Medications causing myopathy
"CLAPZ"

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Antidepressant medications 💊
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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة Respiratory

Lecture:1
Bronchial asthma

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة Respiratory

Lecture:2
Therapy of cough

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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كل ما تريد معرفته عن
Red man syndrome

🚨 Definition: Vancomycin flushing syndrome, also known as "Red Man Syndrome," is an adverse reaction associated with vancomycin infusion.

💥 Symptoms: The condition is characterized by flushing, rash, itching, and sometimes hypotension.

🔬 Cause: This syndrome occurs due to the release of histamine from mast cells, often triggered by the rapid infusion of vancomycin.

⏳ Onset: Symptoms typically begin within minutes after starting the infusion.

🛑 Management: To manage the syndrome, slowing the infusion rate and administering antihistamines can be effective.

📉 Prevention: Infusing vancomycin over a period of at least 60 minutes can help prevent the flushing syndrome.

🔍 Diagnosis: Diagnosis is primarily based on the clinical presentation and infusion history, with other potential causes being ruled out.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Pubmed

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إيه المقصود بالـ
Pancytopenia?

🩺 Definition
Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a reduction in all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
This condition leads to anemia, increased risk of infections, and bleeding disorders.

📊 Causes
Pancytopenia can result from a variety of causes, including bone marrow disorders, such as aplastic anemia or leukemia.
It may also be due to external factors like severe infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications.

🩸 Symptoms
Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.
The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the extent of blood cell reduction and the underlying cause.

🔬 Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), to assess the levels of different blood cells.
Additional tests, like bone marrow biopsy or imaging studies, may be needed to determine the underlying cause.

💉 Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of pancytopenia.
Options may include medications, blood transfusions, or treatments targeting the root cause, such as chemotherapy for malignancies.

👨‍⚕️ Management
Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider are crucial for managing the condition effectively.
Supportive care, including managing symptoms and preventing complications, plays a key role in treatment.

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Oropouche virus

🦠 What is Oropouche Virus?
The Oropouche virus (OROV) is a mosquito-borne virus.
It primarily affects humans in tropical regions of South America.
The virus is part of the Bunyaviridae family.

🚑 Transmission and Symptoms
The virus is mainly transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, especially the *Culicoides paraensis* species.
Infection can cause a disease known as Oropouche fever.
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and sometimes a skin rash.
The symptoms typically appear 4 to 8 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.

🔬 Diagnosis and Treatment
Oropouche fever is diagnosed through blood tests to detect the virus or its antibodies.
There is no specific treatment for Oropouche virus infection.
Supportive care, including rest, fluids, and pain relievers, is recommended.

🌍 Epidemiology
Oropouche virus is mainly found in Brazil, Peru, and other parts of the Amazon basin.
Outbreaks have occurred in urban areas, affecting thousands of people.
The virus is an emerging public health concern in these regions.

💉 Prevention
Preventing mosquito bites is the best way to avoid Oropouche virus infection.
Use insect repellent, wear protective clothing, and use mosquito nets.
Public health efforts focus on controlling mosquito populations in affected areas.

🌐 Reference ➡️ WHO

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Monkeypox

🦠 What is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus.
It is a rare zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.

📉 Symptoms
The disease typically starts with fever, headache, muscle aches, and exhaustion.
A characteristic rash develops, often beginning on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body.
The rash progresses from flat lesions to raised bumps and eventually to scabs.

🔬 Transmission
Monkeypox can be spread through close contact with an infected person or animal.
It can also be transmitted through contaminated materials like bedding or clothing.
Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily via respiratory droplets or direct contact with infectious sores.

🛡️ Prevention
Vaccination against smallpox can provide protection due to the similarity of the viruses.
Good hygiene practices, including handwashing and avoiding contact with infected individuals, are crucial.
Avoiding contact with animals that could be infected, especially in areas where monkeypox is known to occur, is recommended.

💉 Treatment
There is no specific treatment for monkeypox, but supportive care can help manage symptoms.
Antiviral medications may be used in some cases.
Monitoring and treating secondary infections is also important.

📊 Outbreaks and Risk
Monkeypox outbreaks are more common in Central and West Africa.
In recent years, there have been reports of cases in other parts of the world.
Risk factors include travel to endemic regions and contact with infected individuals or animals.

🌐 Reference ➡️ WHO

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Hodgkin's vs non hodgkin's lymphoma

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Leqembi®️

🌟 Overview
Leqembi is a monoclonal antibody used for treating Alzheimer's disease.
It targets amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, which are linked to cognitive decline.

🧠 Mechanism of Action
It works by binding to amyloid-beta plaques and promoting their clearance from the brain.
This helps reduce the amyloid burden, potentially slowing the progression of Alzheimer's.

📈 Clinical Benefits
Studies show that Leqembi can slow cognitive decline in patients with early Alzheimer's.
It is generally prescribed to those with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage dementia.

⚠️ Side Effects
Common side effects include infusion-related reactions and headache.
Patients may also experience amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), such as edema or microhemorrhages.

💊 Administration
Leqembi is administered via intravenous infusion.
Patients typically receive infusions every two weeks.

🔬 Ongoing Research
Continued research is being conducted to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety.
Further studies aim to understand its impact on various stages of Alzheimer's disease.

🌐 Reference ➡️ FDA

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🫁 Respiratory acidosis vs alkalosis

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إيه المقصود بـ
Heterochromia?

👁️👁️‍🟡🔵 Heterochromia
is a condition where a person has two different colored eyes.
It can occur due to genetics or injury.
In some cases, it may develop over time.

🟢 There are different types of heterochromia, including complete and sectoral.
Complete heterochromia means each eye is a different color.
Sectoral heterochromia involves only part of the iris being a different color.

🔵 Heterochromia is often harmless and does not affect vision.
However, it can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue.
If there is a sudden change in eye color, it's important to consult a doctor.

🌟 Some people find heterochromia unique and beautiful.
It can be a distinguishing feature, making someone stand out.
There are even cosmetic lenses designed to mimic the appearance of heterochromia.

🌐 Reference ➡️ WebMD

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COPD vs Asthma

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Diabetes mellitus type 1 vs 2

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Endocrine disorders

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Guidelines on use of corticosteroids

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