🐍 PYTHON – DAY 25 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: User-Defined Exceptions

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📌 What is a User-Defined Exception?

User-defined exceptions are custom errors created by programmers to handle specific situations.

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🧩 Why Use Custom Exceptions?

✔ Clear error messages
✔ Better control over program flow
✔ Easy debugging

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🔹 Creating a Custom Exception

Custom exceptions are created by inheriting from Exception class.

Example:
class AgeError(Exception):
pass

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🔹 Raising a Custom Exception

Example:
def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise AgeError("Age must be 18 or above")
else:
print("Eligible")

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🔹 Handling Custom Exception

Example:
try:
check_age(16)
except AgeError as e:
print(e)

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🔹 Using raise Keyword

The raise keyword is used to trigger an exception manually.

Example:
raise ValueError("Invalid value")

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⚠️ Important Notes

• Custom exceptions should be meaningful
• Always handle raised exceptions
• Use inheritance properly

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 25

✔ Create custom exception for login failure
✔ Raise exception for invalid marks
✔ Handle custom exception using try-except

Example Program:
class MarksError(Exception):
pass
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
if marks < 0 or marks > 100:
raise MarksError("Invalid marks")

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🎯 Day 25 Goal
✔ Understand custom exception creation
✔ Handle program-specific errors

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📅 Next Topic – Day 26
🔥 Modules in Python
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 26 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Modules in Python

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📌 What is a Module?

A module is a file containing Python code (functions, variables, classes) that can be reused in another program.
It helps in code reusability and organization.

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📦 Importing a Module

Syntax:
import module_name

Example:
import math
print(math.sqrt(25))

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🔹 Import Specific Function

Syntax:
from module_name import function_name

Example:
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(16))

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🔹 Import with Alias

Example:
import math as m
print(m.pi)

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🧮 Common Built-in Modules

🔹 math – Mathematical operations
🔹 random – Random number generation
🔹 datetime – Date & time handling
🔹 os – Operating system functions

Example (random):
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))

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🛠 Creating User-Defined Module

Step 1: Create file mymodule.py
def greet():
print("Hello from module")

Step 2: Import in another file
import mymodule
mymodule.greet()

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⚠️ Important Points

• Module file must be in same folder
• Avoid naming conflict with built-in modules
• Use alias for shorter names

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 26

✔ Use math module
✔ Generate random number
✔ Create your own module
✔ Import specific function

Example Program:
from random import randint
print(randint(1, 100))

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🎯 Day 26 Goal
✔ Understand module usage
✔ Create reusable code files

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📅 Next Topic – Day 27
🔥 OOP – Class & Object
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 27 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Class & Object

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📌 What is OOP?

OOP (Object Oriented Programming) is a programming concept based on objects and classes.

It helps in:
✔ Code reusability
✔ Data security
✔ Real-world modeling

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🏷 What is a Class?
A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

Syntax:
class ClassName:
pass

Example:
class Student:
pass

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👤 What is an Object?
An object is an instance of a class.

Example:
s1 = Student()
Here, s1 is an object.

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🔹 Class with Attributes

Example:
class Student:
name = "Soham"
age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)

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🔹 init Constructor Method

Used to initialize object data.

Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
s1 = Student("Rahul", 22)
print(s1.name)

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🔹 Instance Method

Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print("Hello", self.name)
s1 = Student("Amit")
s1.greet()

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🧠 Understanding self Keyword

• self refers to the current object
• It must be the first parameter in class methods

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 27

✔ Create class Car with attributes
✔ Create object of Car
✔ Use constructor
✔ Create method inside class

Example Program:
class Car:
def init(self, brand):
self.brand = brand
def show(self):
print("Brand:", self.brand)
c1 = Car("BMW")
c1.show()

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🎯 Day 27 Goal
✔ Understand class & object
✔ Use constructor and methods

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📅 Next Topic – Day 28
🔥 OOP – Encapsulation
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 28 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Encapsulation

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📌 What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation means binding data (variables) and methods (functions) together in a single unit (class) and restricting direct access to some data.

It helps in:
✔ Data protection
✔ Better security
✔ Controlled access

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🔒 Access Modifiers in Python

Python does not have strict private/public like other languages, but it follows naming conventions:

🔹 Public → Accessible anywhere
🔹 Protected → Single underscore (_)
🔹 Private → Double underscore (__)

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🔹 Public Variable Example

class Student:
def init(self):
self.name = "Soham"
obj = Student()
print(obj.name)

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🔹 Protected Variable Example

class Student:
def init(self):
self._age = 20
obj = Student()
print(obj._age)
(Note: Still accessible, but should not be accessed directly)

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🔐 Private Variable Example

class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 85
obj = Student()
print(obj.__marks) ❌ Error
To access private variable:
print(obj._Student__marks)

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🔹 Getter and Setter Methods
Used to access and modify private data safely.

Example:
class Student:
def init(self):
self.__marks = 0
def set_marks(self, m):
self.__marks = m

def get_marks(self):
return self.__marks
s1 = Student()
s1.set_marks(90)
print(s1.get_marks())

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 28

✔ Create class with private variable
✔ Create getter & setter
✔ Try accessing private variable directly
✔ Understand name mangling

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🎯 Day 28 Goal
✔ Understand data hiding
✔ Use getter & setter properly

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📅 Next Topic – Day 29
🔥 OOP – Inheritance
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 29 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Inheritance

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📌 What is Inheritance?

Inheritance allows one class to reuse the properties and methods of another class.

✔ Code Reusability
✔ Reduces redundancy
✔ Improves maintainability
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👨‍👦 Parent & Child Class

🔹 Parent Class → Base Class
🔹 Child Class → Derived Class

Syntax:
class Parent:
pass
class Child(Parent):
pass

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🔹 Basic Inheritance Example

class Person:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Parent")
class Student(Person):
pass
s1 = Student()
s1.greet() # Inherited method

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🔹 Inheritance with Constructor

class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def display(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
s1 = Student("Rahul")
s1.display()

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🔹 Using super() Function

Used to call parent class constructor.
class Person:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
class Student(Person):
def init(self, name, age):
super().init(name)
self.age = age
def display(self):
print(self.name, self.age)
s1 = Student("Amit", 21)
s1.display()

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🔹 Types of Inheritance in Python

1️⃣ Single Inheritance
2️⃣ Multiple Inheritance
3️⃣ Multilevel Inheritance
4️⃣ Hierarchical Inheritance
5️⃣ Hybrid Inheritance

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🧠 Multilevel Inheritance Example

class A:
def methodA(self):
print("Class A")
class B(A):
def methodB(self):
print("Class B")
class C(B):
def methodC(self):
print("Class C")
obj = C()
obj.methodA()
obj.methodB()
obj.methodC()

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 29

✔ Create Parent class Vehicle
✔ Create Child class Car
✔ Use super()
✔ Try multilevel inheritance

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🎯 Day 29 Goal
✔ Understand Parent & Child relationship
✔ Use super() correctly
✔ Practice different inheritance types

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📅 Next Topic – Day 30
🔥 OOP – Polymorphism
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 30 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Polymorphism

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📌 What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism means “many forms”.
In Python, it allows the same function name to behave differently depending on the object.

✔ Increases flexibility
✔ Improves readability
✔ Makes code scalable

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🔹 Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

When a child class provides a different implementation of a method from the parent class.

Example:
class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal makes sound")
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()

Output:
Dog barks

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🔹 Polymorphism with Multiple Classes

class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")
class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
def make_sound(animal):
animal.sound()
make_sound(Cat())
make_sound(Dog())
Same function → Different behavior

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🔹 Operator Overloading

Python allows operators to behave differently for different data types.

Example:
print(5 + 3) # 8
print("Hi " + "All") # Hi All
“+” works for numbers and strings differently.

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🔹 Method Overloading in Python?

Python does NOT support traditional method overloading like Java.

But we can simulate it using default arguments:
class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b=0, c=0):
return a + b + c
obj = Calculator()
print(obj.add(5))
print(obj.add(5, 3))
print(obj.add(5, 3, 2))

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🧠 Real Life Example

Think about a “Payment” system:
✔ Credit Card Payment
✔ UPI Payment
✔ Net Banking

All use a method like pay(), but the implementation is different.

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 30

✔ Create class Shape with method area()
✔ Override area() in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Create common function to call area()

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🎯 Day 30 Goal
✔ Understand Method Overriding
✔ Understand Dynamic Polymorphism
✔ Practice real-life examples

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📅 Next Topic – Day 31
🔥 OOP – Abstraction
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 31 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Abstraction

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📌 What is Abstraction?

Abstraction means hiding implementation details and showing only essential features.
Example in real life 🚗
You drive a car without knowing how the engine works internally.

✔ Hides complexity
✔ Improves security
✔ Focus on what, not how

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🔹 How to Achieve Abstraction in Python?

Using the abc (Abstract Base Class) module
We import:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

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🔹 Creating an Abstract Class

Example:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
This class cannot be instantiated directly.

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🔹 Implementing Abstract Method in Child Class

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def sound(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")
obj = Dog()
obj.sound()
If we don’t implement sound(), it gives error ❌

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🔹 Why Use Abstraction?

✔ To enforce method implementation
✔ To create standard structure
✔ To design scalable applications

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🧠 Real World Example

Payment System:
class Payment(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def pay(self):
pass
class UPI(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using UPI")
class Card(Payment):
def pay(self):
print("Paid using Card")

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 31

✔ Create abstract class Shape
✔ Create area() abstract method
✔ Implement in Circle & Rectangle
✔ Try creating object of abstract class (see error)

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🎯 Day 31 Goal
✔ Understand abstraction
✔ Use abc module
✔ Implement abstract methods

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📅 Next Topic – Day 32
🔥 OOP – Special (Magic/Dunder) Methods
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🎉 ANNOUNCEMENT 🎉

🚀 TOP 10 LOGIN PAGE VIDEO CHALLENGE! 🔥


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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 32 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: OOP – Special (Magic / Dunder) Methods

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📌 What are Magic (Dunder) Methods?

Magic methods are special methods that start and end with double underscores:

Example:
init
str
len

They allow us to define behavior for built-in operations.
“Dunder” = Double Under ( __ )

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🔹 init Method
Constructor method
Automatically called when object is created.

Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
s1 = Student("Rahul")

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🔹 str Method

Used to define what gets printed when we print an object.

Example:
class Student:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
def str(self):
return f"Student Name: {self.name}"
s1 = Student("Amit")
print(s1)
Without str → It prints object memory address
With str → Custom readable output ✅

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🔹 len Method
Defines behavior for len() function.

Example:
class MyList:
def init(self, items):
self.items = items
def len(self):
return len(self.items)
obj = MyList([1,2,3,4])
print(len(obj))

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🔹 Operator Overloading using Magic Methods

Example: add
class Number:
def init(self, value):
self.value = value
def add(self, other):
return self.value + other.value
n1 = Number(5)
n2 = Number(10)
print(n1 + n2)

Now + works for custom objects 🔥

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🔹 Common Magic Methods

✔ init → Constructor
✔ str → String representation
✔ len → Length
✔ add → Addition
✔ sub → Subtraction
✔ mul → Multiplication
✔ eq → Equality

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 32

✔ Create class Book
✔ Implement str
✔ Overload + operator
✔ Try implementing len

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🎯 Day 32 Goal
✔ Understand dunder methods
✔ Customize built-in operations
✔ Practice operator overloading

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📅 Next Topic – Day 33
🔥 Exception Handling in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 33 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Exception Handling in Python

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📌 What is Exception?
An exception is an error that occurs during program execution.

Examples:
❌ Division by zero
❌ Invalid input
❌ File not found
Without handling → Program crashes
With handling → Program continues safely ✅

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🔹 Basic try-except Syntax

try:
risky code
except:
handle error

Example:
try:
num = 10 / 0
except:
print("Error occurred!")

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🔹 Handling Specific Exceptions

try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
print(10 / num)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")

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🔹 Using else Block
Runs if no exception occurs.

try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")
else:
print("You entered:", num)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Using finally Block
Always executes (whether error occurs or not).

try:
print(10 / 2)
except:
print("Error")
finally:
print("Execution completed")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Raising Custom Exception
We can create our own error using raise.

Example:
age = 15
if age < 18:
raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or above")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Creating Custom Exception Class

class MyError(Exception):
pass
raise MyError("Custom error occurred")

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🧠 Why Exception Handling is Important?

✔ Prevent program crash
✔ Improve user experience
✔ Handle unexpected situations
✔ Make code professional

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 Practice Tasks – Day 33

✔ Handle ZeroDivisionError
✔ Handle ValueError
✔ Use finally block
✔ Create custom exception

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 33 Goal
✔ Understand try-except
✔ Handle multiple exceptions
✔ Create custom errors

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 34
🔥 File Handling in Python
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 34 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: File Handling in Python

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📌 What is File Handling?

File handling allows us to create, read, write, and update files.
✔ Store data permanently
✔ Read existing data
✔ Modify data

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Opening a File

Syntax:
file = open("filename.txt", "mode")

Modes:
"r" → Read
"w" → Write (overwrites file)
"a" → Append
"x" → Create new file
"rb" → Read binary

Example:
file = open("demo.txt", "r")

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🔹 Reading a File

file = open("demo.txt", "r")
print(file.read())
file.close()
Other read methods:
file.readline()
file.readlines()

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🔹 Writing to a File

file = open("demo.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello Python")
file.close()

⚠ "w" mode overwrites existing data.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Appending to a File

file = open("demo.txt", "a")
file.write("\nNew Line Added")
file.close()

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🔹 Using with Statement (Best Practice)

Automatically closes file.
with open("demo.txt", "r") as file:
data = file.read()
print(data)
No need to call close() ✅

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Checking if File Exists

import os
if os.path.exists("demo.txt"):
print("File exists")
else:
print("File not found")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧠 Why File Handling is Important?

✔ Store user data
✔ Save reports
✔ Manage logs
✔ Work with databases & APIs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 Practice Tasks – Day 34

✔ Create a file
✔ Write your name into file
✔ Append new line
✔ Read entire file
✔ Use with statement

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 34 Goal
✔ Understand file modes
✔ Perform read & write operations
✔ Use with statement

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 35
🔥 Working with CSV Files
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 35 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Working with CSV Files in Python

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📌 What is a CSV File?

CSV = Comma Separated Values
Used to store tabular data like:
✔ Excel data
✔ Student records
✔ Sales reports

Example CSV file:
name,age,city
Rahul,22,Pune
Amit,21,Mumbai

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🔹 Importing CSV Module

Python provides built-in module:
import csv

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🔹 Reading CSV File

import csv
with open("data.csv", "r") as file:
reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in reader:
print(row)
Each row is returned as a list.

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🔹 Writing to CSV File

import csv
with open("data.csv", "w", newline="") as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(["Name", "Age", "City"])
writer.writerow(["Soham", 20, "Pune"])

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🔹 Appending Data to CSV

with open("data.csv", "a", newline="") as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(["Amit", 22, "Mumbai"])

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🔹 Using DictReader (Advanced Reading)

import csv
with open("data.csv", "r") as file:
reader = csv.DictReader(file)
for row in reader:
print(row["Name"], row["City"])
Reads CSV as dictionary 🔥

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🔹 Using DictWriter

with open("data.csv", "w", newline="") as file:
fieldnames = ["Name", "Age"]
writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
writer.writeheader()
writer.writerow({"Name": "Rahul", "Age": 22})

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🧠 Why CSV is Important?

✔ Used in Data Science
✔ Used in Excel integration
✔ Used in reporting systems
✔ Used in real-world projects

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 35

✔ Create student.csv file
✔ Add 5 student records
✔ Read and print specific column
✔ Use DictReader

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 35 Goal
✔ Understand CSV module
✔ Perform read & write operations
✔ Work with structured data

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 36
🔥 Working with JSON in Python
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 36 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Working with JSON in Python

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📌 What is JSON?

JSON = JavaScript Object Notation
✔ Lightweight data format
✔ Used in APIs
✔ Used in Web & Mobile Apps
✔ Human readable

Example JSON:
{ "name": "Soham", "age": 20, "city": "Pune" }

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 Import JSON Module

Python provides built-in module:
import json

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🔹 Convert Python → JSON (Serialization)

import json
data = { "name": "Rahul", "age": 22 }
json_data = json.dumps(data)
print(json_data)
dumps() → Convert dictionary to JSON string

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🔹 Convert JSON → Python (Deserialization)

import json
json_string = '{"name": "Amit", "age": 21}'
data = json.loads(json_string)
print(data["name"])
loads() → Convert JSON string to dictionary

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🔹 Writing JSON to File

import json
data = {"name": "Soham", "age": 20}
with open("data.json", "w") as file:
json.dump(data, file)
dump() → Write JSON to file

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🔹 Reading JSON from File

import json
with open("data.json", "r") as file:
data = json.load(file)
print(data)
load() → Read JSON from file

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🔹 Pretty Printing JSON

print(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
indent → Makes JSON readable

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🧠 Why JSON is Important?

✔ Used in REST APIs
✔ Used in Web Development
✔ Used in Data Exchange
✔ Used in Backend Systems

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 36

✔ Create dictionary
✔ Convert to JSON
✔ Save in file
✔ Read from file
✔ Pretty print output

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🎯 Day 36 Goal
✔ Understand serialization & deserialization
✔ Work with JSON files
✔ Prepare for API integration

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📅 Next Topic – Day 37
🔥 Modules & Packages in Python
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 37 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Modules & Packages in Python

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📌 What is a Module?

A module is a Python file (.py) containing functions, variables, or classes.

✔ Helps organize code
✔ Enables code reuse
✔ Improves readability

Example:
math.py → custom module

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🔹 Using Built-in Modules

Python provides many built-in modules:
✔ math
✔ random
✔ datetime
✔ os
✔ sys

Example:
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
print(math.pi)

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🔹 Importing Specific Function
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(25))

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🔹 Import with Alias
import math as m
print(m.pi)

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🔹 Creating Your Own Module

Step 1: Create file mymodule.py
def greet(name):
print("Hello", name)

Step 2: Use it in another file
import mymodule
mymodule.greet("Soham")

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📦 What is a Package?

A package is a folder containing multiple modules.
It must contain a special file:
init.py

Example structure:

mypackage/
│── init.py
│── module1.py
│── module2.py

Import example:
from mypackage import module1

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🔹 Using name Variable

Every Python file has a special variable:
print(name)
If file is run directly → main
If imported → module name

Example:
if name == "main":
print("Run directly")

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🧠 Why Modules & Packages?

✔ Large project management
✔ Code reusability
✔ Professional coding practice
✔ Used in real-world applications

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 37

✔ Use math module
✔ Create custom module
✔ Import with alias
✔ Create simple package

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 37 Goal
✔ Understand modular programming
✔ Create and use custom modules
✔ Understand package structure

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 38
🔥 Virtual Environment & pip
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 38 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Virtual Environment & pip

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📌 What is pip?

pip is Python’s package manager.

It is used to:
✔ Install packages
✔ Upgrade packages
✔ Remove packages
✔ Manage project dependencies
Check pip version:
pip --version

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🔹 Installing a Package

Example:
pip install requests
Install specific version:
pip install requests==2.31.0

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🔹 Upgrading a Package

pip install --upgrade requests

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🔹 Uninstalling a Package

pip uninstall requests

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📦 What is Virtual Environment?

A virtual environment creates an isolated Python environment for each project.

Why important?

✔ Avoid version conflicts
✔ Separate project dependencies
✔ Professional development practice

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Creating Virtual Environment

Step 1:
python -m venv myenv

Step 2: Activate it
Windows:
myenv\Scripts\activate
Mac/Linux:
source myenv/bin/activate
After activation → (myenv) will appear in terminal ✅

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🔹 Deactivating Virtual Environment
deactivate

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🔹 requirements.txt File
Used to store project dependencies.

Create file:
pip freeze > requirements.txt
Install from file:
pip install -r requirements.txt

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧠 Why This is Important?

✔ Used in real-world projects
✔ Required in Django/Flask
✔ Required for deployment
✔ Used in teamwork

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 Practice Tasks – Day 38

✔ Create virtual environment
✔ Install any package
✔ Freeze requirements
✔ Deactivate environment

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 38 Goal
✔ Understand pip
✔ Create virtual environment
✔ Manage dependencies professionally

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 39
🔥 Introduction to Web Requests & APIs
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 39 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Introduction to Web Requests & APIs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 What is an API?

API = Application Programming Interface
It allows applications to communicate with each other.

Example:
✔ Weather App → Gets data from weather

API
✔ Payment App → Connects to bank server
✔ Instagram → Connects to backend server

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🌐 What is HTTP Request?

When your program communicates with a server, it sends:
✔ GET → Fetch data
✔ POST → Send data
✔ PUT → Update data
✔ DELETE → Remove data

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📦 Using requests Library

First install:
pip install requests
Then import:
import requests

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🔹 Making a GET Request

import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com�")
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Getting JSON Response

import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com�")
data = response.json()
print(data)
.json() converts response into dictionary 🔥

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Making a POST Request

import requests
data = {"name": "Soham"}
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post�", json=data)
print(response.json())

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔹 Checking Response Status

200 → Success ✅
404 → Not Found ❌
500 → Server Error ⚠

Example:
if response.status_code == 200:
print("Request successful")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧠 Why APIs Are Important?

✔ Used in Web Development
✔ Used in Mobile Apps
✔ Used in Automation
✔ Used in Data Science

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 Practice Tasks – Day 39

✔ Install requests
✔ Make GET request
✔ Print JSON response
✔ Check status code
✔ Try POST request

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 39 Goal
✔ Understand API concept
✔ Make HTTP requests
✔ Work with JSON responses aa

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 40
🔥 Mini Project – Weather App using API
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 40 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Mini Project: Weather App using API

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 Project Goal

Create a simple Weather App that:
✔ Takes city name as input
✔ Fetches weather data from API
✔ Displays temperature & condition

Real-world concept:
API Integration + JSON Handling + User Input

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🌐 Step 1: Install Required Library

pip install requests

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔑 Step 2: Get API Key

You can use free weather API like:
https://openweathermap.org⁠�
(Create free account → Generate API key)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧠 Step 3: Basic Weather App Code

import requests
api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY"
city = input("Enter city name: ")
url = f"http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q={city}&appid={api_key}&units=metric"
response = requests.get(url)
data = response.json()
if response.status_code == 200:
temp = data["main"]["temp"]
desc = data["weather"][0]["description"]
print("City:", city)
print("Temperature:", temp, "°C")
print("Condition:", desc)
else:
print("City not found ❌")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📊 How It Works?

✔ User enters city
✔ API sends request
✔ Server returns JSON
✔ Python extracts temperature & description

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔐 Error Handling Improvement

Add try-except:
try:
response = requests.get(url)
data = response.json()
except Exception as e:
print("Error:", e)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎨 Bonus Improvements

✔ Add emoji based on weather ☀🌧❄
✔ Use formatted output
✔ Add loop for multiple searches
✔ Add GUI using Tkinter

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 Practice Tasks – Day 40

✔ Create weather app
✔ Handle invalid city
✔ Add loop option
✔ Improve output formatting

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🎯 Day 40 Goal
✔ Integrate API
✔ Handle JSON
✔ Build mini project

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📅 Next Topic – Day 41
🔥 Introduction to Tkinter (GUI Programming)
✨ Stay Connected | Keep Coding
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 41 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Introduction to Tkinter (GUI Programming)

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📌 What is Tkinter?

Tkinter is Python’s built-in GUI (Graphical User Interface) library.

It allows you to create:
✔ Desktop Applications
✔ Forms
✔ Buttons & Labels
✔ Mini Software Projects

No installation required ✅ (Built-in with Python)

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🖥️ Creating First GUI Window

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("My First App")
root.geometry("400x300")
root.mainloop()
This creates a simple window 🔥

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🔹 Adding a Label

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello Python GUI")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()

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🔹 Adding a Button

import tkinter as tk
def click():
print("Button Clicked!")
root = tk.Tk()
btn = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", command=click)
btn.pack()
root.mainloop()

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🔹 Adding Entry (Input Box)

import tkinter as tk
def show():
print(entry.get())
root = tk.Tk()
entry = tk.Entry(root)
entry.pack()
btn = tk.Button(root, text="Submit", command=show)
btn.pack()
root.mainloop()

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📐 Layout Methods

✔ pack() → Simple layout
✔ grid() → Table layout
✔ place() → Custom position

Example (grid):
label.grid(row=0, column=0)

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🧠 Why Tkinter?

✔ Build Desktop Apps
✔ Create Login Forms
✔ Build Calculator
✔ Create Management Systems

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 41

✔ Create window
✔ Add label
✔ Add button
✔ Take user input
✔ Try grid layout

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🎯 Day 41 Goal
✔ Create basic GUI
✔ Add widgets
✔ Understand event handling

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📅 Next Topic – Day 42
🔥 Building Calculator using Tkinter
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 42 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Mini Project: Calculator using Tkinter
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📌 Project Goal

Create a simple calculator that:
✔ Takes two numbers
✔ Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
✔ Displays result on screen
Concepts Used:
✔ Tkinter GUI
✔ Functions
✔ Event Handling

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🖥️ Basic Calculator Code

import tkinter as tk
def calculate(operation):
num1 = float(entry1.get())
num2 = float(entry2.get())
if operation == "+":
result = num1 + num2
elif operation == "-":
result = num1 - num2
elif operation == "*":
result = num1 * num2
elif operation == "/":
result = num1 / num2

result_label.config(text="Result: " + str(result))
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Calculator")
root.geometry("300x250")
tk.Label(root, text="Enter First Number").pack()
entry1 = tk.Entry(root)
entry1.pack()
tk.Label(root, text="Enter Second Number").pack()
entry2 = tk.Entry(root)
entry2.pack()
tk.Button(root, text="Add", command=lambda: calculate("+")).pack()
tk.Button(root, text="Subtract", command=lambda: calculate("-")).pack()
tk.Button(root, text="Multiply", command=lambda: calculate("*")).pack()
tk.Button(root, text="Divide", command=lambda: calculate("/")).pack()
result_label = tk.Label(root, text="Result: ")
result_label.pack()
root.mainloop()

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⚠ Improvement: Add Error Handling

Add try-except inside calculate():
try:
num1 = float(entry1.get())
num2 = float(entry2.get())
except ValueError:
result_label.config(text="Invalid Input ❌")

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🎨 Bonus Improvements

✔ Add clear button
✔ Use grid layout
✔ Add better UI design
✔ Add keyboard support

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 42

✔ Build calculator
✔ Add error handling
✔ Improve UI
✔ Add clear button

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🎯 Day 42 Goal
✔ Build complete GUI project
✔ Use functions with buttons
✔ Handle user input errors

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📅 Next Topic – Day 43
🔥 Introduction to SQLite Database in Python
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🐍 PYTHON – DAY 43 STUDY MATERIAL
✨ Topic: Introduction to SQLite Database in Python
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📌 What is SQLite?

SQLite is a lightweight database that is stored in a single file.

✔ No server required
✔ Built into Python
✔ Perfect for small applications
Used in:
📱 Mobile apps
💻 Desktop apps
🧠 Prototyping databases

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🔹 Import SQLite Module

SQLite comes built-in with Python.
import sqlite3

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🔹 Creating a Database

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect("student.db")
print("Database created successfully")
This creates a file student.db

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🔹 Creating a Table

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect("student.db")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(""" CREATE TABLE student( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER ) """)
conn.commit()
conn.close()

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🔹 Inserting Data

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect("student.db")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO student VALUES(1,'Soham',20)")
conn.commit()
conn.close()

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🔹 Reading Data

conn = sqlite3.connect("student.db")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM student")
rows = cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)

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🔹 Updating Data
cursor.execute( "UPDATE student SET age=21 WHERE id=1"

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🔹 Deleting Data
cursor.execute( "DELETE FROM student WHERE id=1" )

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🧠 Why SQLite is Useful?

✔ Build small database applications
✔ Store app data locally
✔ Practice SQL with Python

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📝 Practice Tasks – Day 43

✔ Create database file
✔ Create student table
✔ Insert 3 records
✔ Display all records
✔ Update a record

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🎯 Day 43 Goal
✔ Connect Python with database
✔ Perform CRUD operations
✔ Understand cursor & commit

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📅 Next Topic – Day 44
🔥 Building Student Management System with SQLite
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