions, variables, classes) that can be reused in another program.
It helps in code reusability and organization.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📦 Importing a Module
Syntax:
import module_name
Example:
import math
print(math.sqrt(25))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Import Specific Function
Syntax:
from module_name import function_name
Example:
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(16))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Import with Alias
Example:
import math as m
print(m.pi)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Common Built-in Modules
🔹 math – Mathematical operations
🔹 random – Random number generation
🔹 datetime – Date & time handling
🔹 os – Operating system functions
Example (random):
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🛠 Creating User-Defined Module
Step 1: Create file mymodule.py
def greet():
print("Hello from module")
Step 2: Import in another file
import mymodule
mymodule.greet()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Points
• Module file must be in same folder
• Avoid naming conflict with built-in modules
• Use alias for shorter names
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 26
✔ Use math module
✔ Generate random number
✔ Create your own module
✔ Import specific function
Example Program:
from random import randint
print(randint(1, 100))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 26 Goal
✔ Understand module usage
✔ Create reusable code files
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 27
🔥 OOP – Class & Object
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: Modules in Python
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is a Module?
A module is a file containing Python code (functions, variables, classes) that can be reused in another program.
It helps in code reusability and organization.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📦 Importing a Module
Syntax:
import module_name
Example:
import math
print(math.sqrt(25))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Import Specific Function
Syntax:
from module_name import function_name
Example:
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(16))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Import with Alias
Example:
import math as m
print(m.pi)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧮 Common Built-in Modules
🔹 math – Mathematical operations
🔹 random – Random number generation
🔹 datetime – Date & time handling
🔹 os – Operating system functions
Example (random):
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🛠 Creating User-Defined Module
Step 1: Create file mymodule.py
def greet():
print("Hello from module")
Step 2: Import in another file
import mymodule
mymodule.greet()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ Important Points
• Module file must be in same folder
• Avoid naming conflict with built-in modules
• Use alias for shorter names
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 26
✔ Use math module
✔ Generate random number
✔ Create your own module
✔ Import specific function
Example Program:
from random import randint
print(randint(1, 100))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 26 Goal
✔ Understand module usage
✔ Create reusable code files
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 27
🔥 OOP – Class & Object
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 27 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Class & Object
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is OOP?
OOP (Object Oriented Programming) is a programming concept based on objects and classes.
It helps in:
✔ Code reusability
✔ Data security
✔ Real-world modeling
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🏷 What is a Class?
A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
Syntax:
class ClassName:
pass
Example:
class Student:
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
👤 What is an Object?
An object is an instance of a class.
Example:
s1 = Student()
Here, s1 is an object.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Class with Attributes
Example:
class Student:
name = "Soham"
age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 init Constructor Method
Used to initialize object data.
Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
s1 = Student("Rahul", 22)
print(s1.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Instance Method
Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print("Hello", self.name)
s1 = Student("Amit")
s1.greet()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Understanding self Keyword
• self refers to the current object
• It must be the first parameter in class methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 27
✔ Create class Car with attributes
✔ Create object of Car
✔ Use constructor
✔ Create method inside class
Example Program:
class Car:
def init(self, brand):
self.brand = brand
def show(self):
print("Brand:", self.brand)
c1 = Car("BMW")
c1.show()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 27 Goal
✔ Understand class & object
✔ Use constructor and methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 28
🔥 OOP – Encapsulation
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: OOP – Class & Object
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is OOP?
OOP (Object Oriented Programming) is a programming concept based on objects and classes.
It helps in:
✔ Code reusability
✔ Data security
✔ Real-world modeling
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🏷 What is a Class?
A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
Syntax:
class ClassName:
pass
Example:
class Student:
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
👤 What is an Object?
An object is an instance of a class.
Example:
s1 = Student()
Here, s1 is an object.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Class with Attributes
Example:
class Student:
name = "Soham"
age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 init Constructor Method
Used to initialize object data.
Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
s1 = Student("Rahul", 22)
print(s1.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Instance Method
Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print("Hello", self.name)
s1 = Student("Amit")
s1.greet()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Understanding self Keyword
• self refers to the current object
• It must be the first parameter in class methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 27
✔ Create class Car with attributes
✔ Create object of Car
✔ Use constructor
✔ Create method inside class
Example Program:
class Car:
def init(self, brand):
self.brand = brand
def show(self):
print("Brand:", self.brand)
c1 = Car("BMW")
c1.show()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 27 Goal
✔ Understand class & object
✔ Use constructor and methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 28
🔥 OOP – Encapsulation
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 28 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Encapsulation
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation means binding data (variables) and methods (functions) together in a single unit (class) and restricting direct access to some data.
It helps in:
✔ Data protection
✔ Better security
✔ Controlled access
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Access Modifiers in Python
Python does not have strict private/public like other languages, but it follows naming conventions:
🔹 Public → Accessible anywhere
🔹 Protected → Single underscore (_)
🔹 Private → Double underscore (__)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Public Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self.name = "Soham"
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Protected Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self._age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj._age)
(Note: Still accessible, but should not be accessed directly)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔐 Private Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 85
obj = Student()
print(obj.__marks) ❌ Error
To access private variable:
print(obj._Student__marks)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Getter and Setter Methods
Used to access and modify private data safely.
Example:
class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 0
def set_marks(self, m):
self.__marks = m
def get_marks(self):
return self.__marks
s1 = Student()
s1.set_marks(90)
print(s1.get_marks())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 28
✔ Create class with private variable
✔ Create getter & setter
✔ Try accessing private variable directly
✔ Understand name mangling
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 28 Goal
✔ Understand data hiding
✔ Use getter & setter properly
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 29
🔥 OOP – Inheritance
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: OOP – Encapsulation
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation means binding data (variables) and methods (functions) together in a single unit (class) and restricting direct access to some data.
It helps in:
✔ Data protection
✔ Better security
✔ Controlled access
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔒 Access Modifiers in Python
Python does not have strict private/public like other languages, but it follows naming conventions:
🔹 Public → Accessible anywhere
🔹 Protected → Single underscore (_)
🔹 Private → Double underscore (__)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Public Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self.name = "Soham"
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Protected Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self._age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj._age)
(Note: Still accessible, but should not be accessed directly)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔐 Private Variable Example
class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 85
obj = Student()
print(obj.__marks) ❌ Error
To access private variable:
print(obj._Student__marks)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Getter and Setter Methods
Used to access and modify private data safely.
Example:
class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 0
def set_marks(self, m):
self.__marks = m
def get_marks(self):
return self.__marks
s1 = Student()
s1.set_marks(90)
print(s1.get_marks())
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 28
✔ Create class with private variable
✔ Create getter & setter
✔ Try accessing private variable directly
✔ Understand name mangling
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 28 Goal
✔ Understand data hiding
✔ Use getter & setter properly
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 29
🔥 OOP – Inheritance
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 29 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Inheritance?
Inheritance allows one class to reuse the properties and methods of another class.
✔ Code Reusability
✔ Reduces redundancy
✔ Improves maintainability
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
👨👦 Parent & Child Class
🔹 Parent Class → Base Class
🔹 Child Class → Derived Class
Syntax:
class Parent:
pass
class Child(Parent):
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Basic Inheritance Example
class Person:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Parent")
class Student(Person):
pass
s1 = Student()
s1.greet() # Inherited method
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Inheritance with Constructor
class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def display(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
s1 = Student("Rahul")
s1.display()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Using super() Function
Used to call parent class constructor.
class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def init(self, name, age):
super().init(name)
self.age = age
def display(self):
print(self.name, self.age)
s1 = Student("Amit", 21)
s1.display()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Types of Inheritance in Python
1️⃣ Single Inheritance
2️⃣ Multiple Inheritance
3️⃣ Multilevel Inheritance
4️⃣ Hierarchical Inheritance
5️⃣ Hybrid Inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Multilevel Inheritance Example
class A:
def methodA(self):
print("Class A")
class B(A):
def methodB(self):
print("Class B")
class C(B):
def methodC(self):
print("Class C")
obj = C()
obj.methodA()
obj.methodB()
obj.methodC()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 29
✔ Create Parent class Vehicle
✔ Create Child class Car
✔ Use super()
✔ Try multilevel inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 29 Goal
✔ Understand Parent & Child relationship
✔ Use super() correctly
✔ Practice different inheritance types
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 30
🔥 OOP – Polymorphism
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: OOP – Inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Inheritance?
Inheritance allows one class to reuse the properties and methods of another class.
✔ Code Reusability
✔ Reduces redundancy
✔ Improves maintainability
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
👨👦 Parent & Child Class
🔹 Parent Class → Base Class
🔹 Child Class → Derived Class
Syntax:
class Parent:
pass
class Child(Parent):
pass
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Basic Inheritance Example
class Person:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Parent")
class Student(Person):
pass
s1 = Student()
s1.greet() # Inherited method
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Inheritance with Constructor
class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def display(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
s1 = Student("Rahul")
s1.display()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Using super() Function
Used to call parent class constructor.
class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def init(self, name, age):
super().init(name)
self.age = age
def display(self):
print(self.name, self.age)
s1 = Student("Amit", 21)
s1.display()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Types of Inheritance in Python
1️⃣ Single Inheritance
2️⃣ Multiple Inheritance
3️⃣ Multilevel Inheritance
4️⃣ Hierarchical Inheritance
5️⃣ Hybrid Inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Multilevel Inheritance Example
class A:
def methodA(self):
print("Class A")
class B(A):
def methodB(self):
print("Class B")
class C(B):
def methodC(self):
print("Class C")
obj = C()
obj.methodA()
obj.methodB()
obj.methodC()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 29
✔ Create Parent class Vehicle
✔ Create Child class Car
✔ Use super()
✔ Try multilevel inheritance
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 29 Goal
✔ Understand Parent & Child relationship
✔ Use super() correctly
✔ Practice different inheritance types
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 30
🔥 OOP – Polymorphism
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
🐍 PYTHON – DAY 30 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Polymorphism
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism means “many forms”.
In Python, it allows the same function name to behave differently depending on the object.
✔ Increases flexibility
✔ Improves readability
✔ Makes code scalable
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)
When a child class provides a different implementation of a method from the parent class.
Example:
class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal makes sound")
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()
Output:
Dog barks
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Polymorphism with Multiple Classes
class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")
class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
def make_sound(animal):
animal.sound()
make_sound(Cat())
make_sound(Dog())
Same function → Different behavior
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Operator Overloading
Python allows operators to behave differently for different data types.
Example:
print(5 + 3) # 8
print("Hi " + "All") # Hi All
“+” works for numbers and strings differently.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Method Overloading in Python?
Python does NOT support traditional method overloading like Java.
But we can simulate it using default arguments:
class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b=0, c=0):
return a + b + c
obj = Calculator()
print(obj.add(5))
print(obj.add(5, 3))
print(obj.add(5, 3, 2))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Real Life Example
Think about a “Payment” system:
✔ Credit Card Payment
✔ UPI Payment
✔ Net Banking
All use a method like pay(), but the implementation is different.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 30
✔ Create class Shape with method area()
✔ Override area() in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Create common function to call area()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 30 Goal
✔ Understand Method Overriding
✔ Understand Dynamic Polymorphism
✔ Practice real-life examples
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 31
🔥 OOP – Abstraction
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: OOP – Polymorphism
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism means “many forms”.
In Python, it allows the same function name to behave differently depending on the object.
✔ Increases flexibility
✔ Improves readability
✔ Makes code scalable
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)
When a child class provides a different implementation of a method from the parent class.
Example:
class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal makes sound")
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()
Output:
Dog barks
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Polymorphism with Multiple Classes
class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")
class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
def make_sound(animal):
animal.sound()
make_sound(Cat())
make_sound(Dog())
Same function → Different behavior
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Operator Overloading
Python allows operators to behave differently for different data types.
Example:
print(5 + 3) # 8
print("Hi " + "All") # Hi All
“+” works for numbers and strings differently.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Method Overloading in Python?
Python does NOT support traditional method overloading like Java.
But we can simulate it using default arguments:
class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b=0, c=0):
return a + b + c
obj = Calculator()
print(obj.add(5))
print(obj.add(5, 3))
print(obj.add(5, 3, 2))
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Real Life Example
Think about a “Payment” system:
✔ Credit Card Payment
✔ UPI Payment
✔ Net Banking
All use a method like pay(), but the implementation is different.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 30
✔ Create class Shape with method area()
✔ Override area() in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Create common function to call area()
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 30 Goal
✔ Understand Method Overriding
✔ Understand Dynamic Polymorphism
✔ Practice real-life examples
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 31
🔥 OOP – Abstraction
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 31 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Abstraction
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Abstraction?
Abstraction means hiding implementation details and showing only essential features.
Example in real life 🚗
You drive a car without knowing how the engine works internally.
✔ Hides complexity
✔ Improves security
✔ Focus on what, not how
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 How to Achieve Abstraction in Python?
Using the abc (Abstract Base Class) module
We import:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating an Abstract Class
Example:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
This class cannot be instantiated directly.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Implementing Abstract Method in Child Class
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()
If we don’t implement sound(), it gives error ❌
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Why Use Abstraction?
✔ To enforce method implementation
✔ To create standard structure
✔ To design scalable applications
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Real World Example
Payment System:
class Payment(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def pay(self):
pass
class UPI(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using UPI")
class Card(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using Card")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 31
✔ Create abstract class Shape
✔ Create area() abstract method
✔ Implement in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Try creating object of abstract class (see error)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 31 Goal
✔ Understand abstraction
✔ Use abc module
✔ Implement abstract methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 32
🔥 OOP – Special (Magic/Dunder) Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder
✨ Topic: OOP – Abstraction
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is Abstraction?
Abstraction means hiding implementation details and showing only essential features.
Example in real life 🚗
You drive a car without knowing how the engine works internally.
✔ Hides complexity
✔ Improves security
✔ Focus on what, not how
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 How to Achieve Abstraction in Python?
Using the abc (Abstract Base Class) module
We import:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Creating an Abstract Class
Example:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
This class cannot be instantiated directly.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Implementing Abstract Method in Child Class
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()
If we don’t implement sound(), it gives error ❌
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Why Use Abstraction?
✔ To enforce method implementation
✔ To create standard structure
✔ To design scalable applications
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧠 Real World Example
Payment System:
class Payment(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def pay(self):
pass
class UPI(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using UPI")
class Card(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using Card")
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📝 Practice Tasks – Day 31
✔ Create abstract class Shape
✔ Create area() abstract method
✔ Implement in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Try creating object of abstract class (see error)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🎯 Day 31 Goal
✔ Understand abstraction
✔ Use abc module
✔ Implement abstract methods
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📅 Next Topic – Day 32
🔥 OOP – Special (Magic/Dunder) Methods
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
🚀 TechByWebCoder