๐Some Important Increasing Order ๐:
๐ 1. Bond Angle :
(i) CH4 , C2H4 , C2H2
(ii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , CO2
(iii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , BH3
(iv) NO2โ, NO2 , NO2+
(v) H2Se, H2S, H2O
(vi) AsH3 , PH3 , NH3
(vii) PF3 , PCl3 , PBr3 , PI3
(viii) NF3 , NCl3
(ix) NF3 , NH3 , NCl3
(x) OF2 , OH2 , Cl2O
๐ 2. Melting Point :
(i) Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li
(ii) Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, Be
(iii) CaI2 , CaBr2 , CaCl2 , CaF2
(iv) BeCl2 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 , SrCl2 , BaCl2
(v) NaI, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
(vi) CsCl, RbCl, KCl, NaCl
(vii) AlCl3 , MgCl2 , NaCl
๐ 3.Boiling Point :
(i) PH3 , AsH3 , NH3 , SbH3
(ii) H2S, H2Se, H2O
(iii) HCl, HBr, HI, HF
(iv) NH3 , HF, H2O
(v) He, Ne, Ar, Kr
(vi) H2O, D2O
(vii) H2 , Cl2 , Br2
๐ 4.Dipole moments :
(i) CCl4 , CHCl3 , CH2Cl2 ,CH3Cl
(ii) NF3 , NH3 , H2O, HF
(iii) Cis-chloropropene, Trans-chloropropene
(iv) p, m, o-dichlorobenzene
(v) CH3I, CH3Br, CH3F, CH3Cl
(vi) NH3 , SO2 , H2O, HF
(vii) H2S, H2O
(viii) HI, HBr, HCl, HF
(ix) PH3 , ASH3 , SbH3 , NH3
(x) H2O, H2O2
๐ 1. Bond Angle :
(i) CH4 , C2H4 , C2H2
(ii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , CO2
(iii) H2O, NH3 , CH4 , BH3
(iv) NO2โ, NO2 , NO2+
(v) H2Se, H2S, H2O
(vi) AsH3 , PH3 , NH3
(vii) PF3 , PCl3 , PBr3 , PI3
(viii) NF3 , NCl3
(ix) NF3 , NH3 , NCl3
(x) OF2 , OH2 , Cl2O
๐ 2. Melting Point :
(i) Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li
(ii) Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, Be
(iii) CaI2 , CaBr2 , CaCl2 , CaF2
(iv) BeCl2 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 , SrCl2 , BaCl2
(v) NaI, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
(vi) CsCl, RbCl, KCl, NaCl
(vii) AlCl3 , MgCl2 , NaCl
๐ 3.Boiling Point :
(i) PH3 , AsH3 , NH3 , SbH3
(ii) H2S, H2Se, H2O
(iii) HCl, HBr, HI, HF
(iv) NH3 , HF, H2O
(v) He, Ne, Ar, Kr
(vi) H2O, D2O
(vii) H2 , Cl2 , Br2
๐ 4.Dipole moments :
(i) CCl4 , CHCl3 , CH2Cl2 ,CH3Cl
(ii) NF3 , NH3 , H2O, HF
(iii) Cis-chloropropene, Trans-chloropropene
(iv) p, m, o-dichlorobenzene
(v) CH3I, CH3Br, CH3F, CH3Cl
(vi) NH3 , SO2 , H2O, HF
(vii) H2S, H2O
(viii) HI, HBr, HCl, HF
(ix) PH3 , ASH3 , SbH3 , NH3
(x) H2O, H2O2
Important Points For NEET ๐
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-
โก๏ธExamples of homologous organs:โก๏ธ
(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
โก๏ธExamples of Analogous organs :โก๏ธ
(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-
โก๏ธExamples of homologous organs:โก๏ธ
(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
โก๏ธExamples of Analogous organs :โก๏ธ
(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
1. Bacteria & Fungi
๐ธ Actinomycetes
2. Reptiles & Birds
๐ธ Archaeopteryx
3. Chordates & Non-chordates
๐ธ Balanoglossus
4. Cartilaginous & Bony fishes
๐ธ Chimera (Rabbit fish/Ratfish)
5. Bryophytes & Pteridophytes
๐ธ Club moss
6. Coelenterates & Platyhelminthes
๐ธ Ctenophora
7. Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms
๐ธCycas
8. Reptiles & Mammals
๐ธ Echidna (Spiny ant eater)
9. Animals & Plants
๐ธ Euglena
10. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
๐ธ Gnetum
11. Protista & Bryophytes
๐ธHornworts
12. Pisces & Amphibia
๐ธ Latimeria
13. Protista & Fungi
๐ธ Myxomycetes
14. Annelida & Mollusca
๐ธNeopilina
15. Reptiles & Mammals
๐ธ Ornithorhynchus (Duck billed platypus)
16. Annelida & Arthropoda
๐ธPeripatus (walking worm)
17. Protozoa & Porifera
๐ธ Proterospongia
18. Bony fishes & Amphibia
๐ธ Protopterus (Lung fishes)
19. Virus & Bacteria
๐ธ Rickettsia
20. Amphibia & Reptiles
๐ธSeymouria
21. Amphibia & Reptilia
๐ธ Sphenodon (Living fossil lizard)
22. Echinodermata & Chordata
๐ธ Tornaria larva
23. Annelida & Mollusca
๐ธ Trochophore larva
24. Living & non-living
๐ธVirus
25. Protozoa & Metazoa
๐ธXenoturbella
1. Bacteria & Fungi
๐ธ Actinomycetes
2. Reptiles & Birds
๐ธ Archaeopteryx
3. Chordates & Non-chordates
๐ธ Balanoglossus
4. Cartilaginous & Bony fishes
๐ธ Chimera (Rabbit fish/Ratfish)
5. Bryophytes & Pteridophytes
๐ธ Club moss
6. Coelenterates & Platyhelminthes
๐ธ Ctenophora
7. Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms
๐ธCycas
8. Reptiles & Mammals
๐ธ Echidna (Spiny ant eater)
9. Animals & Plants
๐ธ Euglena
10. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
๐ธ Gnetum
11. Protista & Bryophytes
๐ธHornworts
12. Pisces & Amphibia
๐ธ Latimeria
13. Protista & Fungi
๐ธ Myxomycetes
14. Annelida & Mollusca
๐ธNeopilina
15. Reptiles & Mammals
๐ธ Ornithorhynchus (Duck billed platypus)
16. Annelida & Arthropoda
๐ธPeripatus (walking worm)
17. Protozoa & Porifera
๐ธ Proterospongia
18. Bony fishes & Amphibia
๐ธ Protopterus (Lung fishes)
19. Virus & Bacteria
๐ธ Rickettsia
20. Amphibia & Reptiles
๐ธSeymouria
21. Amphibia & Reptilia
๐ธ Sphenodon (Living fossil lizard)
22. Echinodermata & Chordata
๐ธ Tornaria larva
23. Annelida & Mollusca
๐ธ Trochophore larva
24. Living & non-living
๐ธVirus
25. Protozoa & Metazoa
๐ธXenoturbella
๐BORON:
โขIn casting of copper as a dioxidizer
โขBoron rods used in automic reactor.
โขBoron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
โขIn composite material of aircraft
โขUsed in braintumer therapy.
๐ BORAX:
โขAs a flux for soldring metal.
โขIn borex bead test
โขIn softning of water
โขAntiseptic
โขManufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
โขFor making optical and borosilicals SS.
โขFood preservative
๐ ALUMINIUM:
โข Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
โข Electric wire.
โขThermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
โขFor transportin nitric acid.
โขAI, Hg used as reducing agent.
โขAluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.
๐ LEAD [Pb]:
โขIn making telegraph and telephone wires
โขMaking bullets
โขMaking chamber in HSO, process.
๐ NITROGEN:
โขIn the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
โขLiquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
โขInert atmosphere in metallurgy.
โขGas thermometer and electrical bulb
๐ NH3:
โข Refrigeration
โขManufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
โขArtificial Silk.
โข Urea Formation
โขFor solvent
๐ HNO3:
โข Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
โขIn explosive
โข For making nitroglycerine.
โข Making TNT.
โข Pickling against of stainless steel.
โข Etching of Metal
โขOxidizer in rocket fule.
โขIn casting of copper as a dioxidizer
โขBoron rods used in automic reactor.
โขBoron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
โขIn composite material of aircraft
โขUsed in braintumer therapy.
๐ BORAX:
โขAs a flux for soldring metal.
โขIn borex bead test
โขIn softning of water
โขAntiseptic
โขManufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
โขFor making optical and borosilicals SS.
โขFood preservative
๐ ALUMINIUM:
โข Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
โข Electric wire.
โขThermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
โขFor transportin nitric acid.
โขAI, Hg used as reducing agent.
โขAluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.
๐ LEAD [Pb]:
โขIn making telegraph and telephone wires
โขMaking bullets
โขMaking chamber in HSO, process.
๐ NITROGEN:
โขIn the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
โขLiquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
โขInert atmosphere in metallurgy.
โขGas thermometer and electrical bulb
๐ NH3:
โข Refrigeration
โขManufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
โขArtificial Silk.
โข Urea Formation
โขFor solvent
๐ HNO3:
โข Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
โขIn explosive
โข For making nitroglycerine.
โข Making TNT.
โข Pickling against of stainless steel.
โข Etching of Metal
โขOxidizer in rocket fule.
๐ด 12. Reactivity=
C<Si< Ge < Sn <Pb
๐ด 13. Metallic character=
C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
๐ด 14. Acidic character of the oxides=
Co2 > SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2
๐ด 15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
๐ด 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
๐ด 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
๐ด 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4
๐ด 19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3
๐ด 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Biโ202
๐ด 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO <N2O3 <N2O4 < N2O5
๐ด 22. Basic nature/ bond angle/ thermal stability and dipole moment of hydrides=
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
๐ด 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
๐ด 24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 <NCl3 <NBr3 < NI3
๐ด 25. Ease of hydrolysis of trichlorides=
NCl3 > PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
๐ด 26. Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3
๐ด 27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
๐ด 28. Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S
๐ด 29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S
๐ด 30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
๐ด 31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
๐ด 32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
๐ด 33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
๐ด 34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
๐ด 35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
๐ด 36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
๐ด 37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-
๐ด 38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I
๐ด 39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I
๐ด 40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
๐ด 41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF
๐ด 42. Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI
๐ด 43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7
๐ด 44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+
๐ด 45. Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205
๐ด 46. Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2
๐ด 47. Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-
๐ด 48. Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
๐ด 49. Increasing oxidation number of iodine=
HI< I2 <ICl <HIO4
๐ด 50. Increasing thermal stability=
HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3
ยปยป--โ
C<Si< Ge < Sn <Pb
๐ด 13. Metallic character=
C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
๐ด 14. Acidic character of the oxides=
Co2 > SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2
๐ด 15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
๐ด 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
๐ด 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
๐ด 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4
๐ด 19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3
๐ด 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Biโ202
๐ด 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO <N2O3 <N2O4 < N2O5
๐ด 22. Basic nature/ bond angle/ thermal stability and dipole moment of hydrides=
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
๐ด 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
๐ด 24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 <NCl3 <NBr3 < NI3
๐ด 25. Ease of hydrolysis of trichlorides=
NCl3 > PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
๐ด 26. Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3
๐ด 27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
๐ด 28. Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S
๐ด 29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S
๐ด 30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
๐ด 31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
๐ด 32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
๐ด 33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
๐ด 34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
๐ด 35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
๐ด 36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
๐ด 37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-
๐ด 38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I
๐ด 39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I
๐ด 40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
๐ด 41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF
๐ด 42. Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI
๐ด 43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7
๐ด 44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+
๐ด 45. Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205
๐ด 46. Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2
๐ด 47. Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-
๐ด 48. Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
๐ด 49. Increasing oxidation number of iodine=
HI< I2 <ICl <HIO4
๐ด 50. Increasing thermal stability=
HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3
ยปยป--โ
๐ช๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:๐ช
๐ฅ๐๐๐๐พ๐:- โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐โ๐ฅ
๐๐๐๐
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐ชi) ๐๐,
๐ชii) ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐,
๐ชiii) ๐๐๐๐,
๐ชiv) ๐๐๐,
๐ชv) ๐ ๐๐,
๐ชvi) ๐๐,
๐ชvii ๐๐๐,
๐ชviii) ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
๐ฅ๐๐๐๐พ๐:- โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐โ๐ฅ
๐๐๐๐
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐ชi) ๐๐,
๐ชii) ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐,
๐ชiii) ๐๐๐๐,
๐ชiv) ๐๐๐,
๐ชv) ๐ ๐๐,
๐ชvi) ๐๐,
๐ชvii ๐๐๐,
๐ชviii) ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
๐ฅVery Important For NEET๐ฅ:
๐ Morphine - Papaver somniferum
๐Nicotine - Nicotiana tobacum
๐Marijuana - Cannabis sativa
๐Coca alkaloids - Erythroxylum coca
๐ Morphine - Papaver somniferum
๐Nicotine - Nicotiana tobacum
๐Marijuana - Cannabis sativa
๐Coca alkaloids - Erythroxylum coca
Father of Biology : Aristole
Father of Modern Biology: Linnaeus
Father of Antibiotics fb: Alexander Fleming
Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner
Father of Microbiology : Anton van Leenuwenhoek
Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur
Father of Medical Microbiology : Robert Koch
Father of Pathology : Rudolph Virchow
Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch
Father of Virology : W.M.Stanley
Father of Embryology : Aristotle
Father of Modern Embryology : Ernst Von Baer
Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales
Father of Modern experimental physiology : Calude Bernard
Father of Genetics : Rev. Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson
Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics : Arachibald Garrod
Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan
Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge
Father of Ecology : Theophrastus
Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut
Father of Plant anatomy : Grew
Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Malpighi
Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke
Father of modern Cytology : Swanson
Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci
Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier
Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles
Father of Botany: Theophrastus
Father of Modern Botany : Bauhin
Father of Zoology : Aristotle
Father of Biochemistry : Liebig
Father of Epidemiology : John Snow
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary
Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow
Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg
Father of Gene therapy : Anderson
Father of Ethology : Konard Lorentz
Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addison
Father of Eugenics : Galton
Father of Gerantology : Korenchevsk
Father of Palynology : Erdtman
Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye
Father of Electrocardiography : Einthoven
Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery
Father of Mycology : Micheli
Father of Bryology : Hedwig
Father of Phycology:Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann
Father of Chemotherapy :Father of Anatomy : Herophilus
Father of Modern Anatomy : Andreas Vesalius
Father of actinobiology / radiation biology : HJVS Muller
Father of Homeopathy : Hahnemann
Father of Ayurveda : Charka
Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery : Susruta
Father of Blood circulation : William Harvey
Father of Medicine : Hippocrates
Father of Blood Group : Landsteiner
Father of Polio Vaccine : Jonas Salk
Father of Green Revolution: Norman Borlaug
Father of Modern Biology: Linnaeus
Father of Antibiotics fb: Alexander Fleming
Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner
Father of Microbiology : Anton van Leenuwenhoek
Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur
Father of Medical Microbiology : Robert Koch
Father of Pathology : Rudolph Virchow
Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch
Father of Virology : W.M.Stanley
Father of Embryology : Aristotle
Father of Modern Embryology : Ernst Von Baer
Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales
Father of Modern experimental physiology : Calude Bernard
Father of Genetics : Rev. Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson
Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics : Arachibald Garrod
Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan
Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge
Father of Ecology : Theophrastus
Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut
Father of Plant anatomy : Grew
Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Malpighi
Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke
Father of modern Cytology : Swanson
Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci
Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier
Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles
Father of Botany: Theophrastus
Father of Modern Botany : Bauhin
Father of Zoology : Aristotle
Father of Biochemistry : Liebig
Father of Epidemiology : John Snow
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary
Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow
Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg
Father of Gene therapy : Anderson
Father of Ethology : Konard Lorentz
Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addison
Father of Eugenics : Galton
Father of Gerantology : Korenchevsk
Father of Palynology : Erdtman
Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye
Father of Electrocardiography : Einthoven
Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery
Father of Mycology : Micheli
Father of Bryology : Hedwig
Father of Phycology:Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann
Father of Chemotherapy :Father of Anatomy : Herophilus
Father of Modern Anatomy : Andreas Vesalius
Father of actinobiology / radiation biology : HJVS Muller
Father of Homeopathy : Hahnemann
Father of Ayurveda : Charka
Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery : Susruta
Father of Blood circulation : William Harvey
Father of Medicine : Hippocrates
Father of Blood Group : Landsteiner
Father of Polio Vaccine : Jonas Salk
Father of Green Revolution: Norman Borlaug
Forwarded from Yakeen Physics 2025 | NEET + JEE Notes & Updates (๐๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐ณ)
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Physiology MCQs
1. Unit of distensibility is
a) ml/mmHg โ
b) mmHg ml
c) mmHg/ml
2. The Compliance of veins to arteries
a) 8 times
b) 16 times
c) 24 timesโ
3. The pulmonary artery pressure as compared to systemic arterial pressure is
a) 1/10th
b) 1/6th โ
c) 1/3rd
4. Distensibility is
a) Compliance/volume โ
b) Volume/ Compliance
c) Compliance * Volume
5. When blood is 400 ml in arterial system, then pressure is
a) 700 mmHg
b) 0 mmHg โ
c) 100 mmHg
6. The Circulation compensated even if blood loss is
a) 25% โ
b) 20%
c) 15%
7. Delayed compliance occurs in
a) Arteries
b) Veins โ
c) Arterioles
8. Pulse Pressure is
a) Compliance / Stroke volume
b) compliance * stroke volume
c) stroke vol / complianceโ
9. Arterial pressure depends upon
a) stroke vol
b) compliance
c) Both a & bโ
10. Pressure and compliance relationship is
a) Direct
b) Inverseโ
c) None of these
1. Unit of distensibility is
a) ml/mmHg โ
b) mmHg ml
c) mmHg/ml
2. The Compliance of veins to arteries
a) 8 times
b) 16 times
c) 24 timesโ
3. The pulmonary artery pressure as compared to systemic arterial pressure is
a) 1/10th
b) 1/6th โ
c) 1/3rd
4. Distensibility is
a) Compliance/volume โ
b) Volume/ Compliance
c) Compliance * Volume
5. When blood is 400 ml in arterial system, then pressure is
a) 700 mmHg
b) 0 mmHg โ
c) 100 mmHg
6. The Circulation compensated even if blood loss is
a) 25% โ
b) 20%
c) 15%
7. Delayed compliance occurs in
a) Arteries
b) Veins โ
c) Arterioles
8. Pulse Pressure is
a) Compliance / Stroke volume
b) compliance * stroke volume
c) stroke vol / complianceโ
9. Arterial pressure depends upon
a) stroke vol
b) compliance
c) Both a & bโ
10. Pressure and compliance relationship is
a) Direct
b) Inverseโ
c) None of these
๐ฅ๐ฅNotes on Chemical Bonding๐ฅ๐ฅ
ยฉโขโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ปChemical bond:-
Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.
There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond.
๐ปOctet Rule:
Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell.
๐ฅLewis Structures:
Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a โdashโ (-) usually called a โbondโ.
Lone pairs or โnon-bondedโ electrons are represented by โdotsโ.
Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons.
โ๏ธExceptions to the Octet Rule:
๐ปSpecies with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2,
๐ปIncomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3
๐ปExpanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4
๐ปFormal Charge:
Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.
Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e. bonding electrons)]
๐ฅResonance:
For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure.
All the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Example: Resonance of O3
๐ฅIonic Bonding:
๐ปFormation of Ionic Bond:
Formation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron.
Formation of gaseous cations
A(g) + I.E. โ A+ (g) + e
๐ฅIonization Energy
Formation of gaseous anions
X(g) + e โ X- (g) + E.A
๐ฅElectron Affinity
Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solids
A+ (g) + X- (g) โAX (s) +Energy
๐ฅLattice energy
Conditions required of formation of ionic bonds:
๐ปLow I.E of cation.
๐ปHigh E.A of anion.
๐ปHigh lattice energy.
โกCovalent Bonding:
Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.
๐ปElectron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.
๐ปElectron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs.
There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared.
๐ฅVSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory:
The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron pairs present in the valence shell.
๐ปOrder of the repulsion: Lone pair.Lone pair > Lone pair. Bond pair > Bond pair. Bond pair.
๐ก๏ธRepulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.
ยฉโขโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ปChemical bond:-
Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.
There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond.
๐ปOctet Rule:
Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell.
๐ฅLewis Structures:
Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a โdashโ (-) usually called a โbondโ.
Lone pairs or โnon-bondedโ electrons are represented by โdotsโ.
Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons.
โ๏ธExceptions to the Octet Rule:
๐ปSpecies with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2,
๐ปIncomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3
๐ปExpanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4
๐ปFormal Charge:
Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.
Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e. bonding electrons)]
๐ฅResonance:
For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure.
All the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Example: Resonance of O3
๐ฅIonic Bonding:
๐ปFormation of Ionic Bond:
Formation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron.
Formation of gaseous cations
A(g) + I.E. โ A+ (g) + e
๐ฅIonization Energy
Formation of gaseous anions
X(g) + e โ X- (g) + E.A
๐ฅElectron Affinity
Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solids
A+ (g) + X- (g) โAX (s) +Energy
๐ฅLattice energy
Conditions required of formation of ionic bonds:
๐ปLow I.E of cation.
๐ปHigh E.A of anion.
๐ปHigh lattice energy.
โกCovalent Bonding:
Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.
๐ปElectron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.
๐ปElectron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs.
There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared.
๐ฅVSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory:
The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron pairs present in the valence shell.
๐ปOrder of the repulsion: Lone pair.Lone pair > Lone pair. Bond pair > Bond pair. Bond pair.
๐ก๏ธRepulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.
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