Summary squeezer ๐Ÿงช
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ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุชู‡ุชู… ุจุฅูŠุตุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุทุงู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠ ุจุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุณู„ุณ ูˆุณู‡ู„


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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(29)
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹
ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุฑุญู„ุชู†ุง ุงู„ุดูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„
respiratory physiology ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ

โ—ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠู‡ ูˆุธูŠููŠู‡ ุจู†ู‚ุณู… ุฅู„ูŠ :-
๐Ÿ’ขConducting Zone:
ูˆูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุŒุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ุชุฏ ู…ู†
nasal cavity to terminal bronchiols
ูˆุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† 16 ู‚ุณู… ู…ู† ุจูŠู† 23 ู‚ุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„ tracheo_bronchial

๐Ÿ’ขrespiratory zone
ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช
ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ุชุฏ ู…ู† respiratory bronchiols to alveoli
ูˆูŠุถู… ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ tracheo_bronchial ูˆู‡ูŠ ุณุจุนุฉ ุฃู‚ุณุงู…
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูุณ ุจู‚ูˆู… ุจูˆุธุงุฆู ุบูŠุฑ ุชู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„:-
ูก/ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก๐ŸŠ
ูข\ุชู†ุธูŠู… ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ๐ŸŒก
ูฃ/ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ๐Ÿฆ 
ูค/ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู… ๐Ÿ‘ƒ
ูˆุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุดู… ุจุชู… ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ:-
5cm2(ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ุฑุจุน๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜…๐Ÿ˜…๐Ÿ˜…)from upper part of nose ุญูŠุซ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู….

ูฅ/ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ุนุธูŠู… ๐Ÿ‹ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุตูˆุช ๐Ÿ—ฃ

ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ุจุฐุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนู‡ ุฏูŠ ุงุฑุญูƒู… ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุน ๐Ÿƒโ€โ™€๏ธ

โ—ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ู†ุนุฑู ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูุณ
ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช (O2,CO2) ูˆุชุดู…ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุชูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฒููŠุฑุŒ ุŒูŠุงุชุฑู‰ ุฃูŠู‡ู… ุฃู‡ู… ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ๐Ÿค”

ุงูƒูŠุฏ ู…ุนุธู…ู†ุง ุญูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ู…ุง ุนุงูŠุฒู‡ ู„ู‡ุง ุชููƒูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ‘Šู†ูˆูˆูˆ ูŠุง ุฃุฎูˆูŠ
ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ๐Ÿ˜ค !ุŸ
๐Ÿ™„ู„ุฃู† ุฒูŠุงุฏู‡ CO2 ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ fetal acidosis ู…ู…ุงูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ, ุฃู…ุง ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูู„ู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
(ู†ุนูŠูŠุด ูˆู†ุณู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฌุจ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿ˜‚)

โ—Respiration divide to:-
A/External Respiration
ูˆูŠุชู… ููŠู‡ุง ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู† ๐Ÿซ ูˆุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ูŠู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠ:
1/Pulmonary ventilation ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุฏุงุฎู„ ูˆุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู† ุจุจุณุงุทู‡ ูƒุฏู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุชูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ

2\pulmonary respiration ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุจูŠู† alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

B/Respiratory function of blood
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌู‡ุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ ู…ุง ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŸุŸุŸ๐Ÿค”ุฃูƒูŠุฏ
and vice-versa ๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜…

C/Internal respiration
ูˆุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ๐Ÿฅ˜๐Ÿฒ๐ŸŒฎ๐Ÿฅ—๐Ÿ• ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆุชุญุฑูŠุฑ CO2 ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ู‡.


๐Ÿ’ขุฃู…ุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠู‡ ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠู‡ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ู…ู†:
Upper respiratory tract ๐Ÿ’ฆ
Extend from nose to upper part of trachea
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู†๐Ÿ™ƒ
๐Ÿ’ซnose
ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ respiratory mucosa and olfactory mucosa ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุฃู†ู ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ูƒูŠู ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ุŒู„ุฃู†ูˆ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุทูŠุจ ูˆุชุฏูุฆุฉ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ

๐ŸŒบุทุจุนุง ู„ุขุฒู… ูŠุชู… ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู„ู„ุฌุณู… ู„ูŠุชู†ุงุณุจ ู…ุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู…
Without nose breathing the mucosa of the trachea can be dry and crusted.

๐Ÿ’ซpharynx
Common opening for digestive and respiratory system.

๐Ÿ’ซlarynx
ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุธุงุฆู:-
1\air passage
2/protect trachea during swallowing
3/Speech production

๐Ÿ’ซtrachea
ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ Cartilage and smooth muscle ู…ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ุญ ุจุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู„ู„ุฑุฃุณ ูˆุงู„ุนู†ู‚ ุŒูŠู…ุชุฏ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚
Trachea divide to :-
Two main bronchi๐Ÿ‘‰segmental bronchi ๐Ÿ‘‰small bronchi ๐Ÿ‘‰bronchiols ๐Ÿ‘‰terminal bronchiols then respiratory bronchiols
ุทูŠูŠูŠุจ ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุง ุจุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ุฏูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ๐Ÿค”ุŸ
_ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏู‡
1\Increase total cross sectional area
ุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† 2,5ุณู†ู…ุชุฑู…ุฑุจุน ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุง ูˆุชุตู„ 11,800 ููŠ ุงู„ alveoli(ู…ุง ุนุงุฑูุฉ ุฅุณู…ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ๐Ÿ˜†๐Ÿ˜…๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ˜‚)
ุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ู‚ู„ุจุช ุงู†ู‚ู„ุด ูˆูˆูˆูˆูˆู…ู† ๐Ÿ™ˆ๐Ÿ˜…๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚
2/ decrease the velocity of air flow in air way

Lower respiratory tract ๐Ÿ’ฆ
ุชุถู… ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู†
ุฒูŠ ุชุทุฑู‚ู†ุง ู„ู‡ูŠู… ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุงู†ุงุชูˆู…ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชูุตูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆู‚๐Ÿคฉ.
ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ๐Ÿฅณ
๐Ÿ’ฅุฅู† ุฃุญุณู†ุช ูู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู† ุงุฎุทุฃุช ูู…ู† ู†ูุณูŠ ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุทุงู† ูุงุนููˆุง ู„ูŠ ๐Ÿ—ฏ

#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(30)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹
ุญุง ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿค

ุทูŠุจ ู†ุญู† ุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ุญู‚ุชูˆ ุนุงู…ุฉ..
ุญุง ู†ุฌูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู†ุนุฑู ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„
"pulmonary ventilation" ๐Ÿ˜ถ

ูˆุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง :
Is process dealing with the air movement between the lung and atomsphric air.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ูƒุฏุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุชุชู… ู„ูŠู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„lung ูˆุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุจู†ุดูŠู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ ุจู†ุทู„ุน ููŠู‡ุง ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุก๐Ÿค“

ุทูŠุจ ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ุนุฑู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง
Lung volume and capacity

ุทูŠุจ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจูŠ ุตูุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู†ุญู† ุจู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุณุนุฉ ุญู‚ุช ุงู„lung ู„ู…ู† ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุงูˆ ุฒููŠุฑ
ู…ุซู„ุง ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุจูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ุฒููŠุฑ ุจูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ๐Ÿ˜ค

ุงูˆ ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆุฒููŠุฑ ุจูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ
ุจู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุณุนุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุชุณุชูˆุนุจู‡ุง ุงู„alviolai ููŠ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜ƒ

ูˆุถุญุช ูŠุง ุฌู…ูŠู„ุŸ๐Ÿ˜

ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุญู‚ู‡ุง ุทุจุนุง ุจุชู… ุจูŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงุณู…ูˆ ุงู„spirometer

ู†ุฌูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุฏุง ู†ุฎุด ููŠ ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ๐Ÿ‘

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ lung volume :

Is the volume of air that exchange between the lung and environment

ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูŠูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุจุฌูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„environment ูˆุจุฏุฎู„ ุงู„lung ๐Ÿซ

ุงู…ุง ุงู„capicity :
ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูŠู‡ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ air volumes

ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ๐Ÿค”

ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ูˆุตูู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ููˆู‚ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู†ุช ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุนุงุงุงู„ูŠ ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุฒููŠุฑ ุนุงู„ูŠ ๐Ÿ˜ฎโ€๐Ÿ’จ
( ุจุชุญุณุจ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุญู‚ุช ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ ูˆุชุฌู…ุนู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุนุดุงู† ุชุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„capicity)
ูˆุถุญุช ๐ŸŒšุŸ


ุทูŠุจ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„volumes

1. Tidal volume :
ูˆู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูŠูˆ ุงู„volume ุญู‚ inspiration ูˆุงู„expiration ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„rest
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุชุชู†ูุณ normally ููŠ ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุงู†ุฉ ๐Ÿฆฆ
ูˆุจุฎุชู„ู ู„ูŠูƒ ุจุงุฎุชู„ุงู
Body size
Sex
Age
Activities


2. Respiratory minute :
ูˆุฏุง ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„air ุงู„ุจุฏุฎู„ ุงูˆ ูŠู…ุฑู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„lung ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ


3. Inspiratry reserve volume :
ูˆุฏุง ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูˆ ุญุฌู… ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ู†ุญู† ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง inspiration
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุนุงุงุงู„ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู„ู…ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุงูŠุฒ ุชุบุทุณ ุฌูˆุฉ ู…ูˆูŠุฉ๐Ÿ˜‚

4. Expiratory reserve volume:
ุฏุง ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ูุงุช
ูˆู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูŠูˆ ุญุฌู… ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠูˆ expiration

5. Residual volume

ูˆุฏุง ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุจูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠ ู„ูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„lung ุจุนุฏ ู†ุนู…ู„ expiration maximal
ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู„lung collapse
ู‡ุณูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฌุจุช ู„ูŠูƒ ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุฉ ูˆู†ูุฎุชู‡ุง ุจูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุจุนุฏ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู†ูุณุชู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ูƒู„ูˆ ุทู„ุน ูˆู…ุง ุฎู„ูŠุช ู„ูŠูƒ ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูˆุงูˆุงูŠุฉ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚
ู…ุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ุนุงูŠ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ุญุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒูŠูุŸ๐Ÿฅฒ
ุจุณ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ


ุทูŠุจ ูŠู„ุง ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ capacities :

1. Inspiratory capicity:
ูˆุฏุง ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูˆ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงู„tidal volum ูˆุงู„inspiratory reserve volume
ุงุชุฐูƒุฑ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„capicity ููˆู‚
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุนุฏุฉ volumes ๐Ÿ’โ€โ™‚๏ธ

2. Vital capicity
ุฏุง ุงู„ุชูˆุชู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ุญู‚ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠูˆ exchange ุจูŠู† ุงู„lung ูˆุงู„ environment
ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุชู†ูุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู†ุช ุชุงุฎุฏ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุนุงู„ูŠ ูˆุจุนุฏุงูƒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุฒููŠุฑ ุนุงู„ูŠ
ุฏูŠ ูƒุฏุง ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุตุงุญุŸ๐Ÿ˜‰

ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจุชุจุฏุงู‡ุง ุจูŠ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุนุงุฏูŠ ู„ูƒู† ุชุงู†ูŠ ุจุฒูŠุฏ ุจุฒูŠุฏ ุจุฒูŠุฏ ู„ุญุฏูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงุนู„ู‰ ุญุงุฌุฉ
ูˆู„ู…ู† ูŠุญุตู„ ุฒููŠุฑ ุจุทู„ุน ุจูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุชุงู†ูŠ ุจุจุฏุง ูŠู‚ู„ ูˆูŠู‚ู„ ู„ุญุฏูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ู„ู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ๐Ÿ˜

ูุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฏูŠ ุดู…ู„ุช ุงู„tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volum

ูˆุทุจุนุง ุงู„vital capicity ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง ุดูŠ ุงุณุงุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„respiratory test ๐Ÿ’โ€โ™‚๏ธ

3. Functional resdiual capicity
ูˆุฏุง ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠ ู„ูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„lung ุจุนุฏ ุงู„normal expiration ๐Ÿ˜

ูŠู„ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ู…ุง ู†ุฎู„ุท ุจูŠู†ูˆ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„residual volume
ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุฏุงูƒ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„maximul respiration
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุทู„ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุทู„ุนูˆ ุงู„ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุจุชุญูุธ ู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„lung ูˆุฏูŠ ู†ู‡ุงุงุงุฆูŠุง ู…ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุทู„ุน

ุงู…ุง ุงู„functional ุจุชุนู…ู„ expiration ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุทู„ุน ุนุงุฏูŠ ุงุฐุง ุงู†ุช ุนู…ู„ุช ุฒููŠุฑ ุนุงู„ูŠ
ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุง ุจุชูุถู„ ู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุชุญูุธ ู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„lung ู…ู† ุงู„collapse ูˆุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชุทู„ุน
๐Ÿค

4. Total lung volume
ูˆุฏุง ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุชู†ูุณูˆ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชุฑุงูƒู… ู„ูŠูƒ ููŠ ุงู„lung
ุจุชุญุณุจูˆ ุจูŠ ุงู„tidal volume + expository reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + residual volume
(ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู…ุฉ ุงุชู„ู…ุช ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆ๐Ÿ˜‚)
ูˆุจุณุณุณุณุณ ูƒุฏุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง๐Ÿฅณ
ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุตุงู„ุญ ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู…๐Ÿ™โœจ

#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘2
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (31)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹
ุนุงุฑููŠูŠูŠู† ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนู†ุฏูƒู… ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑุฉ ุจุณ ู…ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุชุดุบู„ูˆู‡ุง ..ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญูŠูˆุถุญู‡ุง ู„ูŠู†ุง ู ูŠู„ุงุงุงุงุง๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ
"Mechanism of respiration"

ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู„ุขุฒู… ู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุขุชูŠ:-
Eupnea=eu(normal)+pnea(breathing)
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู†ูุณ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฃู…ุง Apnea ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณุŒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุจุชุดู…ู„ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุญุงุฌุงุช
๐Ÿ’ซInspiration, expiration๐Ÿ˜ฎโ€๐Ÿ’จ, respiratory pause.
ุงู„pause ุจุฎุชููŠ ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูˆู„ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูุฌู‡ุฏ (ูƒุงู† ุฌุงุฑูŠุŒ ู…ุฑุนูˆุจ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง)

ุทูŠุจ ูŠุง ุดุทุงุงุงุงุฑ ๐Ÿ˜ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจู†ุชู†ูุณ ูƒู… ู…ุฑุฉุŸ๐Ÿ˜
ููŠ ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทู‡ ุฏูŠ ู„ูƒู† ุนู…ูˆู…ุง ุฃูŠ ุฑู‚ู… ุจูŠู† 10_20 ู…ู‚ุจูˆู„

โ—‡ูƒุณุฑุฉ
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ ุชู„ู‚ุงู‡ู… ุฑุงูุนูŠู† ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ุฅุฐุง ุฃุญุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนุจุฏุงู‹ ูƒุชุจ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ๐Ÿ˜†๐Ÿ˜…ู„ุง ูŠู„ุง ูŠุง ุฃุฎูˆูŠ๐Ÿ’” ู…ุง ุนุฏู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏู‡ ุดุฏ ุญูŠู„ูƒ ูˆุฎุฐ ุจุงุณุจุงุจ ูˆู…ุณุจุจุงุช ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ ูˆุงุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู„ุฑุจู†ุง.
ุนุงูŠุฒุงูƒู… ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ ูˆู…ุณุจุจุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู‚๐Ÿ˜‡.


ุทูŠุจ ุฃูŠู‡ู…ุง ุฃุทูˆู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุงู… ุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ๐Ÿค”
Expiration is longer than inspiration , due to activity of muscle.
๐Ÿ’ซุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ูุฒุน ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฒูŠ ุจุนุถ
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุดุจู‡ุง ุจุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ู†ูุฎ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆู† ๐ŸŽˆ

๐Ÿ’ฆMechanism of inspiration ๐Ÿ’ฆ
1/contractions of inspiratory Muscles
2/ expansion of chest wall
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูุต ุงู„ุตุฏุฑูŠ ุจุชู…ุฏุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ุจุชุชูˆุณุน ูˆุญุณุจ (Boyle^s law )ุŒ

ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฌู… ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูˆุนุงุกุจูŠู‚ู„ ๐Ÿ˜ฅ ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจูŠู†ุฏูุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถุŒ ูˆุนู„ุงูˆุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠู†ุฏูุน ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทู‡ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู† ุจู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚(ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ ).


๐Ÿ’ซูŠู„ุง ุจูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุตุฏุฑ ุจุชู…ุฏุฏ ูƒูŠู ูˆุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏู‡ ู„ูŠู‡ ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆ ๐Ÿค”
ุญู…ุงุงุงุงุงุงุณ ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿคฉ

ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุชู…ุฏุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุตุงุงุงุญ ูŠู„ุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุฏูŠ ุณู…ูˆู‡ุง ูƒุงู„ุขุชูŠ (vertical, transverse, posterior anterior )
The most important expansion is the vertical

ู„ูŠู‡ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค” ู„ุฃู†ูˆ ุจุบุฐูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ Diaphragm ูˆูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง Descend down during Inspiration to help in chest expansion ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจูŠ 75% ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚๐Ÿ˜ฎ

ููƒุฑูˆุง ู…ุนุงูŠ ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ transverse ูŠุชูˆุณุน ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃุนู…ู„ elevation for rib or depressionู…ุดุŸ๐Ÿค”
ู…ุง ุชุญูุธูˆุง ูŠุง ุฌู…ุงุนู‡ุŒ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆ ุฏู‡ ูู‡ู…
(ุฃูู‡ู… ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูˆุชุงู†ูŠ ุงุชุฌุฏุน๐Ÿ˜‚)
ุญู†ุนู…ู„ ู„ู„rib elevation ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ External intercostal Muscles
ุงู„ุฏูŠูุฑุงู… ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†
๐Ÿ’ฆcentral tendonุŒcostal fiber and crural fibers
ูˆูŠุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ุฏูŠูุฑุงู… ุงู„ phrenic nerve (C4).
๐Ÿ’ฆExternal entercostal muscle
ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠู† ุจุจุฏูˆุง ุจู†ูุณ ุญุฑูู‡ุง (E)
A/Elevation of rib
ุจุชุฒูˆุฏ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ transverse
B/Eversion of rib
ูˆุจุชุฒูˆุฏ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„
anterio_posterio border
(ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฒุงุฏุช=ุงู„ุถุบุท ู†ู‚ุต)

ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌู‡ุงุฏ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนุถู„ุงุช ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ
๐Ÿ’ซsternocleidomastoid
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูุน ุงู„ sternum ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚
๐Ÿ’ซscalene
ุชุฑูุน ุงู„ first to ribs
๐Ÿ’ซSerratus anterior
ุชุฑูุน first five ribs ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ scalene ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง
๐Ÿ’ซtrapezius.
ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ Serratus anterior ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง.
3/reduction of intra pleural pressure
4/Expansion of the lung
5/reduction of intrpulmonary pressure
6/air move in to the lungs

๐Ÿ’ข Inspiration is an active process Because it involves contractions of inspiratory Muscles ๐Ÿ’ข
(ุฑูƒูƒูƒุฒ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุฑุถู‰ ุนู„ูŠูƒ)
ูˆุจูƒุฏู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูŠู„ุง ุจูŠู†ุง ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ. ๐Ÿ˜ฎโ€๐Ÿ’จ

๐Ÿ’ฆexpiration
Not participation in Eupnea
ูˆู‡ู… ุนุถู„ุชูŠู† ูู‚ุท๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ
1/Internal intercostal Muscles
ุจุชุนู…ู„ inversion and depression of the rib
ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ rib ู„ุฌูˆุง
2/Abdominal Muscles
ุจููŠุฏ ููŠ ุฃุฑุจุนู‡ ุญุงู„ุงุช:
A/force expiration
ุฒูŠ ู†ูุฎ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุฉ
B/acute obstruction like bronchial asthma
C/ Chronic obstruction like emphysema
D/lung lost it^s elasticity like pulmonary fibrosis.

๐Ÿ’ขMechanism of expiration ๐Ÿ’ข
ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒูŠูŠูŠูุŸ๐Ÿค”
1/ Relaxation of inspiratory Muscles
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑูˆู‚
2/Increase intra pleural pressure

3/Recoil of the lung to the expiratratory position

4/ Increase intra alveolar pressure
5/air move out of the lungs.

ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ expiration ูŠุนุชุจุฑ passive process Because it does not involve contractions of any expiratratory muscle(ุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูŠูƒ ุฑูˆู‚ ู‚ุจูŠู„๐Ÿ˜)

ุชู… ุจุญู…ุฏุงู„ู„ู‡๐Ÿคฒ
ุฏุณูˆูˆูˆู†ุง ููŠ ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู… ๐Ÿฅบ
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
โค2
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ู…ุคู‚ุช

ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุงูุงุถู„ ๐Ÿ˜Š

ุฃู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฑุงู‚ูŠู† ู…ุง ู…ุชุถุงูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฑุงูŠู‚ ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ูˆุจุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ๐Ÿค“
๐Ÿ’ข Control of respiration
ุทูŠุจ ุณุคุงู„ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ๐Ÿค”!!ุŸุŸ
ุทูŠุจ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑููŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ
ูƒูŠู ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏุง
ู†ุจุฏุฃ ๐Ÿค๐Ÿค

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง control ููŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ุจุชู‚ุณู… ู‚ุณู…ูŠู†
๐Ÿ’ข Neural control
๐Ÿ’ข Chemical control
ุงูˆู„ุง ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†
๐Ÿง Neural control
ุนู†ุฏูˆ ู†ูˆุนูŠู†
1_involuntary contral
By the respiratory center
2_Voluntary control
By the cerebral contex

ูˆุฏุง ูƒู„ูˆ ู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ brain
ู†ู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ุงุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงูˆู„ุง โ˜•ู‡ู†ุง ุฏุงูŠุฑ ุญุจุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒโ˜•๐Ÿ˜‰
๐Ÿšฆ The respiratory center
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ููŠ medulla and pons

ุชุชุฑุชุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูค ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช :_
1_Dorsal group.
2_Ventral group.
3_Apneustic center.
4_pneumotaxic center.

ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
๐ŸšฆDorsal group
1_Found at the dorsal aspect of the medulla
2_It contain inspiratory neurons ( it is responsible for inspiration ) . It is called the rhythmicity
ุณู…ูŠุช ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุงู†
Discharge impulses rhythmically
ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู†
parameker tissue in the medulla known as the
Pre -Botzinger complex

ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠุฉ stimulate ุจ
Apneustic center
ูˆุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ inhibit ุจ
Pneumotaxic center
ู†ู…ุดูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ๐Ÿค“ โ˜•
๐ŸšฆVentral group
1_Found in the ventral aspect of the medulla
2_Contains expiratory neurons + some inspiratory neurons
ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุง ุดุบุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
3_functional :Normally inactive during quiet respiration

4_Activated during deep (forced) expiration and inspiration.

ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ุฌูˆุนุชูŠู† ู„ุณุฉ ูˆูŠู† ู…ุงุดูŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงุตุจุฑ โ˜•๐Ÿ˜‚

๐ŸšฆThe Apneustic center
1_Found in the lower part of the pons .
2_Stimulates the dorsal group to increase depth of inspiration
3_ inhibited by The vagus and the pneumotaxic center .

ูˆุงุฎูŠุฑุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุจุงู‚ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ุงูƒ ุงุฎุฑ ูู†ุฎุงู† ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ โ˜•๐Ÿคญ

๐ŸšฆThe Pneumotaxic center
1_ Found in the upper part of the pons .
2_ Its function is unknown , may be switching between inspiration & expiration.

ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠู† ู…ู‡ู…ูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ๐Ÿ˜
3_Limit the size of the tidal volume
4_Increase the Respiratory rate

ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ู„ู„ pnemotoxic ุชู„ู ุงูˆู„ ุดูŠ ุจุญุฏุซ
Increased tidal volume and decreased rate of breathing

ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง neural center ๐Ÿง ๐Ÿ˜


ูŠู„ุง ููŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ู„ุณุฉ ุญุจุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุฏุงูŠุฑุฉ ุญู„ูˆุฉ ุจุณุŒ ๐Ÿฅฎ๐Ÿฉ๐Ÿ˜‚

๐Ÿ’ขEffects of sections on respiration
ูŠู„ุง ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุจู‚ุณู…ูˆุง ุฏู…ุงุบ ุทุจุนุง ู…ุง ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ู‡ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜‚ ุฎุทูˆุท ุฎูŠุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุฏู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุธุงุฆู ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง ุนุงูˆุฒูŠู† ุชุนุฑู ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู… section ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ูƒู„ section ุจุชุงุฏูŠ ู„ู„ุดู†ูˆ
๐Ÿ’ข Section 1 [below the medulla]
ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุฑ ู„ู„section 1 ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
Results in death if above C4
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจู…ูˆุช ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุฑุŸ!! ๐Ÿค”
That's because the descending impulses from the respiratory center fail to reach the phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm

ู†ูƒู…ู„ ูˆู„ุง ุฎู„ุงุต ุชุนุจุชูˆุง ๐Ÿค๐Ÿ˜–
๐Ÿ’ข 2_Section
[between medulla & pons]
ูˆู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ
Results in shallow respiration

ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุถุญู„ (shallow respiration) ุทูŠุจ ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุถุญู„ ุจุงุณู… ุชุณุฑุน ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุฃู†ูุงุณู‹ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏ ููŠ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ. ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 20 ู†ูุณู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุดุฎุต ุจุงู„ุบ.

ู„ุณุฉ ู…ุง ุฎู„ุตุช ู…ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู†ุงูƒู„ ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ” ุฎู„ูˆู†ุง ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุจุณ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜–
๐Ÿ’ข Section 3 [mid pontine section + cutting the vagal supply]
ุฃูˆ ุญุฏุซ ููŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ู„
Results inhibit for apneustic center (deep inspiration)

๐Ÿ’ขSection 4 [Above pons]
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุญุฏุซ ุฎู„ู„ ู…ุง ุจุงุซุฑ ููŠ
involuntary respiration
ุงู„ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุจุงุซุฑ ููŠ
voluntary control of respiration

ูˆูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ๐Ÿ˜Š
ุฃู† ุฃุญุณู†ุช ูู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู† ุงุฎุทุงุช ูู…ู† ู†ูุณูŠ ูˆุดูŠุทุงู† ูุงุนููˆุง ู„ูŠ ๐Ÿ™ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู…

#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
โค2
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ู…ุคู‚ุช

ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ๐Ÿซก
I have surprise for you
ุงูŠูˆ ุงู†ุช๐Ÿค—๐Ÿค—
ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง
๐Ÿ’ข Chronic Lung Disease (airway disease)

ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจุณุจ damage ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก
ุงู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† partial obstruction ุงูˆ complete obstruction  ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุงุชูŠ :-
1_ Trachea
2_ Bronchi
3_ Terminal bronchiole
4_ Respiratory bronchiole

ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†  ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑู‡ ุงุนู„ุงู‡
๐Ÿ’งpartial obstruction
๐Ÿ’งcomplete obstruction
ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู†ุง
inrease resistance to airflow

ุทูŠุจ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง restrictive disease
ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูŠู† obstruction disease ุดู†ูˆ

๐Ÿ’ข Restrictive disease
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
reduction expansion of

1_Lung parenchyma
2_Total lung capacity

ูˆ primarily ุจุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰
Pulmonary Functions Tests (PFT)

ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„
total lung capacity (TLC)
ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ air trapping
ูˆ ุงูŠุถุง ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ููŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ  ุงู„
expiratory forced volume in one second
ุงู„ู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ  forced volume capacity
ุงูŠ 
โฌ‡๏ธFEV1:FVC
๐Ÿ’ขู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜œ

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุง ุชุชุนุจ ุฑูˆุญูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚
ุงู„ restrictive ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ lung ูˆ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงุณู†ุดุงู‚ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„
(airflow inside ) inspiration  
ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ fibrosis ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจูŠ osis   ุฏูŠ restrictive

ุฅู…ุง ุงู„ obstructive ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ airway  ุงูŠ ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ expiration (airflow out) ุงูŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุจูƒูˆู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุญุตูˆู„ ุงู„ full expansion.

ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ู„
๐Ÿ’ข Obstructive lung disease

ู†ุญูุธู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุงุชูŠุฉ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜

โ™จ๏ธ ABCE๐Ÿ˜‚

A: Asthma
B: Bronchoiactases
C: Chronic bronchitis
E: Emphysema

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ emphysema ูˆ chronic bronchitis
ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
( COPD )
ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ู…ุชุนุฏุฏู‡ ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ุจูŠู†ุงุชู‡ู…
ูˆ ุงู‡ู… ู…ุณุจุจ cigarette smoking

ูŠู„ุง ู†ุจุฏุง ุจุงู„
๐Ÿ’ข Emphysema ( permanent dilation)
ุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง 
irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole
ู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ destruction ู„ุฌุฏุงุฑู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† obvious fibrosis

ุจู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„
โ™จ๏ธ Anotamic distribution
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ lobule
ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุชูŠ :-

1_ Centriacinar (centrilobular)
2_ Panacinar (panlobular)
3_ Bulbous
4_ Paraseptal
5_ Scar

ูˆ ู„ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ุชู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„ functional uint of the lung ( respiratory acinus)
ู†ุฐูƒุฑ ูู‚ุท ุงู„
a_ Centriaciner and
b_ Panaciner
ู†ู…ุณูƒ ุงู„
โ™จ๏ธ Centriaciner emphysema

ุจุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ respiratory bronchiole ูู‚ุท .
ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ alveoli ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู†ูˆ ุจุชุชุงุซุฑ ูˆ ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง dilation
ูˆ ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ wall ุญู‚ู‡ุง
black pigment (carbon) in their wall.
ุจุชูƒูˆู† most sever ููŠ ุงู„ upper lobes ุจุงู„ุงุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ apical segment ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ heavy smokers.

โ™จ๏ธ Panaciner emphysema

ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ acini ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† uniformly enlarge from respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
ุงูŠ ุจุญุตู„ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„

a_ Alveolar duct
b_ Alveolar sac
c_ Alveoli

most common in the lower zone of the lung.
ูˆ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠุก ุจูƒูˆู† sever ููŠ
ุงู„ base of lung .

ุงู„ panaciner ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจูŠ ุงู„
alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

โ™จ๏ธ Alpha1 anti- trypsin deficiency

ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† mutation ููŠ gene ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ chromosome 14q.31-32.3
Approximately 75 alleles.

ุงูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† glycoprotein ุจุชู… ุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ hepatocytes ูˆ ุงู„ macrophages
ูˆ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ major serum protease inhibitor.
๐Ÿ’ขPathogenesis

ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุณุชู†ุดู‚ ุงู„ cigarette smoke ูˆ ุงู„ noxious ุจุญุตู„ ุชู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ูˆ inflammation ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุญุงุฌุชูŠู†

a_ Mesenchymal destruction (emphysema) and
b_ Airway disease (chronic bronchitis)

ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุจุชุงุซุฑ ููŠ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ emphysema ู‡ูŠ 

1_ Protease _ anti _ protease imbalance
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง
*anti protease deficiency
*hereditary deficiency
*Tobaco smoking

ุจุชุนู…ู„ recurring ---- activation
ู„ู„ inflammatory cells  ูˆ ุจุชูุฑุฒ ุงู„ neutrophils  ูˆ ุงู„ neutrophils ุจุชูุฑุฒ  cellular protease
ุงู…ุซู„ุง ู„
โ™จ๏ธ Cellular protease
a_ elastase
b_ proteinase 3
c_ cathepsin G

2_Oxidative stress
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ tobaco smoke ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุชู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ alveoli ูˆ ุงู„ inflammatory cell ูˆ ุจุชูุฑุฒ oxidative
3_ Infection
bacterial and viral _ inflammation

๐Ÿ’ขClinical features (signs& symptoms)

ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงุถ ู…ุง ุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุง ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„  damage ู„ูŠ
one third of the functioning pulmonary parenchyma

ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
โ™จ๏ธCief complaint
a_Dyspnea
b_Cough
c_wheezing
e_ also be sever weight loss
ู„ุณ ููŠ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ๐Ÿ’”๐ŸŒš Wight ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘2โค1
ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ูุงุตู„ ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ˜œ

โ™จ๏ธุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† Dyspnea and apnea
ุงู„ Dyspnea ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ููˆุณ
Shortness of breathing
ุจุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงูŠ ุฒู…ู†
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ apnea ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุจู‚ูŠู ุนุฏูŠู„ ูƒุฏุง๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜‹ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูกู  ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ู…ุง  ุจุญุตู„ ุงู„ุง ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูˆู… during sleeping  ูˆู‚ุนุช ู„ูŠูƒู… ๐ŸŒš

ุทูŠุจ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง pink puffer ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุนู†ูŠ ุจู‡ุง
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจูƒูˆู† overventilate ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนูˆุถ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ parenchyma  ูˆ ุงู„
typical well-oxygenated at rest
ู„ุฐุงู„ูƒ called pink puffer ูˆู‚ุนุช๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ˜‹
ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏูˆ sever emphysema ุจูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูˆ
barrel- chest
ููŠ ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู‡ุง ุจุนุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ clinical examination  ููŠ ุงู„ inspection
ุจุณ ู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ (examiner)  normal ู„ูˆ ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ุง ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ู†ูุณูƒ ููŠ ุญุชู‰ ุถูŠู‚ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜๐ŸŒš

ูˆ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุถุนู ููŠ ุงู„ expiratory airflow
ุงูุถู„ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุจู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุจูŠู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ spirometry ููŠ ุงู„ diagnosis.

๐Ÿ’ขComplications

1_ Congestive  heart failure
2_ Death๐Ÿ˜ญ
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจู…ูˆุช ู„ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุงุชูŠู‡:-
a_ Coronary artery disease
b_ Respiratory failure
c_ Heart failure
e_ Massive collapse secondary to peumothorax.
ูˆ ุงุฎูŠุฑุง ุจุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ emphysema ุงู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจุงู‚ูŠ OLD๐ŸŒš๐ŸŒš
ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู…๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ
I need it so much
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ู…ุคู‚ุช

๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฉู†ูˆุงุตู„ ููŠ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ COPD ๐Ÿฉบ ๐Ÿฉป
ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง
โœ… Emphysema
โœ… Chronic bronchitis
ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†
๐Ÿ’ข Bronchiecatsis

Disorder  ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„
permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchiole
ุจุณุจุจ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„
chronic necrotizing infection 
ุจุนู…ู„ destruction ููŠ ุงู„

*Smooth muscle and
*Elastic tissue

ูุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜ ุงู„ bronchiecatsis ุงู„ุงู† uncommon because of better control of lung
๐Ÿ’ข Eitology

1_ Congenital or hereditary condition
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง
a_Cystic fibrosis
b_Kartegnr syndrome
c_ Immunodeficiency state
d_Ciliary diskinesis

2_Infection
ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ necrotizing pneumoniae
ุจุณุจุจ viral/bacterial/fungal
3_ Other
a_ Rheumatoid arthritis
b_ Systemic lupus erythematosus
c_ COPD
d_ Post transplants
e_ Inflammatory bowel disease

๐Ÿ’ข Pathogenesis
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ obstruction ูˆ ู„ู„ infection ุงูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุง ู…ุน ุงู„ bronchiecatsis
ุจุนุฏ ูŠุญุตู„ bronchial obstruction
ุจูŠุถุนู ุงู„ normal clearing meachinsm
ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† pooling of secretion
distal to the obstruction and secondary infection and inflammation
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ sever bronchi infection  ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ inflammation ุซู… necrosis ุซู… fibrosis ุซู… dilation of airways

๐Ÿ’ข Morphology
ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ most sever changes ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ peripheral lower lobes
ู…ุฑุงุช can be dilated 4 times the normal size
๐Ÿ’ข Histology
ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠ mild necrosis ูˆ acute and chronic inflammation of large airways ู…ุนุงู‡ุง bronchiolar fibrosis

๐Ÿ’ข Clinical courese
_ Sever persistent cough
_ Foul smelling and copious amount
_ Sputum
_ Dyspnea
_ Orthopnea

ุจู†ู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ cough ุจุชูƒุฑุฑ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ morning
As changes in postions ุจุชุนู…ู„
collection of pus and secretion to drain in to the bronchi

๐Ÿ’ข Complications
a_Cor pulmonal
b_Respiratory failure
c_Lug abcess
d_ Empyema
e_ Septicemia
f_  Secondary amyloidosis

๐Ÿ’ข Mangment
a_ Antibiotics
b_ Physical therapy
c_And / or surgery
ูˆ ู„ุณ ู…ุชูˆุงุตู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ๐Ÿ˜ญ๐Ÿ˜‚
ุงู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุงูŠ ุงุญู„ู‰
ุฏุนูˆุงุงุชูƒู… ๐Ÿคฒ๐Ÿคฒ
I need it so much ๐Ÿ˜Š
#Respiratory_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (35)

"Introduction to Cardiovascular system"

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ˜โœ‹
ู…ุดุชุงู‚ูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡๐Ÿ˜ญ

ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุฑุงุฌุนูŠู† ูˆู…ุนุงู†ุง ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุธุฑูŠู ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ๐Ÿซ€

โ—ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุชูˆ ุถุฎ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุจู„ุนุจ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู† (ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉุŒุงู„ูุถู„ุงุชุŒุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ).

โ—ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ููŠู‡ูˆ ูุญูŠูƒูˆู† ุดุงู…ู„ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ( ุฃู†ุงุชูˆู…ูŠุŒููŠุณูŠูˆู„ุฌูŠุŒ...)๐Ÿ™†โ€โ™‚.

โ—ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุน ุงู„ุจุชุญุชุงุฌูˆ ู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุฏุง ู‡ูŠ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„basic+ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุญู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุน medicine &surgery ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง๐Ÿ™‚.

ูˆุจุณุณุณ ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿซกโœจ
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ6๐Ÿ‘3
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(36)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡

ูƒูŠููƒู… ุชู…ุงุงู…ุŸ๐Ÿ˜
ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠ:
๐Ÿซ€Cardiovascular system

divide to two functional part
ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ:-
1/Heart =cardio
2/Blood vessels =vascular
ุญู†ุจุฏุฃ ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุฃู‡ู… ุนุถูˆ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ โค
ุทูŠุจ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆุŸ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”
โคMuscular organ proples blood through circulation system.
๐ŸŒบposition:,
In thoracic cavity between 2 lungs,in mid mediastinum.from 2 to 5th intercostal spaces.

ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ โคูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุทุจู‚ุงุช ู…ู‚ุณู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู„ู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ูƒุงู„ุขุชูŠ :'
Endocardium,Myocardium, Pericardium.
๐Ÿ’ฆEndocardium
ู…ู† ุฅุณู…ู‡ุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุชุบุทูŠ ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ vavle, ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ูุงู„ู ู…ูุตูˆู„ุงุช ุนู† ุจุนุถ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุญุงุฌุงุช ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฎูŠูˆุท ูƒุฏู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ chordae tendinae

Myocardium
ู…ู† ุฅุณู…ูŠ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุจูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุนุถู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุณู…ูŠูƒุฉ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ููŠู‡ุง cardiac Muscles
๐Ÿฅบุทุจุนุงู‹ ุฃู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ู„ูŠ damage ุจุญุตู„ ู„ูŠ healing by fibrosis ๐Ÿคงุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏู‡ ุญุงูุธูˆุง ุนู„ูŠ ๐Ÿ˜‡
ู„ูˆ ุงู„ load ูƒุชุฑ ุนู„ูŠ ุจุจู‚ู‰ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจูŠ ุงู„ hypertrophy ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุจุชุฌุฏุฏ ๐Ÿ˜”
Pericardium :
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠู‡ ู„ู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุทุจู‚ุชูŠู†(serous and fibrous).ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุชุฌูˆูŠู ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุงุฆู„ ูŠุณู…ู‰ Pericardium fluid
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ู‡ ุจูŠู‡๐Ÿ’”
๐Ÿ’ซู„ู…ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู… ุญูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ Pericardium effusion
ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ุชุตุงู‚ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ fibrous and serous.
ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ cardiac Tamponade.
ูˆุงู„pericardium ุฏุง ูƒู…ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ function ๐Ÿ’ซ
ุดูƒู„ูˆุง ู…ุง ุฏุงูŠุฑ ูŠุฎู„ุต ๐ŸŒš
ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ๐Ÿ˜‚ูˆ ุธุงุฆูู‡ ู‡ูŠ:-
๐Ÿ‘‰lubricantion of the heart.
๐Ÿ‘‰prevent adhesion between heart and surrounding organs.
ูˆ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ู†ูˆ ๐Ÿ˜ฉ
ูŠู„ุง ู†ู…ุดูŠ ู„ู„ุจุนุฏูˆุง ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ‘

ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุบุฑู ุจูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ๐Ÿ˜ ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู†ุฏูˆุง ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงุณู…ู‡ุง
Septums :
๐ŸญInteratrial septum
ุญุงุฌุฒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฐูŠู†ูŠู†
๐ŸญIntraventicular septum
ุญุงุฌุฒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู†

ูˆ ุงู„ุงู† ุญู†ู…ุณูƒ ุบุฑู ุจูŠุชู†ุง ุบุฑูุฉ ุบุฑูุฉ ู†ุดูˆู ููŠู‡ุง ุดู†ูˆ ๐Ÿ˜
ุฃูˆู„ ุบุฑูุฉ ุฃูˆ Chamber ู‡ูˆ :
๐Ÿ’›Right atrium :
Openings into it .....
1-SVC
ุชุฑุฌุน ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…
2-IVC
ุชุฑุฌุน ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…
3-Coronary sinus
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ๐Ÿ‘Œ
4-Fossa Ovalis
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุณุฌ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ...

๐Ÿ’šRight ventricle:
Contains....
โœ”๏ธTricuspid valve
ุฏุง ุตู…ุงู… ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ูŠู‚ุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†
โœ”๏ธPulmonary valve
ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุงู† ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญู…ู„ ุฏู… ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุณุฌ
๐Ÿ’™Left Atrium
Contains...
๐ŸŽฉ 4 pulmonary veins , 2from each lung
๐Ÿ˜ณู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ุฑุฉ ๐Ÿ˜ณ
ู‡ู†ุง ุจุฑุถูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุฏุฉ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุจุชุญู…ู„ ุฏู… ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุณุฌ ...ู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฌูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุคูƒุณุฌุฉ ๐Ÿค“

๐Ÿ’œLeft Ventricle:
Contains ....
โฃbicuspid (mitral valve)
ุงู„ุตู…ุงู… ุฏุง ุจูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฐูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ .
๐Ÿ’ขwe have 2 circulation
1\pulmonary circulation
2/ systemic circulation
๐Ÿ’ฆ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ systematic circulation
1/IVC,SVC,Coronary sinus ๐Ÿ‘‰Right atrium ุฏู… ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุณุฌ ๐Ÿ‘‰ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ Tricuspid ๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿ‘‰Right ventricle ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุณุฌ ุจุฑุถูˆ ๐Ÿ‘‰pulmonary valve ๐Ÿ‘‰lung
ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฆุชูŠู† ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ pulmonary veins ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ูŠ Left atrium ุจุนุฏูŠู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ mitral valve ุฅู„ูŠ Left Ventricle ุซู… ุฅู„ูŠ Aorta valve ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฌุณู… ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ

ูŠู„ุง ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุฏุง ุนุดุงู† ูŠู†ุจุถ ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ุดุญู†ุงุช ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ ุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒ ู†ุฌูŠุจู‡ุง ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ๐Ÿค”
ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงุณู…ู‡
The conduction system :
โ—๏ธS.A node
โ—๏ธA.V node
โ—๏ธA.V bundle

๐Ÿ’ฆHeart is pyramid in shape
โ˜ป๏ธููŠ ู†ุงุณ ุจู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุฅู†ูˆ ู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุŒูŠุญุณุณูˆูƒ ุฅู†ูˆ ุจูŠุช ูˆููŠู‡ ุบุฑู ูƒู…ุงู† ๐Ÿ˜‚ุจุณ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ๐Ÿ™„๐Ÿ˜ฑ
ุทู„ุน ุฌุฏ ุฌุฏ ุจูŠุช ูˆููŠู‡ ุงุฑุจุนู‡ ุบุฑู ูƒู…ุงู†๐Ÿค—๐Ÿค—
๐Ÿ’ฆHeart has four chamber (2 atria,2 ventricle)
ูŠูุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ atria and ventricle ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ atrioventricle groove also called (coronary sulcus)
ุฃูŠ ุฃุฐูŠู† ุจุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ triangular
outgrowth called (auricle)
ูˆุงู„ุงุฐูŠู†ูŠู† ู…ูุตูˆู„ุงุช ุนู† ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ interatrial septum
ูƒู…ุง ูŠู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ุงู† ุนู† ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ interventricle septum ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ anterior and posterior interventricle groove
๐Ÿ’ฆAlso has 2 vavle each valve contains 2 branches
A/atrioventricle valve
ุชูุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุจุทูŠู†
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดู…ู„:-
Tricuspid (ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†)
๐Ÿ‘5โค3
and bicuspid(mitral)
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ูˆุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ
B/Semiluner valve:
ุชู‚ุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ุงู† ูˆุชุถู…:-
๐Ÿซ€pulmonary artery and Aorta.
๐Ÿ’ฆHeart also contains apex and base
ุงู„ู‚ู…ู‡ ุญู‚ุชู‡ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ู…ู‡ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† Left Ventricle and located at 5th intercostal spaces,
9ุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„midline
ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ูุจุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† left atrium ูˆุฌุฒุก ุจุณูŠุท ู…ู† ุงู„
Right atrium and middle 4thoracic vertebrae.
https://t.me/summarysquezer
ุงู† ุดุงุกุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุณุชู…ุชุนูŠู† ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ˜‚
ู‡ุงู†ุช ุฎู„ุขุต ๐Ÿ˜Š

๐Ÿ’ฆุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุณุณุทุญ ูˆู‡ูŠ:-
A/sternocostal surface
ูˆูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠุŒ ูˆุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฑู ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนู‡ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ Right atrium ุจุดุงุฑูƒ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุณูŠุท ุฌุฏุง ููŠู‡ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ auricle ูู‚ุท๐Ÿ˜”
B/Diaphragmatic surface
ูˆูŠุชูƒูˆู† ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู†๐Ÿ˜”
๐Ÿ’ซู†ูˆุงุตู„ ุฑุญู„ุชู†ุง ุงู„ุดูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†
border of the heart
Heart has 4 border,
๐Ÿ’ฆsuperior border
ูˆุชุถู… ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ 2 atria
๐Ÿ’ฆinferior border
ูˆุชุถู… ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณูู„
๐Ÿ’ฆRight border
ูˆุชุถู… ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†
๐Ÿ’ฆleft border
ูˆุชุถู… ุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ูŠุถู… ุงู„ Right auricle.

๐Ÿ’ขheart grooves

๐Ÿ’ซAtrioventricle groove
ู‚ุจูŠู„ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”ุจุชูุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฐูŠู†ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ coronary sulcus ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
1/ Trunk of Right and left coronary artery
2\Circumflex branches of left coronary artery
3\coronary sinus
ุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ sinus and sulcus????
Sulcus is groove while sinus is vein ๐Ÿ’ฃ

๐Ÿ’ซAnterior รฌnterventricle groove
ุจุชู‚ุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ sternocostal surface
ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุดุฑูŠุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุณู…ู‡ุง anterior interventricle artery ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ูŠุณู…ู‰ Great cardiac vein
๐Ÿ’ซposterior interventricle groove
ุจุฑุถูˆ ุจุชู‚ุทุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ inferior surface, ูˆุจุฑุถูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุดุฑูŠุงู† ุจุฅุณู…ู‡ุง Posterior interventricle artery ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ูŠุณู…ู‰ middle cardiac vein
๐Ÿ’ซsulcus terminalis
Loรงated at outer surface of Right atrium
ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูˆุตู„ ุจูŠู† SVC and IVC
ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ูƒ cล•ist ูŠุณู…ู‰ crista terminalis
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ูุงุช ุฏู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ ุจุณ External features of the heart.

๐Ÿ’ข Internal features of the heart
ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠู‡ุง ุนู† ูƒู„ chamber ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏุง.
๐Ÿ’Right atrium :_
It is part are:_
๐ŸŒฟsulcus terminalis
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ูŠู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ridge called crista terminalis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูุตู„ ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฌุฒุฆูŠู†
A/smooth part
B/Rough part
ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉููŠู‡ุง(pectinate muscles

Right atrium has structures;:-
Fossa ovalis
It's thin membrane
ุจุบุทูŠ ู„ูŠู†ุง ูุชุญู‡ ุตุบูŠุฑู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ foramen ovalisุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฑุญู…,ุงู„ูุชุญู‡ ุฏูŠ ุจู…ุฑ ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ู„ู„ุงูŠุณุฑ ุงู„ margin ุญู‚ู‡ุง ุจูƒูˆู† ุณู…ูŠูƒ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ูˆุจูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠู†ุง limbous fossa ovalis.
๐ŸŒบopening of Right atrium
1/Tricuspid valve
2/SVC
3/IVC
4/anterior cardiac vein
5/coronary sinus
ุจุฌู…ุน ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ venous Drainage of the heart
6/foramina venarum.

๐Ÿ’left atrium
ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจู†ูุณ ู†ู‚ุงุท ุงู„ Right atrium
๐Ÿ’ซpart
ุจุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ Right atrium ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู‡ูŠ:_
Smooth part
Rough part (leftauricle)
ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ุง pectinate muscle

๐ŸŒผopening
Bicuspid valve (mitral)
Pulmonary valve

๐Ÿ’left ventricle
Inflow tract
ูŠุงู‡ุง ุฒุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ Rough part ูˆุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฏูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ trabeculea carnea
Outflow tract
ูˆุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ smooth part ุชุถู… ุงู„ oartic vestibule.
ุงุฑุญูƒู… ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ๐Ÿšถโ€โ™‚๏ธ๐Ÿšถโ€โ™‚๏ธ
ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงุณู…ู‡ุง trabeculea carnea ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง hypertrophy ุจุชุฏูŠู†ุง ุนุถู„ุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ papillary muscle ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูŠูˆุท ุงู„ุฑููŠุนู‡ ู…ู† papillary apex ูˆุชู…ุณูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ margin of the cusps ุชุณู…ู‰ chordae tendinae

ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ุดุงุฑูู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ
Right ventricle
ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ูŠู‡ุง ุดู†ูˆ
Inflow tract (Rough part)
ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎุดู† ููŠู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ trabeculea carnea
ุงู…ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ smooth ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ Outflow ูŠุชู…ุซู„ ููŠ ุงู„ pulmonary infundibulum.

ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู„ุจุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ูŠุงู‡ุง ุฒุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู„ุงูŠุณุฑ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ band ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆู‡ูˆ moderator band ูƒู…ุง ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ septomarginal trabeculea ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆ ูˆูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง ุดู†ูˆูˆูˆ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”
It's an enlarge trabeculea of the Muscular tissue which connects the septal wall to the base of anterior papillary muscle.
๐ŸŒบูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง
1/prevent over distention of Right ventricle
2/carry Right branches of atrioventricle bundle

๐Ÿ’ฆinterventricle septum
ุงู„ูุงุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ูˆุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠู†
๐Ÿ’ซMuscular part
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ูˆุงู„ุงูƒุจุฑ ู„ู„ interventricle septum
๐Ÿ’ซmembranous part
ูˆูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุงุตุบุฑ ู„ู„ interventricle septum

ูˆุจูƒุฏู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ุญู…ุฏู„ู„ู‡ ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
โค1
ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (37)

ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุงูุงุถู„

ุฃู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฑุงู‚ูŠู† ู…ุง ู…ุชุถุงูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฑุงูŠู‚ ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ๐Ÿ˜‡

ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ๐Ÿ˜ฑ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู†ูุณ ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุงู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุชู‚ุทุน ๐Ÿ˜‚ู…ุง ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุงู† ูŠุชูˆูู‰ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฎุชุตุงุฑ ู„ูˆ ู‚ุทุนุช ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุดุฎุต ๐Ÿ˜‚
๐Ÿ’ข Physiology of conducting system

๐ŸŒฉ๏ธโšกdefinition:_
The conductive system is formed of cardiac muscle fibers that are less striated and lack definitive boundaries

ุซุงู†ูŠุง ุดูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง conductive system ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุทุงุฑูŠุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูŠู„ุง ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ูƒู… ๐Ÿค” ููŠ ุจุนุถ ู…ุฑุงุฌุน ุจู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ูค ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆููŠ ูฅ ูู‚ุท ู†ุญู† ู‡ุชู…ุดูŠ ุญุณุจ ู…ุฑุฌุน ูƒูˆุฑ ุจุงู†ู‡ู… ูฅ

โ›ˆ๏ธ1_Sino - atrial node ( SA node )
โ›ˆ๏ธ2_Atrio - ventricular node ( AV node )
โ›ˆ๏ธ3_ Internodal atrial pathways
โ›ˆ๏ธ4_Bundle of His .
2 Bundle branches ( BB ) :
โšกo Rt Bundle branch ( RBB )
โšกo Lt Bundle branch ( LBB ) .
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง. Left Bundle branch ุจุชู‚ุณู… ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ู‡ู…
๐ŸŒฉ๏ธ The left BB is divided into anterior & posterior fascicles
โ›ˆ๏ธ5_Purkinje fibers
ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ู‡ู†ุนุฑู ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ู… ุงู†ูˆ ู‡ู… ุจุฑุถูˆ ู…ุง ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุญุชู‰ ๐Ÿ˜…๐Ÿ˜ญ

ู‡ุชู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†๐Ÿค ๐Ÿ˜ด ูˆู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ู… ุจุชูุตูŠู„ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู…:_
1_S.A node
2_A.V node

ู†ู…ุณูƒ
๐Ÿ’ซ1_S.A node (sino_atrial node)
๐Ÿ’ชุงูˆู„ุง :_location
is found in the right atrium, at the opening of the superior veno cave (SVC)

ู„ู…ุงุฐุง S. A node ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ left atrium ุงูˆ ููŠ ุงูŠ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงุฎุฑ ููŠ ู‚ู„ุจ๐Ÿค“๐Ÿง

ู„ุงู† right artruim ุงู„ูŠ pressure ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
๐Ÿ’ญ0 mmhg
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุถุบุท ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุถุบุท ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณุจุจ ischemia of heart ูˆูŠุญุฏุซ
S. A dysfunction
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุงุฏุฑุง ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ischemia ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน
ุงู…ุง ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑู ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ุง pressure ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ pressure ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠ
๐Ÿ’ญ7mmhg

๐Ÿ’ชุซุงู†ูŠุง :_discharge of S. A
It can discharge action potential spontaneously ( the discharge probably originates from small rounded cells in the SA node called P cells)

๐Ÿ’ชุซุงู„ุซุง :_
Nerve supply of S. A
๐Ÿ—ฏ๏ธ1_sympathetic neurons from the right side
ุจุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠ๐Ÿ‘€
The sympathetic neurons increase its rate of discharge
๐Ÿ—ฏ๏ธ2_parasympathetic neurons from the right vagus

ุจุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠ๐Ÿ‘€
parasympathetic neurons decrease its rate of discharge

ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุนุชุจุฑ๐Ÿ˜ณ
the parasympathetic effect is more dominant than the sympathetic
ูƒูŠู ุฐู„ูƒ ๐Ÿ˜‘๐Ÿค”ูˆุงุฎูŠุฑุง ุจู‚ูŠ ุงุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงุฎูˆู‡ ๐Ÿ˜‚
Without innervation , its rate of discharge of S. A= 100 / min
with innervation ( symp & parasymp ) = 70 / min
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู…ุฏุงุฏู‡ innervation ูŠู‚ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ parasymp ู‡ูˆ ุบุงู„ุจ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ

ุชุนุจุชูˆุง ู‚ุฑุจู†ุง ุฎู„ุงุต ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚

๐Ÿ’ชุฑุงุจุนุง:_regarded as the cardiac pacemaker
ูƒูŠู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‡ูŠ pacemaker ูˆุงุฎูˆู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง
ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ู‡ูŠ
because it is the fastest in discharge
ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† (min /100_60)

ุงู…ุง(A. V node (60_40/min
ุงู…ุง(purkjinge (40_20/min
๐Ÿ—ฏ๏ธุชู†ุจูŠู‡ :_ุงู„ุงุฑู‚ุงู… ุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุซุงุจุชุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฑุฌุน ุงู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุฌุน ุชุฎุชู„ู

๐Ÿ’ชุฎุงู…ุณุง :_ูˆุงุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ
S. A node ๐Ÿ‘€๐Ÿ˜ด
ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ action potential of S. A node ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูŠ ุงุฎุฐู†ุงู‡ ุฒู…ุงู† ู„ูƒู† ุงูƒูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏูˆุง ู…ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ู…ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ action potential ุงู„ูŠ ุฒู…ุงู†
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ู†ุจุฏุง ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚ุงู‚ุตุฏ ู†ุฎู„ุต
๐Ÿ‘€1_Its action potential is characterized by the prepotential
ู…ุงู‡ูˆ prepotential๐Ÿค”
( gradual elevation of the membrane potential towards the threshold )
ูˆุฏุง ูƒู„ูˆ ุจุณุจุจ
due to low K * efflux through the K leak channels
ูŠู„ุง ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุจุงู† K ุจุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠู†ุง generates the resting membrane potential ) .
ุงู„ุง ุงู†ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง RMP ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ prepotential

๐Ÿ‘€2_The prepotential is completed by some Ca ** influx
ูˆุฏุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุจูˆุงุจุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰
( transient Ca ** channels
ุชุฑู…ุฒ ุจ ( T channels ) .

๐Ÿ‘€3_The depolarization phase is due to Ca " influx ( through long lasting calcium channels ( L channels ) ) ; with some sodium influx
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง
๐Ÿ‘€4- the repolarization phase is due to potassium efflux through the K voltage gated channels

ุงุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุงู†ูˆ ๐Ÿ‘€๐Ÿ˜ณ๐Ÿ˜‚
๐Ÿ‘€5_The sympathetic makes the prepotential more vertical and therefore increases heart rate whereas the parasympathetic makes the prepotential more horizontal and therefore decreases the heart rate


ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง S. A node ูู‚ุท ๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿ˜ด๐Ÿ˜
ู„ุณุฉ ู…ุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜ชู†ูƒู…ู„ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุจุณูŠุท
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ‘2โค1
ูˆ ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ู„ูŠูƒู… ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุชูˆุนุฏู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุง ูˆู…ุงู†ุฎู„ุต ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜ูŠู„ุง ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุจุณูŠุท๐Ÿคช

โ›ˆ๏ธA. V node (atriaventicular node)
๐Ÿ’ชุงูˆู„ุง :_location
The AV node is found in the Rt atrium on the right side of inter - atrial septum , above the fibrous ring that separates atria from ventricles

๐Ÿ’ชุซุงู†ูŠุง :_
It delays conduction from atria to ventricles
ู„ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠู„ ูŠุชุงุฎุฑ ูˆู‡ู„ ุชุงุฎูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุตู„ุญุชู†ุง ูˆู„ุง ู„ุงุŸุŸ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿ˜’

ุงู„ุชุงุฎูŠุฑ ุจุชุงุฎุฑ ุจุณุจุจ
( because its muscle fibers lower number of gap junctions and smaller diameter than the SA node ) .

ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชุงุฎูŠุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูŠู‡ ูุงูŠุฏุฉ ุจุณ ู‡ู†ุง ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜›
This delay allows atrial contraction to precede ventricular contraction therefore completes ventricular filling with blood .

โšกโšกุชู†ุจูŠู‡ ู…ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ู…ู„ุฆ ุงู„ุจุทูŠู†ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฏู… ูˆู‡ู„ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ุนุงุŸุŸุŸ
ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ู„ุง
โšกโšกThe cardiac muscle receives its blood supply mainly during diastole unlike skeletal muscles which receive their blood supply mainly during systole
โšกโšก The left ventricle receives its blood supply during the diastolic phase only
โšกโšก The right ventricle receives its blood supply during both systole and diastole

๐Ÿ’ชุซุงู„ุซุง :_
AV node becomes the cardiac pacemaker
ูƒูŠู ูƒู„ุงู… ุฏุง ๐Ÿ˜‘ู…ุด ู‚ู„ู†ุง ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุงู†ูˆ pacemaker ู„ู„ู‚ู„ุจ ู‡ูŠ
S.A node
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูƒู„ุงู… ุฎุงู„ูู†ุงู‡
ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ S. A node ู…ุซู„ุง
fibrosis of the SA node( known as sick sinus syndrome )
ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญู„ ุงู†ูˆ pacemaker ุชุจู‚ูŠ A. V node ู„ูƒู† ุงูƒูŠุฏ discharge ู‡ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ
ู‡ุจู‚ูŠ ุงู‚ู„ ุทุจุนุง ูˆุงุจุทุง ู„ุงู† ุงุณุฑุน ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ู… ุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ู„

ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„
When the AV node is damaged

ุจุชุฌูŠ purkinje fibers ูˆุจุฑุถูˆ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู‚ู„ rate ุญู‚ ุงู„ heart


ุทูŠุจ ู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง bundle of his
and internodal atrial pathway
ูŠู„ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุชู†ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ู… ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜‰ูŽ
ู„ุงู† bundle if his ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ๐Ÿ‘€ ุฌุงูŠ ู…ู†A. V node ูˆุงูŠุถุง. branches ุญู‚ู‡ุง ูƒุฐู„ูƒ

ุงู…ุง internodal atrial pathways
ุฏูŠ ุฌุงูŠ ู…ู†S. A node.
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุนุฏุฏู‡ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆู„ุงุฎู…ุณุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู…
1_S.A node
2_A.V node
3_purkinje fibers

ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุจูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ูƒู„ coductive systems๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜

ุงู† ุงุญุณู†ุช ูู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู† ุงุฎุทุงุช ูู…ู† ู†ูุณูŠ ูˆุดูŠุทุงู† ูุงุนููˆุง ู„ูŠ ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุตุงู„ุญ ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู… โ˜บ๏ธโ˜บ๏ธ
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
โค1
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู…(38)
๐Ÿ‘‹ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ‘‹

ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง
anatomy of the conductive system of the heartโค๏ธ
ู…ุนุงู‡ูˆ ู‡ุจูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆ ุญู‚ูˆ ุจุฑุถูˆ๐Ÿคญ๐Ÿคญ๐Ÿคญ

ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุง ุดู†ูˆ ุŸ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”
ุฏุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ system ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ cardiac impulse ูˆ ุชูˆุตูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒู„ ุฃุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ โค๏ธ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุตู„ myocardial contraction .

ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† modified myocardial muscle fiber [non contractile]

ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฏุง ู…ู‚ุณู… ู„ูŠ ูฅ ุงูˆ ูฆ ุงุฌุฒุงุก
1] sino-artial node [SA node]
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ูˆูŠู† ุฏูŠุŸ๐Ÿค”
Right atrium
ูˆูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ๐Ÿ™„๐Ÿค”
In latral wall of rights atruim behind opening of S.V.C
ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ู‡ู„ุงู„ูŠ [cresentic] ูˆ ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง 1cm ร—3mm
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ cardiac pulse ุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏุง ู…ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ pacemaker ูˆ ุชูˆุฒุนูˆ ุจูŠ fiber ู…ุงุฑู‚ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠ ุงู„ 2atrium ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ู… contraction ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ecg ุงุณู…ุนู‡ุง (p wave)

ุญุชูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ impulses ุจุชู…ุดูŠ ู„ูŠ ุงู„AV node

ุฏูŠ ู…ู†ูˆ ูƒู…ุงู†!๐Ÿ˜ณ

ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงุฎุชู‡ุง ุงู„sa node ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌู…

2] Atrio-ventricular node [AV node]
_ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ๐Ÿ™‚

=Lower and dorsal part of atrial septum
_ูˆุตู ู„ุณู‡ ู…ุง ู„ู‚ูŠุชู‡ุง๐Ÿ˜…

= ูŠุฎ
just above the opening of coronary sinus.
_ุฎู„ุงุต ู„ู‚ูŠุชู‡ุง ู„ูƒู† ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุดู†ูˆ ู‡ูŠ๐Ÿค”
=ุฏูŠ ุจุชุฃุฎุฑ ุงู„ impulse ุญุจุฉ ูˆ ุชุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠู†ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง (PR segment ) ูˆ ุจุนุฏูˆ ุชูˆุตู„ู‡ุง ู„ูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง bundle of his

ุฏูŠ ู…ู†ูˆ ุŸ๐Ÿ™‚
ุฏูŠ ุงู„ Atrio-ventricular bundle
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู†ูˆ ุŸ๐Ÿ˜’๐Ÿ˜’๐Ÿ˜’
3] AV bundle
ุฏูŠ ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
[the only connections between atrium and ventricle in conductive system of the heart]
ุจุชู…ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ interventricular septum ู„ุญุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุชุตู„ ุงู„ fiberous ring of tricupid valve ูˆ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุชู‚ุณู… ู„ูŠ ู‚ุณู…ูŠู†
Right and left branch

4]right branch
ุจู…ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ muscular part of IV septum ุฌู†ุจ ุงู„ righ ventricular cavity ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจู…ุฑ ุจูŠ ุงู„ moderator band ู„ุญุฏูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ base of ant papillary .m
ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏุง ุจุชู‚ุณู… ู„ูŠ purkinjii fiber ุชุชูˆุฒุน ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ right. V ูƒู„ูˆ

5]left branch
ุจู…ุดูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ muscular part of IV septum toward the apex
(Beneath endocardium)
ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุจุชู‚ุณู… ู„ูŠ purkinji fiber ุจุชุชูˆุฒุน ุนู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ left ventricle
....................................................................



ู…ู† 3 ู„ูŠ 5 ุฏูŠู„ ุจุนู…ู„ูˆู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ contraction ุญู‚ ุงู„ ventricles ูุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ู„ูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุดูƒู„ QRS complex

ุจู‚ุนุฏ contracted ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจุชุฌูŠ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ st interval


ุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏุง ุจุญุตู„ ventricular relaxation ูˆ ุจุฌูŠ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ t wave



ุดูƒุฑุง๐Ÿ™‹โ€โ™‚
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
โค2๐Ÿ‘2
ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุฑู‚ู… (39)

ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ โœ‹โœจ
ุฃู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฑุงู‚ูŠู† ู…ุง ู…ุชุถุงูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฎููŠู ู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนุตู ุฐู‡ู†ูŠ ๐Ÿคฏ

ุงู„ุง ู‡ูˆ
๐Ÿ’ข Cardiomyopathy
ู‡ู†ุชุนุฑู ุงูˆู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนุฑูŠู
๐ŸฉธDefinition
Group of myocardial disease that result in cadic dysfunction

ุซุงู†ูŠุง ุฃู†ูˆุงุน Cardiomyopathy ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ WHO
๐Ÿฉธ1- Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy (DCM).
๐Ÿฉธ2- Hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy ( HCM, HOCM
ุฃูŠุถุง ุนู†ุฏูˆ ุงุณู… ุงุฎุฑ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)
๐Ÿฉธ3- Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุชูุตูŠู„ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู‡ู… ู…ุตุทู„ุญูŠู† ูˆูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…๐Ÿ˜

๐Ÿ’ขHypertrophic (concentric hypertrophy)
ู‡ู†ุง ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุถุบุท
๐Ÿ’ข Dilation(eccentric hypertrophy)
ู‡ู†ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุญุฌู… ู„ูŠุณ ุจุณุจุจ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุถุบุท

ู„ูƒู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชูˆุฏูŠ ู„ู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ hypertrophy ุซู… dilation ูˆุนูƒุณ


ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏุง ูƒู„ูˆ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ุจุณ ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿ˜‚ุงูŠูˆุง ู†ุนู…

๐Ÿ’ข Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy (DCM).

๐Ÿ“Œุจู…ุง ุงู†ูˆ dialated ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุญุฌู…
๐Ÿ“Œุจุชู…ูŠุฒ ุฏุง ู†ูˆุน ุจุงู†ูˆุง ุญุงุตู„
- It is characterized by ventricular chamber dilatation & systolic dysfunction(ventricle cannot pump)
๐Ÿ“ŒูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ
leading to
congestive heart failure
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุฌุงุก ุงุณู…ู‡ุง congestive Cardiomyopathy

๐Ÿ“Œูˆู‡ูŠ type ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠ ุจูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ systolic โœ‹
๐Ÿ“Œ ุฃุณุจุงุจู‡ congestive Cardiomyopathy
Etiology :_
๐Ÿ’ขIdiopathic.
๐Ÿ’ข Infection : viral ( e.g. coxackie B & HIV) , bacterial.
๐Ÿ’ข Immunological : SLE .
๐Ÿ’ข Iatrogenic : Adriamycin, Alcohol, Cocaine.
๐Ÿ’ข Infiltration : Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis.
๐Ÿ’ขEndocinal : DM , Acromegaly
๐Ÿ’ข Nurological :_ Freidreich's ataxia, Duchenne myopathy
myotonia atrophica.

ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุจุชูˆุฏูŠ ู„ู„ congestive Cardiomyopathy
ู‡ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ๐Ÿ˜ญ ู„ูƒู† ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูุธู‡ุง
ุจูƒู„ู…ุฉ๐Ÿ‘Š
E5IN
ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฑู‚ู… 5 ๐Ÿ˜Ž๐Ÿ˜‚

ู†ู…ุดูŠ ู„ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุฏุง ู‡ูŠุฌูŠ ุจุดู†ูˆ ุจุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุญุงุฌุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถ
๐Ÿ’ข clinical picture :_
o Congestive heart failure.( LSHF, RSHF )
o Arrhythmia.
o Thromboembolism

ุงุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ุฏุง โœ‹ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุงุฎุฑ ู†ูˆุน ู„ุณุฉ ููŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿคฏ treatment
ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ู†ุนุงู„ุฌ ุดู†ูˆ
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง clinical picture ุงู„ูŠ ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุนุงู„ุฌู‡ุง
๐Ÿ’ข Treatment of HF: ACEI, beta blocker, Diuretic & heart transplant in refractory cases.
๐Ÿ’ข Treatment of arrhythmia .
๐Ÿ’ขTreatment of thromboembolism: anticoagulant.


ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงูˆู„ ู†ูˆุน ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿ˜
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ˜1
ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ๐Ÿ˜ซ๐Ÿคฏโœ‹. ู…ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ
๐Ÿ’ข Hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy ( HCM, HOCM, IHSS ).

ุงูˆู„ุง ูƒู„ู…ุฉ hypertrophic ุนุฑูู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุณุจุจ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุถุบุท

ุจู…ุง ุงู†ูˆ ู‚ู„ู†ุง hypertrophic ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุญุตู„ ุชุถุฎู… ูˆูŠู† ููŠ left ventricle ู„ุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุคุคู„ ุนู† ุถุฎ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆู†ุญู† ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุฒุงุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
ุทูŠุจ ู…ุชู‰ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูู…ุญุชุงุฌูŠู† ุฏู… ุงูƒุซุฑ ูˆู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฏู… ูƒุงููŠ


ุทูŠุจ ุฏุง ูƒู„ูˆ ูƒู„ุงู… ู…ุง ูู…ู‡ุช ุดูŠ ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿคฏ๐Ÿ˜ซ๐Ÿ˜ซ ู…ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู†ูู‡ู…ูƒ ู„ูŠู‡ุง

ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ diastole ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ventricle ุจู…ุชู„ุฆ ุจุฏู… ุนุดุงู† ูŠุถุฎ ู„ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู…
ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุฏู… ูƒู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠูŠู†
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฏู… ูƒุงููŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู†ูˆ ู…ุง ู…ุชู„ุฆ ventricle ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุงููŠ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุถุฎ ุจูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุญูŠุตู„ ู„ูŠู‡ ุชุถุฎู…
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุง ุชุถุฎู… ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุญุตู„ ุชุถุฎู… ู„ู„ Septal interventricular ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† wall of ventricle
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูŽูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ diastolic

ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูŠุฒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุงู†ูˆ
๐Ÿ’ข Asymmetrical ventricular hypertrophy especially in the interventricular septum & wall of LV.
๐Ÿ’ขHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is considered to be the most common cause of sudden
death in young athletes
๐Ÿ’ข This thickening of myocardium results in diastolic dysfunction


๐Ÿ“Œุฃุณุจุงุจู‡
๐Ÿ’ข Etiology :
o Autosomal dominant disease
ูˆุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุณุจุจูˆุง genetic
o Idiopathic Hypertrophic Sub-aortic Stenosis ( IHSS)
o Associated with Freidreich's ataxia.
ูˆุฏุง ู…ุฑุถ ู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจ neurological
ูˆูƒู„ู…ุฉ ataxia ุจุชุนู†ูŠ imparied muscle
ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠ ูˆุจุฑุจุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ๐Ÿค“๐Ÿค“
rare inherited disease that causes progressive nervous system damage and movement problems. It usually begins in childhood


ู†ู…ุดูŠ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูˆุง ุดู†ูˆ ๐Ÿ‘€

๐Ÿ’ขClinical picture :
o Diastolic dysfunction: Pulmonary congestion & LCOP.
o Manifestations of AS : Angina , Syncope. (ุงุบู…ุงุก)
o Sudden death : usually associated with sports most probably due to ventricular
arrhythmias.


ูŠู„ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนู„ุงู…ุชูŠู† ู…ู‡ู…ูŠู† ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู…
๐Ÿ’ข General signs :
o Giant (a wave) if there is right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
ู…ุด ู‚ุจูŠู„ ู‚ู„ู†ุง left ventricle ุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ุดู†ูˆ right ๐Ÿค”
ู„ุฃู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุจ left ุจุชู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ู„ right ูˆุนูƒุณ ู„ูŠุณ ุตุญูŠุญ ๐Ÿ‘€
o Jerky ( bifid )(ู…ุชู‚ุทุน) carotid pulse.

ุงุฎุฑ ุดูŠ treatment ๐Ÿ˜‘๐Ÿฅฑ
๐Ÿ’ข Treatment :
o Amiodarone for arrhythmias.
o beta blockers
: decrease econtractility & outflow obstruction.
o Ca Channel blockers : decrease contractility & outflow obstruction.

๐Ÿ’ขู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุญู† ู…ู†ุชุฌู†ุจ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฏูˆุงุก digitals ุจุณุจุจ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ’ข Avoid digitalis & other inotropics :_ increase outflow obstruction
.
o Surgical resection of hypertrophied septum.


ูˆูƒุฏุง ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ๐Ÿฅˆ ๐Ÿค“๐Ÿ˜ซ
#Cardiovascular_system
#summary_squeezer_team
https://t.me/summarysquezer
๐Ÿ”ฅ3๐Ÿ‘1