Oxidative degradation involving dissolved atmospheric oxygen with the aroma bearing solutes which may be catalyzed by light and trace metals like iron and copper

is stored in light resistant bottles, since light catalyzes the oxidation to the poisonous gas phosgene.

Is the science, which deals with the discovery and design of new and better therapeutic chemicals and development of these chemicals into new medicines and drugs.

Generally medicinal chemists can:

Pure organic compounds are the main source of agents for the cure and the prevention of disease.

: materials obtained from both plant and animal, e.g. vitamins, hormones, amino acids, antibiotics,
alkaloids, glycosides.... etc.).

Synthesis compounds: either pure synthesis or synthesis naturally
occurring compounds (e.g. morphine, atropine, steroids and cocaine) to reduce their cost.

Semi-synthesis compounds: Some compounds either can be purely synthesized or can be isolated from natural sources in low cost.

Therefore, the natural intermediate of such drugs could be used for the synthesis of a desired product (e.g. semi synthetic penicillins).

no certain relation between chemical structure and pharmacological activity

unwise to arrange all drugs on the basis of their structures or origin

better to arrange the drugs according to their

Drugs can be classified according to their medicinal uses into..

______is the pharmaceutical/pharmacological effect on the subject, e.g. analgesic or β-blocker...etc.

Potency: the _________ nature of the effect

drug should be
except :

Major exceptions include :