Synthesis compounds: either pure synthesis or synthesis naturally
occurring compounds (e.g. morphine, atropine, steroids and cocaine) to reduce their cost.

Semi-synthesis compounds: Some compounds either can be purely synthesized or can be isolated from natural sources in low cost.

Therefore, the natural intermediate of such drugs could be used for the synthesis of a desired product (e.g. semi synthetic penicillins).

no certain relation between chemical structure and pharmacological activity

unwise to arrange all drugs on the basis of their structures or origin

better to arrange the drugs according to their

Drugs can be classified according to their medicinal uses into..

______is the pharmaceutical/pharmacological effect on the subject, e.g. analgesic or β-blocker...etc.

Potency: the _________ nature of the effect

drug should be
except :

Major exceptions include :

An oral drug must be:
except

The drug must go into solution to pass through the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Even drugs administered as true solutions may remain in solution

being the situation for many of the sustained- action products

example is ______ administered sodium phenytoin

sodium phenytoin it is widely used in the treatment of epilepsy

Chemical modification is also used to facilitate a drug reaching its desired target,

Olsalazine, used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Mesalamine is effective orally

Chloramphenicol is water—-