Study Time
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Of course, to serve you my friend.โ˜บ๏ธ๐Ÿ•Š๏ธ
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(Plan of Investigations for Suspected Cushingโ€™s Syndrome)

1โ€“
First Step: Screening Tests
Aโ€“ Perform one or more of the following initial screening tests:
โ€ข Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
โ€ข Urinary free cortisol (UFC)
โ€ข Late-night salivary cortisol

2โ€“
Second Step: Interpretation of Screening Results
Aโ€“ If screening tests are
normal -
โ€ข Cushingโ€™s syndrome is
excluded (no further testing needed)
Bโ€“ If screening tests are
abnormal -
โ€ข Cushingโ€™s syndrome is
likely, so move to confirmatory tests

3โ€“
Third Step: Confirmatory Test
Aโ€“ Check for
loss of diurnal cortisol rhythm -
โ€ข Measure
midnight cortisol (in blood or saliva)
โ€ข OR perform
multiple UFC measurements over 24-hour urine collections

4โ€“
Fourth Step: Measure Plasma ACTH
Aโ€“ If
ACTH is undetectable or very low -
โ€ข This suggests an
adrenal cause (adrenal adenoma or carcinoma)
โ€ข Next step โ†’ Perform
CT or MRI of adrenal glands
Bโ€“ If
ACTH is normal or elevated -
โ€ข This suggests an
ACTH-dependent cause (either pituitary or ectopic ACTH)

5โ€“
Fifth Step: Differentiating Pituitary vs. Ectopic ACTH Source
Aโ€“ Perform a
High-dose dexamethasone suppression test
Bโ€“ Perform a
CRH stimulation test

6โ€“
Sixth Step: Interpretation to find the source
Aโ€“ If cortisol
suppresses after high-dose dexamethasone OR shows exaggerated ACTH/cortisol response after CRH -
โ€ข Likely diagnosis =
Cushingโ€™s disease (pituitary cause)
โ€ข Next step โ†’ Perform
MRI of the pituitary gland to locate the tumor
Bโ€“ If cortisol
does not suppress after high-dose dexamethasone AND no response to CRH -
โ€ข Likely diagnosis =
Ectopic ACTH production
โ€ข Next step โ†’ Search for
ectopic source (e.g., small cell lung cancer, carcinoid tumors)โ†’ Perform CT/X-ray of the chest to confirm the diagnosis, and don't forget the tumour markers
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ4๐Ÿ“1
ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ุงุนู„ุงู‡ ุฐูƒุงุก ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠ ุงู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ูˆุชุบุทูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ู…ู†ูƒู… ูุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุบุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ๐Ÿ’ฏ
๐Ÿ“5โค1๐Ÿซก1
ุถูŠููˆู„ู‡ุง mild acidosis ูˆ diarrhea ูˆ abdominal pain ูˆ nausea ูˆ vomiting ูˆุจู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุชูƒูˆู† ุดุงู…ู„ุฉ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
โค2๐Ÿ“1
Study Time
ุถูŠููˆู„ู‡ุง mild acidosis ูˆ diarrhea ูˆ abdominal pain ูˆ nausea ูˆ vomiting ูˆุจู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุชูƒูˆู† ุดุงู…ู„ุฉ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
ูˆู‡ุฐู†ูŠ ู‡ู… ูŠููŠุฏู†ูƒู… ู„ุงู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูŠ ููˆฺฏ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุงุนุฑุงุถ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ุงู‡ู†ุง....
โค2๐Ÿ“1
ู‡ุฐู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ู„ู„ adrenal crisis ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง acute adrenal insufficiency
โค4๐Ÿ“1
Study Time
ู‡ุฐู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ู„ู„ adrenal crisis ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง acute adrenal insufficiency
and don't forget High potassium is dangerous because it can cause cardiac arrhythmias, especially if Kโบ >6.0 mmol/L.
Thatโ€™s why in adrenal crisis, we should not only give
hydrocortisone and fluids โ€” we should also monitor EKG for signs of hyperkalemia like:
1-Peaked T waves
2-Widened QRS complex
3-Risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
โค5โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ“1
ูˆู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ causes ู„ู„ adrenal insufficiency ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠูˆุนุงู‹ ูˆู†ุงุฒู„ ุจุณ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ acute adrenal insufficiency ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงุณุจุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ุชู‚ุทุน ุนู„ุงุฌ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุงุฎุฐ corticosteroids ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุงุณุจูˆุนูŠู† ุงูˆ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† tapering
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ3๐Ÿ“1
Why does diarrhea occur in the absence of aldosterone?

In the absence of aldosterone, the intestines โ€” especially the colon โ€” are unable to effectively absorb sodium (Naโบ). less sodium absorption means less water is reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen back into the body.


No aldosterone โ†’ no sodium absorptionุจุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก โ†’ ุจุงู„ุงู…ุนุงุก no water reabsorption โ†’ diarrhea.
๐Ÿ‘3โค2๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿ’ฏ1๐Ÿ“1
#ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ_ุนุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน

ูุฑุท ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุบุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠู‡ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถูŠ
hyperthyroidism > systolic HTN
ุฎู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ุบุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠู‡ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ุงู†ุจุณุงุทูŠ
hypothyrodism > diastolic HTN
๐Ÿ“1
ููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุต ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูŠ ุชุฌูŠ ุจุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุจู…ู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู†ู‡ู† ุจู…ู„ุงุฒู… ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู†ุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ุงุช ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ


ุงู…ุง ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุจุฉ ู…ุงุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ูƒุตูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ... ุจุณ ู†ุธุฑูŠ.


ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ุณุจู‚ ูˆุงู† ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุจู…ู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ูˆู…ู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ู…ุงุนุฏู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ electron microscope ู…ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ูˆุงูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌุฉ

ุนู†ุฏูƒู… ุตูˆุฑ ุจุงูˆู„ ุงุณุจูˆุน ู…ุงู„ radiology ุฐู†ูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู‡ู…ุงุช ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู†


ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฃุดูŠุฑ ูู‡ูŠ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงุฐุง ู…ูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ู† ู…ุคุดุฑุงุช ูˆูˆุงุถุญุงุช...

ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ™โœจ
๐Ÿ™6โค4๐Ÿ˜ข2๐Ÿ“1
LAB- PITUITORY GLAND (edited).pdf
5.2 MB
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ4๐Ÿ“2
ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุฐุงุช ุงู„ู†ููˆุฐ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ู†ุน ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†
๐Ÿคฃ30โค9๐Ÿ“4๐Ÿ‘2
1-Cushing +High ACTH = ACTH-dependent
(pituitary tumour ุฃูˆ ectopic)
ุญุชู‰ ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู† :

Give CRH INJECTION :

-if ACTH INCREASE :pituitary adenoma
-if ACTH not
highly effected : Ectopic ACTH

-
ุงูˆ ู†ู†ุทูŠ ุฏูŠูƒุณุงู…ูŠุซุงุฒูˆู† ุฌุฑุน ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุซุจุท ุงู„ ACTH ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠุฒูˆู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ูู‡ุงูŠ pituitary tumour
ุงูˆ ู†ุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ pituitary adenoma ุจ MRI +CT

2-Low ACTH + Cushing = adrenal tumor
-FEEDBACK
๐Ÿ“5โค2
Study Time
1-Cushing +High ACTH = ACTH-dependent (pituitary tumour ุฃูˆ ectopic) ุญุชู‰ ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู† : Give CRH INJECTION : -if ACTH INCREASE :pituitary adenoma -if ACTH not highly effected : Ectopic ACTH -ุงูˆ ู†ู†ุทูŠ ุฏูŠูƒุณุงู…ูŠุซุงุฒูˆู† ุฌุฑุน ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุซุจุท ุงู„ ACTH ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠุฒูˆู„โ€ฆ
ุงู„ุงูƒุชูˆุจูƒ ุงุฐุง ู†ู†ุทูŠ CRH ู…ูŠุฑูุน ACTH ุญุชู‰ ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง
ู„ุงู† -feedback ุดุบุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ู„ุงู† ู‡ูŠ ู…ุงุจูŠู‡ุง ุดูŠ

ุงู„ุงูƒุชูˆุจูƒ ูŠูุฑุฒ ACTH ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠุฒูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠุฒูˆู„ ุฑุงุญ ูŠูˆู‚ู ุงู„ pituitary gland
ูุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ู†ู†ุทูŠ CRH ุงูˆู„ุง ู…ุฑุงุญ ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงูƒุชูˆุจูƒ ู„ุงู† ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุชุฎุชู„ู
ุซุงู†ูŠุง ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ู…ุชูˆู‚ูุฉ ูู…ุฑุงุญ ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนุฏู„
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ6๐Ÿ“1
Forwarded from MCQ Team
MCQ Team
Diabetes_Clinical_Cases_with_Lab_Interpretation_With_Answers.docx
ู‡ุฐู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูŠุณุงุช ุจุดูƒู„ ุงุฑุชุจ ู…ุน ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„
โค5๐Ÿ“1
Forwarded from MCQ Team
ูƒูŠุณุงุช ุงู„ thyroid
๐Ÿ“4
What are the complications of hypothyroidism?
ู…ู†ูˆ ุงู„ุจุทู„/ุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ูŠ/ุชุนุฏุฏู„ูŠ ูุฏ 4-6 ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ...
๐Ÿ•Š4๐Ÿ“1
Study Time
What are the complications of hypothyroidism? ู…ู†ูˆ ุงู„ุจุทู„/ุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ูŠ/ุชุนุฏุฏู„ูŠ ูุฏ 4-6 ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ...
ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดุฌุงุน/ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู… ๐Ÿ˜
Congestive HF
Pericardial effusion
Atherosclerosis
MI
CAD
PAD
Stroke
Myxedema coma

ุฐู†ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ู† complications ู…ู‡ู…ุงุช
Of long standing hypothyroidism
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ9๐Ÿคฃ4๐Ÿ“2