Summary squeezer ๐Ÿงช
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ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุชู‡ุชู… ุจุฅูŠุตุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุทุงู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠ ุจุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุณู„ุณ ูˆุณู‡ู„


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Summary squeezer ๐Ÿงช
๐Ÿ”ธAcidic layer ; ุจูƒูˆู† PH ููŠู‡ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† more acidic than mucus ุŒุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุงุตู„ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ูŠ ุงู„ HCl ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฏุง ู…ู‡ู… ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุถู… ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ูˆุจุชู… ุงู†ุชุงุฌูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ุจุฃุณู… parital cellุŒุŒ ๐Ÿ”ธLumen of stomach ; ูˆุฏุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ูŠ ุณูˆุงุก ุฌุงุชูƒโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ”ธ Gastric adenocarcinoma :
ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ูŠ ูˆูˆุตู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ูˆู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ :
โ–ช๏ธWeight loss
โ–ช๏ธProgressive Dysphagia or odynophagia

๐Ÿ’ข ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ูˆุญู…ุงู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงูŠุงูƒู… ๐Ÿค ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูƒุชุฑ ุดุฏูŠูŠุฏ ูˆู…ุง ุนุงูŠุฒูŠู† ู†ุฒุญู… ู†ูุณู†ุง ุณุงูŠ ู ู†ูƒู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงูŠ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ๐Ÿฉท

#summary_squeezer_team
#GIT
#Microbiology
๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1
Summary squeezer ๐Ÿงช
๐Ÿ”ธ Gastric adenocarcinoma : ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ูŠ ูˆูˆุตู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ูˆู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ : โ–ช๏ธWeight loss โ–ช๏ธProgressive Dysphagia or odynophagia ๐Ÿ’ข ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ูˆุญู…ุงู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงูŠุงูƒู… ๐Ÿค ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูƒุชุฑ ุดุฏูŠูŠุฏ ูˆู…ุง ุนุงูŠุฒูŠู† ู†ุฒุญู… ู†ูุณู†ุง ุณุงูŠ ู ู†ูƒู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงูŠ ุจู‚ูŠุฉโ€ฆ
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ”ฅ ุฌุงู‡ุฒูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู†ุฎุชู… ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู†ุงู‡ ุฏุง ูุดุฏูˆ ุงู„ู‡ู…ุฉ ู…ุนุงูŠ ุญุจู‡ ูƒุฏุง ๐Ÿซฑ๐Ÿผโ€๐Ÿซฒ๐Ÿผ๐Ÿซก

ใ€‹ใ€‹ใ€‹H. Pylori_Infection_3

ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ diagnosis & treatment ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุง ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุญุชุฎุชุตุฑูˆุง ู„ูŠูƒู… ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ๐Ÿ”ฅ

๐Ÿ”นDiagnosis :

ุทูŠุจ ู†ุญู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุฏุง ุจุนุฏ ุดูู†ุง ู…ู†ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุนุงูŠุฒูŠู† ู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุจุชุงูƒุฏ ูƒูŠูŠูุŸุŸ ๐Ÿง
โ–ช๏ธUrea breath test ;
ูŠู„ุง ูŠ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุฏุง ู‡ู†ุง ุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆู†ุญู† ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุดู†ูˆ ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฑููˆุง ูƒูŠู ๐Ÿค” ู‡ู†ุง ุญูŠุนุฑููˆุง ุจ co2 ุจู…ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุญูŠู…ุดูŠ ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„blood to heart to lung to out our body ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ CO2 ุฏูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฏูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆู†ุดุทุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡
โ–ช๏ธ Histopathology ;
ุฏุง ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ู„ู…ู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ UBT ุชุทู„ุน ู„ูŠ negative
โ–ช๏ธFecal antigen test ;
ู‡ู†ุง ุจุญุฏุฏูˆ ุฅุฐุง ููŠ H. Pylori antigens in stools ุŒุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุฏุง ุจูƒูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ูˆู…ุง ุบุงู„ูŠ ุฒูŠ UBT
โ–ช๏ธEndoscopy

๐Ÿ’ขูˆุงุฎูŠุฑุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุขุฎุฑุง ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ูŠ ุฎุชุงู… ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ู†ุนุงู„ุฌูˆุง ูˆ ู†ุญู…ูŠ ู†ูุณู†ุง ู…ู†ูˆ ูƒูŠู ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ

๐Ÿ”นTreatment & prevention :

๐Ÿ”ธDrugs :
ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุชุฎููŠู ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ูˆูƒุฏุง ุฒูŠ :
โ–ช๏ธProton pump inhibitors ;
ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ูˆููŠ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุงุญูŠุงู† ุจุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุซุจุทุงุช ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุซุจุท ู„ูŠ ู…ู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ HCl
โ–ช๏ธAntibiotics ;
ุฃูˆ ูŠูˆุตููˆุง ุจูŠูƒ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ู…ู† ูง - ูกูค ูŠูˆู…

๐Ÿ”ธ Diet :
ุจุฑุถูˆ ุจู…ู†ุนูˆุง ู…ู† ุญุงุฌุงุช ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุฒูŠ :
โ–ช๏ธAlcohol
โ–ช๏ธCaffeine drinks
โ–ช๏ธTobacco
โ–ช๏ธAspirin
โ–ช๏ธNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

๐Ÿ’ขุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุญุงุฌุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุญุฉ ุญูุธู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุดูุงุก ู„ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ูŠุงุฑุจ ๐Ÿค

ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ุณูŠุฏุงุชูŠ ุณุงุฏุชูŠ ๐Ÿ˜† ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฑุญู„ุชู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ H. Pylori_Infection ู†ุชู…ู†ู‰ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุงู„ ุงุณุชุญุณุงู†ูƒู… ูˆู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฅูุงุฏุฉ ู„ู†ุง ูˆู„ูƒู… ๐Ÿซฑ๐Ÿผโ€๐Ÿซฒ๐Ÿผ๐Ÿ”ฅ

#summary_squeezer_team
#GIT
#Microbiology
๐Ÿ”ฅ5
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ (87)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹

ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ malabsorbistion condiction ุงุณู…ู‡ุง lactose intolerance ุงูˆ (ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงูƒุชูˆุฒ) .

_ุงู‡ุง ุงุชูƒู„ู… ู„ูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง๐Ÿคฉ๐Ÿคฉ๐Ÿคฉ๐Ÿคฉ

๐ŸƒุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู†ูˆ ุงูŠ carbs ู„ู…ุง ุชุตู„ ุงู„ small intestine ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชุชุญูˆู„ ู„ูŠ monosaccharide ุจenzyme ู…ุนูŠู†(disaccharidase) ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„
bruch border of s intestine
ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง
absorbtion
ูˆ ุชู…ุดูŠ ุงู„ blood stream ๐Ÿƒ

_ ูƒู„ุงู… ุญู„ูˆ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ๐Ÿค”

๐Ÿƒ ุงุฐุง ุญุตู„ deficiency ููŠ disaccaridase ู…ุนูŠู†.. ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุง ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠู…ุชุต ุงู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุจุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ูˆ ุงู„ enzyme ุฏุง ูุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ู„ูŠู†ุง symptoms ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ...ูˆ ุงู„ most common enzyme ุจุชุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฏูŠ ุงุณู…ูˆ lactase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจููƒูƒ ุงู„ lactose ู„ูŠ glucose ูˆ galactose ...ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† partially or complete deficiency ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู…ู…ุง ุงุชูˆู„ุฏ ุงูˆ ูŠุชูƒุณุจูˆ( aquired)๐Ÿƒ

_ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฏูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
[ clinical syndrome that manifests with characteristic signs and symptoms upon consuming food substances containing lactose, due to partially or complete deficiency of lactase]

ุทูŠุจ ุงู†ุช ูู‡ู…ุช๐Ÿคฉ

_ ุทูŠุจ ุงุณุจุงุจูˆ ุดู†ูˆ ูˆ ุงุนุฑุงุถูˆ ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูˆ ุนู„ุงุฌุŸ๐Ÿค”

๐Ÿƒ ุทูŠุจ ุงุณุจุงุจูˆ(etiology ) :
1. Primary lactase deficiency:
ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ:
high expression for gene responsible for lactase
ูˆ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ expression ุฏุง ุจู‚ู„ ู„ุญุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ symptoms ููŠ ุงู„ adolescence or adluthood
ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฏูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
lactase non-persistance

2.2ry lactase deficiency:
ุงุฐุง ููŠ ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠู‡ุง
sever, infectous,inflammatory,injuy to intestinal mucosa
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุจุจ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู„ุฃู†ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจุทู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ enzyme ุฒูŠ :
Gastroenteritis ,Celiac disease ...ุงู„ุฎ

3. Conjenital:
ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูˆ ู…ู…ุง ุงุชูˆู„ุฏ ุจุณุจุจ atuosomal recessive inheritance

4. developmental lactase defeciency:

ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ premature infant ุงู„ุงุชูˆู„ุฏ ุจูŠู† 28 ูˆ ุงู„37 ุงุณุจูˆุน๐Ÿ‘ผ
๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ
๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ

ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุงุนุงุฑุถ ูƒูŠู ุจุชุธู‡ุฑ!ุŸ๐Ÿค’

๐Ÿ’ซุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุงูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠู‡ุง lactose ุจุชู‚ุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ intestine ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฏูŠ
[result in influx of fluid into the bowel lumen resulting in osmotic diarrhea.]

๐Ÿ’ซ ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏุง
Colonic bacteria ferment the unabsorbed lactose-producing gas (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane), 
ูˆ ุชุญูˆู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ disaccharide ู„ูŠ monosaccharide ูˆ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ osmotic diarrea


ูุงุนุฑุงุถูˆ ูƒุงู„ุงุชูŠ :
Diarrhea, abdominal bloating and pain, nausea and vomitin and flatulence.


๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ

_ุณุคุงู„ ุนู†ุฏูˆ ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช!!!๐Ÿค”
.๐Ÿƒ. ู„ู„ุงุณู ุงูŠ ุนู†ุฏูˆ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ู„ู„ุงุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„growth age ูˆ ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุจุฑุถูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ primary source of calcium ๐Ÿƒ

๐Ÿ’ซ๐Ÿ’ซcomplication๐Ÿ’ซ๐Ÿ’ซ
Osteopenia ...osteoporosis... malnutrition...ricket...growth failure and weight loss


_ุทูŠุจ ููŠ tests ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”


๐Ÿƒtest :

โญ๏ธStool acidity test:
ุงู„ู„ุงูƒุชูˆุฒ ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุจุงู„ุจุงูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู„ูŠ lactic acide ูˆ ุจู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ PH

โญ๏ธmilk tolerance test
ู†ุฎู„ูŠู‡ูˆ ูŠุงุฎุฏ 500ml milk ูˆ ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ glucose level ุงุฐุง ุฒุงุฏ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 20mg/dl ูู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ

โญ๏ธsmall bowl biopsy

โญgenotyping๏ธ



ูˆ ุงุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ :
_ุจุฌูŠูƒ ูˆุฌุน ุจุทู† ู„ู…ุง ุชุงูƒู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ู„ุงูƒุชูˆุฒ!!!ุŸุŸ๐Ÿค”
ู…ุง ุชุงูƒู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ู„ุงูƒุชูˆุฒ๐Ÿ™‚๐Ÿ™‚๐Ÿ™‚๐Ÿ™‚๐Ÿ™‚

๐Ÿƒdietary modification
ูŠุงูƒู„ ู…ุซู„ุง
lactase containing milk product
ูˆ ูŠุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ lactose containing milk product
ูˆ ูŠุงุฎุฏ ู…ุนู‡ุง
calcium supplements ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ู†ุงู‡ุง

๐Ÿƒlactase supplements

ูˆุจุณุณุณ ูƒุฏุง ุงู†ุชู‡ูŠู†ุง ..ู†ุชู„ุงู‚ู‰ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ุชุงู†ูŠ
๐ŸƒTHANK YOU


#summary_squeezer_team
#GIT
#pathology
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ3๐Ÿ‘1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(88)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡

Welcome welcome ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ

ุชุนุฑููˆ ุงู„tropical sprue ุŸ ๐Ÿ‘€


ู„ูˆ ู„ุฃ ุงุฑุญูƒู… ู†ุนุฑู ุนู†ู‡ุง

ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญุงู„ุงุช ุญู‚ุช malabsorptions ุจุชุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„tropical area
ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฏูŠ ุจูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„mal absorption ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† endemic disease
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠูˆ ูˆุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง๐Ÿ˜‚

ูุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฏูŠู„ ุงู„small intestine ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ู… ุงู„velli ููŠู‡ุง ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ flat ..
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„velli ุฏูŠ ูŠุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุชุช ุงู„ุจุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง absorption ู„ู„nutrients
ูุง ู‡ู†ุง ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ flat ูˆุงู„surface area ุจู‚ู„... ูุง ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„absorption ุจู‚ู„

ุชู…ุงู…ุŸุŸ๐Ÿ˜

ูŠู„ุง ู‚ุงู„ูˆ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ู„tropical spure ุฏุง ู…ุง ู…ุนุฑูˆู ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุงุช ู…ุนุงู‡ูˆ ุฒูŠ

Bacterial infection๐Ÿฆ  :
ู…ุซู„ุง ุฒูŠ
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
E. Coli

ูˆุชุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง

โญ•short bowl syndrome:
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุงู„small intestine ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง failure
ุงูŠูˆุฉ failure ุนุฏูŠู„๐Ÿ˜‚ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„absorption ุจู‚ูŠู
ูุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุญุตู„ ุจูŠ ุณุจุจ
Obstruction ( tumor)
ุงูˆ
Dismotility
ุฒูŠ ุงู„scleroderma ๐Ÿคก
ุงูˆ
Crohns disease


ูˆุจุฑุถูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

โญ• whipple disease:
ูˆุฏูŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช rare ูˆุจุชุนู…ู„ ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ูˆู‡ูŠ Gram positive bacteria ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู„actinomycete

ุงุณู…ู‡ุง tropheryma whippeli ๐Ÿคฃ

ูุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุฏูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„small intestine ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจูŠู‡ุง macrophages ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุงุซุงุฑ ุญู‚ุช inflammation


ุจุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุงู absorption ๐Ÿ˜ท


โ–ชSigns and symptoms :

Diarrhoea
Abdominal distention
Malnutrition
Wight loss
Dehydration

ูˆุจู…ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฏูŠู„ ู‡ู… ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… malabsorption ูˆdiarrhoea
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… electrolyte disturbance ๐Ÿ’€
ูˆูƒู…ุงู† ุญุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… vitamins deficiency ูุง ุงูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู„ุงุญุธูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุงุนุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุงู†ูŠู…ูŠุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุง megaloblastic anemia
ู„ูŠูŠูŠุŸุŸุŸ๐ŸŒš

Due to folate and B12 deficiency


โ–ชInvestigations :

โญ•Endoscopy
ุนุดุงู† ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„small velli atrophy

โญ•Barrium swallow
ูˆุฏุง ุจูˆุฑูŠู†ุง intestinal wall thicking

โญ•Tissue biopsy



โ–ชTreatment :

ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ู†ุฏูŠู‡ุง antibiotics
E.g (sulfamethoxazole)

ูˆู†ุนู…ู„ nutritional replacement


ูˆุดูƒุฑุฑุฑุง ๐Ÿคฉ๐Ÿคฉ
ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠูƒู… ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุฌุงูŠุฉ ูˆุจุณุณุณุณ ุณู„ุงุงุงู… ๐Ÿซก
#summary_squeezer_team
#GIT
#pathology
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ”ฅ2
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡
ุทูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜ ุŒุŒ ุฌุงู‡ุฒูŠู† ู„ู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ”ฅ
๐Ÿ”ฅ3
ุญู…ุฏู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ โœจ๏ธ
๐Ÿ˜5โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ3
ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุจูƒุฑุฉ ุญู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠุŒ ุฎู„ูˆูƒู… ู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠู† ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ
๐Ÿ”ฅ5
ู†ุฑุฌุนุŸ๐ŸŒš
ูˆู„ุง ู†ู†ุชุธุฑ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุŸ
๐Ÿ‘11๐Ÿ‘Ž4๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ˜1
ุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู†ุง ูˆู…ู†ูƒู… ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„
ูˆูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆุงู†ุชู… ุจุฎูŠุฑ โœจ๏ธ

#summary_squeezer_team
๐ŸŽ‰8๐Ÿ˜ข1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (89)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡

ูŠุงุฎ ุฃู‚ุณู… ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุดุชุงู‚ูŠู† ุนุฏูŠูŠูŠู„๐Ÿ˜โœจ๏ธ
ุชุนุงู„ ู…ุนุงู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ู„ูŠูƒู… ุจุดู†ูˆ๐Ÿ‘€

ใ€‹ใ€‹ใ€‹Introduction to Nutrition
๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”ุจุชุนุฑููˆ ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆู†ุฑุดู†ุŸุŸ

๐Ÿ˜…ุงูŠ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฏุง ูŠุง ูุงู†ุฏู…
The science of nutrition deals with the qualitative and quantitative
requirements of the nutrients (diet) that maintain the normal function of
the body.
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ูŠู‡ุฏู ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู… ูˆุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุณู…

๐Ÿ˜”ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุง ุชุงูƒู„ ู…ุง ุญ ุชูƒูˆู† ุทุจูŠุนูŠ (ุงู†ุช ู…ุด ุงู†ุช ูˆุงู†ุช ุฌูŠุนุงู†๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿคฃ)

B. Functions of nutrients (diet ุŒ)
ุชูุชูƒุฑ ุดู†ูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุงุŸ๐Ÿค”

โœ…ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุญ ูŠุฏูŠู†ุง ุทุงู‚ุฉ [energy]
๐Ÿ˜‚ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชู†ุฌุฒ ู…ู‡ุงู…ูƒ ู„ู…ู† ุชุธุจุท osmotic

โœ…molecules synthesis
ูƒูŠู ุฏุง ุŸ
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญ ุชุจู†ูŠ ุงู„tessuesู…ู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู†ุน ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจุฑุถูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงูŠุช
ุนู†ุฏูƒ ู…ูŠู†ุฑุงู„ ูˆููŠุชุงู…ูŠู†ุงุช ูˆูุงุชูŠ ุงุณูŠุฏ ุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงูŠุช
๐Ÿ˜ณุงู„ุฏุงูŠุช ู…ู‡ู… ูˆู„ ู…ุงู…ู‡ู… ุŸุŸ

Factors affecting nutrients requirements:
1. Age
ุงู„ุทูู„ ูŠุฃูƒู„ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ
2.Sex
ุงู„ meal ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ู†ุณุจุฉ 20% ุงูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ female
๐Ÿ˜…ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุชุนุจุงู†ูŠู† ุฎู„ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆ

3. Other factors:

a) Pregnant and lactating women: need about 20-30% of most
nutrients above normal individuals.
โญ•ุงู„ุจุฑูŠู‚ู†ุงู†ุช ุฌูˆุงู‡ุง ุจูŠุจูŠ
โญ•ู„ุงูƒุชูŠุดู† ูˆูˆู…ู† ุจุชุฑุถุน ููŠ ุจูŠุจูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงูƒูŠุฏ ุนุงูŠุฒุฉ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑุดู† ุนุงู„ูŠ

๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿป ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ูˆุงุถุญ ุงู„ูู‡ู…
b) Patients with Injury or Illness:

๐Ÿ˜ุงุณูŠ ุฃู†ุช ู„ูˆูƒู†ุช ุนูŠุงู† ุงูƒูŠุฏ ู…ุง ุญ ุชู„ู‡ุท ุฒูŠ ู…ุงูƒู†ุช ู†ุตูŠุญ

ุทูŠุจ ูŠุงุดุจุงุจ ู†ุญู† ุจู†ุงุฎุฐ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑุดู† ู„ูƒู† ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ Blance ุญ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุŸ
ุญ ุฃูˆุฑูŠูƒ ุฃู†ุง โ˜บ๏ธ

ุงู„ Blance ููŠ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฏุงูŠุช ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูˆุฌุฏ water, vitamines amino acid , minerals, proteins
ุงู„ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠู†ุฑู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุงูŠู†ูˆ ุงุณูŠุฏ ู„ุงุฒู… ุฏูŠู„ ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆ ุจุงู†ูˆุงุนู‡ู…๐Ÿ˜€ ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆ ูƒูˆูƒุชูŠู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ

ุฅู†ุชูˆ ุจุณ ุงูƒู„ูˆ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูˆุงู‚ุฑูˆ ูƒูˆูŠุณ
ูˆุจุณ ุณู„ุงู… ๐Ÿ˜ุฃุจู‚ูˆ ุนุงููŠู‡

ููŠ ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุญูุธู‡๐Ÿซก

#summary_squeezer
#summary_squeezer_team
#nutrition
๐Ÿ”ฅ3๐Ÿ‘3โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ‘1๐ŸŽ‰1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (90)

ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ๐Ÿซก
I have surprise for you
ุงูŠูˆ ุงู†ุช๐Ÿค—๐Ÿค—
ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง
๐Ÿ’ข Chronic Lung Disease (airway disease)

ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจุณุจ damage ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก
ุงู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† partial obstruction ุงูˆ complete obstruction  ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุงุชูŠ :-
1_ Trachea
2_ Bronchi
3_ Terminal bronchiole
4_ Respiratory bronchiole

ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†  ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑู‡ ุงุนู„ุงู‡
๐Ÿ’งpartial obstruction
๐Ÿ’งcomplete obstruction
ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู†ุง
inrease resistance to airflow

ุทูŠุจ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง restrictive disease
ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูŠู† obstruction disease ุดู†ูˆ

๐Ÿ’ข Restrictive disease
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
reduction expansion of

1_Lung parenchyma
2_Total lung capacity

ูˆ primarily ุจุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰
Pulmonary Functions Tests (PFT)

ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„
total lung capacity (TLC)
ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ air trapping
ูˆ ุงูŠุถุง ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ููŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ  ุงู„
expiratory forced volume in one second
ุงู„ู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ  forced volume capacity
ุงูŠ 
โฌ‡๏ธFEV1:FVC
๐Ÿ’ขู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜œ

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุง ุชุชุนุจ ุฑูˆุญูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚
ุงู„ restrictive ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ lung ูˆ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงุณู†ุดุงู‚ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„
(airflow inside ) inspiration  
ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ fibrosis ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจูŠ osis   ุฏูŠ restrictive 

ุฅู…ุง ุงู„ obstructive ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ airway  ุงูŠ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ expiration (airflow out) ุงูŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจูƒูˆู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุญุตูˆู„ ุงู„ full expansion.

ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ู„
๐Ÿ’ข Obstructive lung disease

ู†ุญูุธู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุงุชูŠุฉ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜

โ™จ๏ธ ABCE๐Ÿ˜‚

A: Asthma
B: Bronchoiactases
C: Chronic bronchitis
E: Emphysema

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ emphysema ูˆ chronic bronchitis
ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
( COPD )
ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ู…ุชุนุฏุฏู‡ ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ุจูŠู†ุงุชู‡ู…
ูˆ ุงู‡ู… ู…ุณุจุจ cigarette smoking

ูŠู„ุง ู†ุจุฏุง ุจุงู„
๐Ÿ’ข Emphysema ( permanent dilation)
ุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง 
irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole
ู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ destruction ู„ุฌุฏุงุฑู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† obvious fibrosis

ุจู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„
โ™จ๏ธ Anotamic distribution
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ lobule
ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุชูŠ :-

1_ Centriacinar (centrilobular)
2_ Panacinar (panlobular)
3_ Bulbous
4_ Paraseptal
5_ Scar

ูˆ ู„ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ุชู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„ functional uint of the lung ( respiratory acinus)
ู†ุฐูƒุฑ ูู‚ุท ุงู„
a_ Centriaciner and
b_ Panaciner
ู†ู…ุณูƒ ุงู„
โ™จ๏ธ Centriaciner emphysema

ุจุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ respiratory bronchiole ูู‚ุท .
ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ alveoli ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู†ูˆ ุจุชุชุงุซุฑ ูˆ ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง dilation
ูˆ ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ wall ุญู‚ู‡ุง
black pigment (carbon) in their wall.
ุจุชูƒูˆู† most sever ููŠ ุงู„ upper lobes ุจุงู„ุงุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ apical segment ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ heavy smokers.

โ™จ๏ธ Panaciner emphysema

ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ acini ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† uniformly enlarge from respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
ุงูŠ ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„

a_ Alveolar duct
b_ Alveolar sac
c_ Alveoli

most common in the lower zone of the lung.
ูˆ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠุก ุจูƒูˆู† sever ููŠ
ุงู„ base of lung .

ุงู„ panaciner ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจูŠ ุงู„
alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

โ™จ๏ธ Alpha1 anti- trypsin deficiency

ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† mutation ููŠ gene ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ chromosome 14q.31-32.3
Approximately 75 alleles.

ุงูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† glycoprotein ุจุชู… ุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ hepatocytes ูˆ ุงู„ macrophages
ูˆ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ major serum protease inhibitor.
๐Ÿ’ขPathogenesis

ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุณุชู†ุดู‚ ุงู„ cigarette smoke ูˆ ุงู„ noxious ุจุญุตู„ ุชู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ูˆ inflammation ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุญุงุฌุชูŠู†

a_ Mesenchymal destruction (emphysema) and
b_ Airway disease (chronic bronchitis)

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุจุชุงุซุฑ ููŠ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ emphysema ู‡ูŠ 

1_ Protease _ anti _ protease imbalance
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง
*anti protease deficiency
*hereditary deficiency
*Tobaco smoking

ุจุชุนู…ู„ recurring ---- activation
ู„ู„ inflammatory cells  ูˆ ุจุชูุฑุฒ ุงู„ neutrophils  ูˆ ุงู„ neutrophils ุจุชูุฑุฒ  cellular protease
ุงู…ุซู„ุง ู„
โ™จ๏ธ Cellular protease
a_ elastase
b_ proteinase 3
c_ cathepsin G

2_Oxidative stress
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ tobaco smoke ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุชู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ alveoli ูˆ ุงู„ inflammatory cell ูˆ ุจุชูุฑุฒ oxidative
3_ Infection
bacterial and viral _ inflammation

๐Ÿ’ขClinical features (signs& symptoms)

ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงุถ ู…ุง ุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุง ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„  damage ู„ูŠ
one third of the functioning pulmonary parenchyma

ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
โ™จ๏ธCief complaint
a_Dyspnea
b_Cough
c_wheezing
e_ also be sever weight loss
ู„ุณ ููŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ๐Ÿ’”๐ŸŒš Wight ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ˜1๐ŸŽ‰1
ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ูุงุตู„ ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜œ

โ™จ๏ธุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† Dyspnea and apnea
ุงู„ Dyspnea ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ููˆุณ
Shortness of breathing
ุจุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงูŠ ุฒู…ู†
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ apnea ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุจู‚ูŠู ุนุฏูŠู„ ูƒุฏุง๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜‹ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูกู  ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ู…ุง  ุจุญุตู„ ุงู„ุง ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูˆู… during sleeping  ูˆู‚ุนุช ู„ูŠูƒู… ๐ŸŒš

ุทูŠุจ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง pink puffer ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุนู†ูŠ ุจู‡ุง
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจูƒูˆู† overventilate ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนูˆุถ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ parenchyma  ูˆ ุงู„
typical well-oxygenated at rest
ู„ุฐุงู„ูƒ called pink puffer ูˆู‚ุนุช๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ˜‹
ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏูˆ sever emphysema ุจูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูˆ
barrel- chest
ููŠ ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู‡ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ clinical examination  ููŠ ุงู„ inspection
ุจุณ ู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ (examiner)  normal ู„ูˆ ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ุง ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ู†ูุณูƒ ููŠ ุญุชู‰ ุถูŠู‚ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜๐ŸŒš

ูˆ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุถุนู ููŠ ุงู„ expiratory airflow
ุงูุถู„ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุจู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุจูŠู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ spirometry ููŠ ุงู„ diagnosis.

๐Ÿ’ขComplications

1_ Congestive  heart failure
2_ Death๐Ÿ˜ญ
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจู…ูˆุช ู„ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุงุชูŠู‡:-
a_ Coronary artery disease
b_ Respiratory failure
c_ Heart failure
e_ Massive collapse secondary to peumothorax.
ูˆ ุงุฎูŠุฑุง ุจุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ emphysema ุงู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจุงู‚ูŠ OLD๐ŸŒš๐ŸŒš
ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู…๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ
We need it  so much
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1๐ŸŽ‰1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(91)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ๐Ÿซก

๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฉู†ูˆุงุตู„ ููŠ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ COPD ๐Ÿฉบ ๐Ÿฉป
ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง
โœ… Emphysema
โœ… Chronic bronchitis
ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†
๐Ÿ’ข Bronchiecatsis

Disorder  ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„
permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchiole
ุจุณุจุจ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„
chronic necrotizing infection 
ุจุนู…ู„ destruction ููŠ ุงู„

*Smooth muscle and
*Elastic tissue

ูุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜ ุงู„ bronchiecatsis ุงู„ุงู† uncommon because of better control of lung
๐Ÿ’ข Eitology

1_ Congenital or hereditary condition
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง
a_Cystic fibrosis
b_Kartegnr syndrome
c_ Immunodeficiency state
d_Ciliary diskinesis

2_Infection
ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ necrotizing pneumoniae
ุจุณุจุจ viral/bacterial/fungal
3_ Other
a_ Rheumatoid arthritis
b_ Systemic lupus erythematosus
c_ COPD
d_ Post transplants
e_ Inflammatory bowel disease

๐Ÿ’ข Pathogenesis
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ obstruction ูˆ ู„ู„ infection ุงูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุง ู…ุน ุงู„ bronchiecatsis
ุจุนุฏ ูŠุญุตู„ bronchial obstruction
ุจูŠุถุนู ุงู„ normal clearing meachinsm
ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† pooling of secretion
distal to the obstruction and secondary infection and inflammation
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ sever bronchi infection  ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ inflammation ุซู… necrosis ุซู… fibrosis ุซู… dilation of airways

๐Ÿ’ข Morphology
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ most sever changes ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ peripheral lower lobes
ู…ุฑุงุช can be dilated 4 times the normal size
๐Ÿ’ข Histology
ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ mild necrosis ูˆ acute and chronic inflammation of large airways ู…ุนุงู‡ุง bronchiolar fibrosis

๐Ÿ’ข Clinical courese
_ Sever persistent cough
_ Foul smelling and copious amount
_ Sputum
_ Dyspnea
_ Orthopnea

ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ cough ุจุชูƒุฑุฑ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ morning
As changes in postions ุจุชุนู…ู„
collection of pus and secretion to drain in to the bronchi

๐Ÿ’ข Complications
a_Cor pulmonal
b_Respiratory failure
c_Lug abcess
d_ Empyema
e_ Septicemia
f_  Secondary amyloidosis

๐Ÿ’ข Mangment
a_ Antibiotics
b_ Physical therapy
c_And / or surgery
ูˆ ู„ุณุฉ ู…ุชูˆุงุตู„ูŠู† ๐Ÿ˜ญ๐Ÿ˜‚
ุงู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุงูŠ ุงุญู„ู‰ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡
ุฏุนูˆุงุงุชูƒู… ๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ
We need it so much ๐Ÿ˜Š
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ4๐Ÿ‘1๐ŸŽ‰1
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐ŸŽ‰1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(92)

ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุงูุงุถู„ ๐Ÿ˜Š

ุฃู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฑุงู‚ูŠู† ู…ุง ู…ุชุถุงูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฑุงูŠู‚ ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ูˆุจุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ  ๐Ÿค“
๐Ÿ’ข Control of respiration
ุทูŠุจ ุณุคุงู„ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ๐Ÿค”!!ุŸุŸ 
ุทูŠุจ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑููŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ
ูƒูŠู ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏุง
ู†ุจุฏุฃ  ๐Ÿค๐Ÿค

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง  control ููŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ุจุชู‚ุณู… ู‚ุณู…ูŠู†
๐Ÿ’ข Neural control
๐Ÿ’ข Chemical control
ุงูˆู„ุง ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†
๐Ÿง Neural control
ุนู†ุฏูˆ ู†ูˆุนูŠู†
1_involuntary contral
By the respiratory center
2_Voluntary control
By the cerebral contex

ูˆุฏุง ูƒู„ูˆ ู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ brain
ู†ู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงูˆู„ุง โ˜•ู‡ู†ุง ุฏุงูŠุฑ ุญุจุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒโ˜•๐Ÿ˜‰
๐Ÿšฆ The respiratory center
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ  ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ููŠ medulla and pons

ุชุชุฑุชุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูค ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช :_
1_Dorsal group.
2_Ventral group.
3_Apneustic center.
4_pneumotaxic center.

ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
๐ŸšฆDorsal group
1_Found at the dorsal aspect of the medulla
2_It contain inspiratory neurons ( it is responsible for inspiration ) . It is called the rhythmicity
ุณู…ูŠุช ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุงู† 
Discharge impulses rhythmically
ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู†
parameker  tissue in the medulla known as the   
Pre -Botzinger complex 

ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠุฉ stimulate ุจ
Apneustic center
ูˆุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ inhibit ุจ
Pneumotaxic center
ู†ู…ุดูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ๐Ÿค“ โ˜•
๐ŸšฆVentral group
1_Found in the ventral aspect of the medulla
2_Contains expiratory neurons + some inspiratory neurons 
ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุง ุดุบุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
3_functional :Normally inactive during quiet respiration

4_Activated during deep (forced) expiration and inspiration.

ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ุฌูˆุนุชูŠู† ู„ุณุฉ ูˆูŠู† ู…ุงุดูŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงุตุจุฑ โ˜•๐Ÿ˜‚

๐ŸšฆThe Apneustic center
1_Found in the lower part of the pons .
2_Stimulates the dorsal group to increase depth of inspiration
3_ inhibited by The vagus and the pneumotaxic center .

ูˆุงุฎูŠุฑุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุจุงู‚ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ  ู‡ุงูƒ ุงุฎุฑ ูู†ุฌุงู† ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ โ˜•๐Ÿคญ

๐ŸšฆThe Pneumotaxic center
1_ Found in the upper part of the pons .
2_ Its function is unknown , may be switching between inspiration & expiration.

ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠู† ู…ู‡ู…ูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ๐Ÿ˜
3_Limit the size of the tidal volume
4_Increase the Respiratory rate

ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ู„ู„ pnemotoxic ุชู„ู ุงูˆู„ ุดูŠ ุจุญุฏุซ
Increased tidal volume and decreased rate                                    of breathing

ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง  neural center ๐Ÿง ๐Ÿ˜


ูŠู„ุง ููŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ู„ุณุฉ ุญุจุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุฏุงูŠุฑุฉ ุญู„ุงูˆุฉ ุจุณุŒ ๐Ÿฅฎ๐Ÿฉ๐Ÿ˜‚

๐Ÿ’ขEffects of sections on respiration
ูŠู„ุง ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุจู‚ุณู…ูˆุง ุฏู…ุงุบ ุทุจุนุง ู…ุง ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ู‡ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜‚ ุฎุทูˆุท ุฎูŠุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุฏู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุธุงุฆู ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง ุนุงูˆุฒูŠู† ุชุนุฑู ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู… section ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ูƒู„ section ุจุชุงุฏูŠ ู„ู„ุดู†ูˆ
๐Ÿ’ข Section 1 [below the medulla]
ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุฑ ู„ู„section 1 ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
Results in death if above C4
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจู…ูˆุช ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุฑุŸ!! ๐Ÿค”
That's because the descending impulses from the respiratory center fail to reach the phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm

ู†ูƒู…ู„ ูˆู„ุง ุฎู„ุงุต ุชุนุจุชูˆุง ๐Ÿค๐Ÿ˜–
๐Ÿ’ข 2_Section
[between medulla & pons]
ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ 
Results in shallow respiration

ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุถุญู„  (shallow respiration)  ุทูŠุจ ูŠุนุฑู    ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุถุญู„ ุจุงุณู… ุชุณุฑุน ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุฃู†ูุงุณู‹ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏ ููŠ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ.   ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†  ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 20 ู†ูุณู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุดุฎุต ุจุงู„ุบ.

ู„ุณุฉ ู…ุง ุฎู„ุตุช ู…ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู†ุงูƒู„ ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ” ุฎู„ูˆู†ุง ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุจุณ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜–
๐Ÿ’ข Section 3 [mid pontine section + cutting the vagal supply]
ุฃูˆ ุญุฏุซ ููŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ู„ 
Results inhibit for apneustic center  (deep inspiration)

๐Ÿ’ขSection 4 [Above pons]
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุญุฏุซ ุฎู„ู„ ู…ุง ุจุงุซุฑ ููŠ
involuntary respiration 
ุงู„ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุจุงุซุฑ ููŠ
voluntary control of respiration

ูˆูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ๐Ÿ˜Š
ุฃู† ุฃุญุณู†ุช ูู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุฅู† ุงุฎุทุงุช ูู…ู† ู†ูุณูŠ ูˆุดูŠุทุงู† ูุงุนููˆุง ู„ูŠ ๐Ÿ™ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู…

#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1๐ŸŽ‰1
ุฑุงูŠูƒู… ุดู†ูˆ ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ู„ู„ general histology? ๐Ÿค”
๐Ÿ”ฅ17๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ˜1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(93)
ใ€‹ใ€‹ใ€‹Introduction to Histology
__

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… .. ูƒูŠููƒ ูŠุง ุฏูƒุชุฑุฉ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹

ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจ ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ :
Histology๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ

[ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃู†ุณุฌุฉ]
โ—ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ูุงุชุช ุฅุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู† ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ[anatomy] ูˆูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฅุณู…ูˆ Microscopic Anatomy.

_ูŠู„ุง ุฏุง ุจู‡ุชู…ู†ุง ู„ูŠู†ุง ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุชุญุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑ[microscope] ูููŠ ู…ู†ูˆ ู†ูˆุนูŠู†:
๐Ÿ”น(1).Cytology
ูˆุฏุง ุจุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูุฑุฏุฉ ..ูุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุฃู†ูˆ ุจุดูˆู ู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุชู‡ุง ูˆ ุนุถูŠุงุชู‡ุง[orgnelles] ุฅู„ุฎ...

๐Ÿ”น(2).Histology
ูˆุฏุง ุจู‡ุชู… ุจู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุจู‚ูˆู…ูˆ ุจูˆุธูŠูุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ(ู†ุณูŠุฌ) ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ู†ูˆุนู‡ู… ุŒุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅุฑุชุจุงุทู‡ู… ุดูƒู„ู‡ู… ุฅู„ุฎ... (ูˆุฏุง ูŠุงู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ูุฃุฌู‡ุฒ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ”ฅ)

_ ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู†ุนุฑููˆุŸูˆุญู†ุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ูˆ ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆุŸ๐Ÿค”

โ—ุทูŠุจ ุดูˆูˆู ูŠุง ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ๐Ÿ‘€
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ ู‡ูŠุณุชูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูู†ุญู† ุจู†ุนุฑู ุจูŠู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู†ุณุฌุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุจุนุฏูŠู† ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุณูŠุฌ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ู…ูŠุฒูˆ.. ุฒุงุจุทุŸ๐Ÿ˜„

_ุฏุงูŠุฑ ู„ูŠ ุชุนุฑูŠู ู…ุจุณุท ู„ู„histology ุฏุง ุจุงู„ู„ู‡๐Ÿ˜”
โ—ุฃุจุณุท ุชุนุฑูŠู ู„ูŠู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ :
It is the study of tissue

โ—‹ุญู†ู‚ูˆู„ study ุฃูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุชูˆ ูƒูŠูŠูุŸ๐Ÿค”
ูŠู„ุง ุฏูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ุง ู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ:
๐Ÿ”ธ(1).Unit of the measurement
ุฃูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ

โ—ูŠู„ุง ุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ูŠุณ ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง (ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ๐Ÿ”ฌ)ูู…ุนู†ุงู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุจุฑุถูˆ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุชูƒูˆู†:
1โƒฃุงู„micrometer =10^-6 meter

2โƒฃูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ nanometer =10^-9

๐Ÿ”ธ(2).Preparation of tissue
ุงูˆ ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ุณุฌุฉ/ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ
โ—ุทุจุนุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุญุฃุฌูŠุจ ุฃูŠ ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆ ุฃุฎุชู‡ุง ู‚ุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑ ูˆุฃุดูˆู ุทูˆุงู„ูŠ๐Ÿ˜’(ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุดุบู„ ู‡ุจุชู„ูŠ ุณุงูŠ ๐Ÿ˜…)

โ—ูุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏุง ููŠ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ู†ุธุงู…ูŠุฉ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู… ู†ุชุจุนู‡ุง[systemic steps] ๐ŸšถููŠ ุชุฌู‡ูŠุฒ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ [sample]
(ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿ˜)

๐Ÿ”ธ(3).Microscopic examination
ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ
โ—ุจูƒู„ ุจุณุงุทุฉ ุญู†ุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ[slide]ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุญู† ู…ุฌู‡ุฒูŠู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุญู†ุฎุชู‡ุง ุชุญุช ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑ[microscope] ุจุนุฏ ู†ุธุจุทูˆ ๐Ÿ”ฌ ูˆู†ุดูˆู๐Ÿ‘€

โ– ูƒุฏุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ <<study>> ุฃุฑุญ ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ <<tissue>>
(ู‡ุงุงุงุชุดูˆ๐Ÿคง๐Ÿ˜‚)

โ—ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุญู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุฏุง ูƒูˆูŠุณ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุนูˆ :
1โƒฃepithelial2โƒฃconective3โƒฃnervous4โƒฃmuscular

ูˆุญู†ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑู‚ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุจุนุถ ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุฏุง ุฃูˆุงู„[junctions ]๐Ÿคž
ูˆุจุฑุถูˆ ุญู†ุนุฑู ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ูˆูƒูŠู ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ูˆ๐Ÿ˜ถ

ูƒู„ ุฏุง ูˆุฃูƒุชุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฌุงูŠุฉ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿ”ฅ
ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู… ๐Ÿคฒโœจ
ูˆุจุณุณุณ ุจูƒุฏุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ๐Ÿฅณ ุณู„ุงุงุงุงู…๐Ÿ˜โœ‹
https://t.me/summarysquezer

#summary_squeezer_team
#introdution_to_histology
๐Ÿ”ฅ9๐Ÿ‘2