#PT_Revision
✅Humboldt Current (Peru Current)
• This cold water current moves from south to north along the coast of Chile and Peru
in the eastern parts of the South Pacific Ocean.
• It was identified for the first time by Alexander von Humboldt when he visited
Colombia and Ecuador in 1802.
• In recent years, the phenomenon of EI-Nino has been observed when this cold water
current becomes relatively warm.
• In the year of EI-Nino, the weather and climate are adversely affected.
✅Humboldt Current (Peru Current)
• This cold water current moves from south to north along the coast of Chile and Peru
in the eastern parts of the South Pacific Ocean.
• It was identified for the first time by Alexander von Humboldt when he visited
Colombia and Ecuador in 1802.
• In recent years, the phenomenon of EI-Nino has been observed when this cold water
current becomes relatively warm.
• In the year of EI-Nino, the weather and climate are adversely affected.
Reports_
State of Food Security and Nutrition report.
- Released recently by UN
- prepared by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF.
- Report says that around 8.9% of the world population, that is 690 million went hungry in 2019.
# PT_ Revision
State of Food Security and Nutrition report.
- Released recently by UN
- prepared by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF.
- Report says that around 8.9% of the world population, that is 690 million went hungry in 2019.
# PT_ Revision
#PT_Revision
Difference between SAARC and BIMSTEC
SAARC
1. A regional organisation looking into South Asia
2. Established in 1985 during the cold war era.
3. Member countries suffer for mistrust and suspicion.
4. Suffers from regional politics.
5. Asymmetric power balance.
6. Intra-regional trade only 5 percent.
BIMSTEC
1. Interregional organisation connecting South Asia and South East Asia.
2. Established in 1997 in the post-Cold War.
3. Members maintain reasonably friendly relations.
4. Core objective is the improvement of economic cooperation among countries.
5. Balancing of power with the presence of Thailand and India on the block.
6. Intra-regional trade has increased around 6 precent in a decade
Difference between SAARC and BIMSTEC
SAARC
1. A regional organisation looking into South Asia
2. Established in 1985 during the cold war era.
3. Member countries suffer for mistrust and suspicion.
4. Suffers from regional politics.
5. Asymmetric power balance.
6. Intra-regional trade only 5 percent.
BIMSTEC
1. Interregional organisation connecting South Asia and South East Asia.
2. Established in 1997 in the post-Cold War.
3. Members maintain reasonably friendly relations.
4. Core objective is the improvement of economic cooperation among countries.
5. Balancing of power with the presence of Thailand and India on the block.
6. Intra-regional trade has increased around 6 precent in a decade
#PT_Revision
🔰Herd immunity ( Herd effect/social immunity)
- It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease
- When a large percentage of a population becomes immune to an infection, through vaccination or previous infections, it breaks the chain of transmission.
Thus protects Non-immune individuals and stops the spread of a disease.
Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious
🔰Herd immunity ( Herd effect/social immunity)
- It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease
- When a large percentage of a population becomes immune to an infection, through vaccination or previous infections, it breaks the chain of transmission.
Thus protects Non-immune individuals and stops the spread of a disease.
Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious
#PT_Revision
🔰National Parks situated in Assam
1. Kaziranga National Park
2. Manas National Park
3. Nameri National Park,
4. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
5. Orang National Park.
🔰National Parks situated in Assam
1. Kaziranga National Park
2. Manas National Park
3. Nameri National Park,
4. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
5. Orang National Park.
#PT_Revision
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
#PT_Revision
India’s Nuclear Energy Programme
The nuclear energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha.
Objective: To provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology.
India has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation:
Stage 1 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR):
The PHWR is a pressure tube type reactor using heavy water (D2O) moderator, heavy water coolant and natural uranium dioxide fuel.
Stage 2 Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): India’s second stage of nuclear power generation uses the Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the main fissile element of fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR).
Stage 3 Thorium based Reactor: Thorium utilization is the long term objective of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme.
In this stage Breeder reactors are based on Thorium- Uranium-233 cycle.
India’s Nuclear Energy Programme
The nuclear energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha.
Objective: To provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology.
India has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation:
Stage 1 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR):
The PHWR is a pressure tube type reactor using heavy water (D2O) moderator, heavy water coolant and natural uranium dioxide fuel.
Stage 2 Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): India’s second stage of nuclear power generation uses the Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the main fissile element of fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR).
Stage 3 Thorium based Reactor: Thorium utilization is the long term objective of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme.
In this stage Breeder reactors are based on Thorium- Uranium-233 cycle.
#PT_Revision
✔️Poshan Atlas- MoWCD➡️ mapping crops diversity
✔️Indian brain atlas- IIT Hyderabad
✔️ Geochemical Baseline Atlas of India- CSIR (NGRI)➡️metals, oxides and elements in to top and bottom soil+ assessing pollution
✔️ Unique Flood Hazard Atlas- Nat. Remote Sensing Centre
✔️ Wasteland Atlas- MoRD
✔️ National Wetland Atlas- ISRO
✔️ Tobacco Atlas- American Cancer Society
✔️ Diabetes Atlas- International Diabetes federation
✔️Poshan Atlas- MoWCD➡️ mapping crops diversity
✔️Indian brain atlas- IIT Hyderabad
✔️ Geochemical Baseline Atlas of India- CSIR (NGRI)➡️metals, oxides and elements in to top and bottom soil+ assessing pollution
✔️ Unique Flood Hazard Atlas- Nat. Remote Sensing Centre
✔️ Wasteland Atlas- MoRD
✔️ National Wetland Atlas- ISRO
✔️ Tobacco Atlas- American Cancer Society
✔️ Diabetes Atlas- International Diabetes federation
#PT_Revision
Climate Funds and Initiatives- Part 1
World Bank
1. Clean Technology Fund
2. Green Climate Fund
3. Forest Carbon Partnership facility
4. BioCarbon Fund
5. Climate Investment Fund
6. Strategic Climate Fund
7. Partnership for Market Readiness
8. Carbon Partnership facility
Climate Funds and Initiatives- Part 1
World Bank
1. Clean Technology Fund
2. Green Climate Fund
3. Forest Carbon Partnership facility
4. BioCarbon Fund
5. Climate Investment Fund
6. Strategic Climate Fund
7. Partnership for Market Readiness
8. Carbon Partnership facility
#PT_Revision
KURMA App
- citizen science initiative launched for turtle conservation.
- provides a database to identify a species and also the location of the nearest rescue centre for turtles across the country
- Developed by the Indian Turtle Conservation Action Network (ITCAN) in collaboration with the Turtle Survival Alliance-India and Wildlife Conservation Society-India
KURMA App
- citizen science initiative launched for turtle conservation.
- provides a database to identify a species and also the location of the nearest rescue centre for turtles across the country
- Developed by the Indian Turtle Conservation Action Network (ITCAN) in collaboration with the Turtle Survival Alliance-India and Wildlife Conservation Society-India
#PT_Revision
Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA)
- formed in 2001
- Based in USA.
- It is a global partnership Initiative of IUCN for Conservation of turtles and tortoises
- It was formed in response to the Asian Turtle Crisis (over-exploitation of Asian turtle populations to supply Chinese markets)
Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA)
- formed in 2001
- Based in USA.
- It is a global partnership Initiative of IUCN for Conservation of turtles and tortoises
- It was formed in response to the Asian Turtle Crisis (over-exploitation of Asian turtle populations to supply Chinese markets)
#PT_Revision
Indian rhinoceros
- Called as 'great one-horned rhinoceros'
- listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Habitat - the alluvial Terai-Duar savanna, grasslands and riverine forest.
Once ranged the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Threats
Habitat Destruction, Poaching, frequent floods, hunting.
Conservation
- listed in CITES Appendix I since 1975.
- Protected under WPA -1972.
Indian rhinoceros
- Called as 'great one-horned rhinoceros'
- listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Habitat - the alluvial Terai-Duar savanna, grasslands and riverine forest.
Once ranged the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Threats
Habitat Destruction, Poaching, frequent floods, hunting.
Conservation
- listed in CITES Appendix I since 1975.
- Protected under WPA -1972.
The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets, overlay networks that use the Internet but require specific software, configurations, or authorization to access.
The darknets which constitute the dark web include small, friend-to-friend peer-to-peer networks, as well as large, popular networks like Tor, Freenet, I2P, and Riffle operated by public organizations and individuals.
Users of the dark web refer to the regular web as Clearnet due to its unencrypted nature.
Commercial darknet markets, which mediate transactions for illegal drugs and other goods, attracted significant media coverage starting with the popularity of Silk Road and Diabolus Market and its subsequent seizure by legal authorities.
Other markets sell software exploits and weapons
The darknets which constitute the dark web include small, friend-to-friend peer-to-peer networks, as well as large, popular networks like Tor, Freenet, I2P, and Riffle operated by public organizations and individuals.
Users of the dark web refer to the regular web as Clearnet due to its unencrypted nature.
Commercial darknet markets, which mediate transactions for illegal drugs and other goods, attracted significant media coverage starting with the popularity of Silk Road and Diabolus Market and its subsequent seizure by legal authorities.
Other markets sell software exploits and weapons
#PT_Revision
P-8I Aircrafts
-It is a military aircraft developed and produced by US company Boeing
- It can be operated in the anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), and shipping interdiction roles.
- It is armed with torpedoes, Harpoon anti-ship missiles and other weapons, and is able to drop and monitor sonobuoys.
News - India would receive Four P-8I aircrafts in 2021
P-8I Aircrafts
-It is a military aircraft developed and produced by US company Boeing
- It can be operated in the anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), and shipping interdiction roles.
- It is armed with torpedoes, Harpoon anti-ship missiles and other weapons, and is able to drop and monitor sonobuoys.
News - India would receive Four P-8I aircrafts in 2021
#PT_Revision
Tianwen 1
- It is China's first successful Mars probe (launched recently)
Objectives
- To orbit the red planet for comprehensive observation
- To land on Martian soil and send a rover to roam around the landing site
- To conduct investigations into geological structure, atmosphere, environment, soil and water of Mars.
- Yinghuo-1(2011) - China's first failed Mars Mission.
Successful Mars Missions by
- US, Russia, India and European Union
- Mission Mangalyaan of India was Asia's first successful Mars mission.
Tianwen 1
- It is China's first successful Mars probe (launched recently)
Objectives
- To orbit the red planet for comprehensive observation
- To land on Martian soil and send a rover to roam around the landing site
- To conduct investigations into geological structure, atmosphere, environment, soil and water of Mars.
- Yinghuo-1(2011) - China's first failed Mars Mission.
Successful Mars Missions by
- US, Russia, India and European Union
- Mission Mangalyaan of India was Asia's first successful Mars mission.
#PT_Revision
ANASIS II
- South Korea's military satellite to defend itself against nuclear armed North Korea.
- The satellite is to be placed at an orbit of 36,000 km.
- 10th country in the world to have its own military communication satellite.
- It will help to increase South Korean independent military operations.
ANASIS II
- South Korea's military satellite to defend itself against nuclear armed North Korea.
- The satellite is to be placed at an orbit of 36,000 km.
- 10th country in the world to have its own military communication satellite.
- It will help to increase South Korean independent military operations.