(Plan of Investigations for Suspected Cushingโs Syndrome)
1โ First Step: Screening Tests
Aโ Perform one or more of the following initial screening tests:
โข Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
โข Urinary free cortisol (UFC)
โข Late-night salivary cortisol
2โ Second Step: Interpretation of Screening Results
Aโ If screening tests are normal -
โข Cushingโs syndrome is excluded (no further testing needed)
Bโ If screening tests are abnormal -
โข Cushingโs syndrome is likely, so move to confirmatory tests
3โ Third Step: Confirmatory Test
Aโ Check for loss of diurnal cortisol rhythm -
โข Measure midnight cortisol (in blood or saliva)
โข OR perform multiple UFC measurements over 24-hour urine collections
4โ Fourth Step: Measure Plasma ACTH
Aโ If ACTH is undetectable or very low -
โข This suggests an adrenal cause (adrenal adenoma or carcinoma)
โข Next step โ Perform CT or MRI of adrenal glands
Bโ If ACTH is normal or elevated -
โข This suggests an ACTH-dependent cause (either pituitary or ectopic ACTH)
5โ Fifth Step: Differentiating Pituitary vs. Ectopic ACTH Source
Aโ Perform a High-dose dexamethasone suppression test
Bโ Perform a CRH stimulation test
6โ Sixth Step: Interpretation to find the source
Aโ If cortisol suppresses after high-dose dexamethasone OR shows exaggerated ACTH/cortisol response after CRH -
โข Likely diagnosis = Cushingโs disease (pituitary cause)
โข Next step โ Perform MRI of the pituitary gland to locate the tumor
Bโ If cortisol does not suppress after high-dose dexamethasone AND no response to CRH -
โข Likely diagnosis = Ectopic ACTH production
โข Next step โ Search for ectopic source (e.g., small cell lung cancer, carcinoid tumors)โ Perform CT/X-ray of the chest to confirm the diagnosis, and don't forget the tumour markers
1โ First Step: Screening Tests
Aโ Perform one or more of the following initial screening tests:
โข Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
โข Urinary free cortisol (UFC)
โข Late-night salivary cortisol
2โ Second Step: Interpretation of Screening Results
Aโ If screening tests are normal -
โข Cushingโs syndrome is excluded (no further testing needed)
Bโ If screening tests are abnormal -
โข Cushingโs syndrome is likely, so move to confirmatory tests
3โ Third Step: Confirmatory Test
Aโ Check for loss of diurnal cortisol rhythm -
โข Measure midnight cortisol (in blood or saliva)
โข OR perform multiple UFC measurements over 24-hour urine collections
4โ Fourth Step: Measure Plasma ACTH
Aโ If ACTH is undetectable or very low -
โข This suggests an adrenal cause (adrenal adenoma or carcinoma)
โข Next step โ Perform CT or MRI of adrenal glands
Bโ If ACTH is normal or elevated -
โข This suggests an ACTH-dependent cause (either pituitary or ectopic ACTH)
5โ Fifth Step: Differentiating Pituitary vs. Ectopic ACTH Source
Aโ Perform a High-dose dexamethasone suppression test
Bโ Perform a CRH stimulation test
6โ Sixth Step: Interpretation to find the source
Aโ If cortisol suppresses after high-dose dexamethasone OR shows exaggerated ACTH/cortisol response after CRH -
โข Likely diagnosis = Cushingโs disease (pituitary cause)
โข Next step โ Perform MRI of the pituitary gland to locate the tumor
Bโ If cortisol does not suppress after high-dose dexamethasone AND no response to CRH -
โข Likely diagnosis = Ectopic ACTH production
โข Next step โ Search for ectopic source (e.g., small cell lung cancer, carcinoid tumors)โ Perform CT/X-ray of the chest to confirm the diagnosis, and don't forget the tumour markers
โคโ๐ฅ4๐1
ุชุฑุชูุจ ุงููุตูุต ุงุนูุงู ุฐูุงุก ุงุตุทูุงุนู ุงู
ุง ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ู
ู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ูุงูู
ุตุฏุฑ ูุชุบุทู ูู ุงูู
ุทููุจ ู
ููู
ูุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุบุงูุฉ ุจุงูุฏูุฉ ๐ฏ
๐5โค1๐ซก1
Study Time
ุถูููููุง mild acidosis ู diarrhea ู abdominal pain ู nausea ู vomiting ูุจูุงู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงุชููู ุดุงู
ูุฉ ุงู ุดุงุก ุงููู
ููุฐูู ูู
ูููุฏููู
ูุงู ุจุนุถ ุงูุงุดูุงุก ุงูู ฺููฏ ุชุคุฏู ุงูู ุงุนุฑุงุถ ู
ุนููุฉ ู
ูุชูุจุฉ ุงููุง....
โค2๐1
Study Time
ูุฐูู ู
ู
ูุฒุงุช ูู adrenal crisis ุงูู ูู ููุณูุง acute adrenal insufficiency
and don't forget High potassium is dangerous because it can cause cardiac arrhythmias, especially if Kโบ >6.0 mmol/L.
Thatโs why in adrenal crisis, we should not only give hydrocortisone and fluids โ we should also monitor EKG for signs of hyperkalemia like:
1-Peaked T waves
2-Widened QRS complex
3-Risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
Thatโs why in adrenal crisis, we should not only give hydrocortisone and fluids โ we should also monitor EKG for signs of hyperkalemia like:
1-Peaked T waves
2-Widened QRS complex
3-Risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
โค5โคโ๐ฅ1๐1
ููุงู ุงู causes ูู adrenal insufficiency ู
ู ุงูุงูุซุฑ ุดููุนุงู ููุงุฒู ุจุณ ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงูู ุงู acute adrenal insufficiency ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุงุณุจุงุจู ุงูุดุงุฆุนุฉ ุงูู ุชูุทุน ุนูุงุฌ ู
ุฑูุถ ูุงุฎุฐ corticosteroids ูู
ุฏุฉ ุงุณุจูุนูู ุงู ุงูุซุฑ ุจุฏูู tapering
โคโ๐ฅ3๐1
Why does diarrhea occur in the absence of aldosterone?
In the absence of aldosterone, the intestines โ especially the colon โ are unable to effectively absorb sodium (Naโบ). less sodium absorption means less water is reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen back into the body.
No aldosterone โ no sodium absorptionุจุงูุงู ุนุงุก โ ุจุงูุงู ุนุงุก no water reabsorption โ diarrhea.
In the absence of aldosterone, the intestines โ especially the colon โ are unable to effectively absorb sodium (Naโบ). less sodium absorption means less water is reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen back into the body.
No aldosterone โ no sodium absorptionุจุงูุงู ุนุงุก โ ุจุงูุงู ุนุงุก no water reabsorption โ diarrhea.
๐3โค2๐1๐ฏ1๐1
Forwarded from ุจุญูุซ/ุณู
ูุงุฑุงุช/ุชูุงุฑูุฑ (ู
ุฑุชุถู)
#ู
ุนููู
ุฉ_ุนุงูุณุฑูุน
ูุฑุท ูุดุงุท ุงูุบุฏู ุงูุฏุฑููู ูุฒูุฏ ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงููุจุงุถู
hyperthyroidism > systolic HTN
ุฎู ูู ุงูุบุฏู ุงูุฏุฑููู ูุฒูุฏ ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงูุจุณุงุทู
hypothyrodism > diastolic HTN
ูุฑุท ูุดุงุท ุงูุบุฏู ุงูุฏุฑููู ูุฒูุฏ ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงููุจุงุถู
hyperthyroidism > systolic HTN
ุฎู ูู ุงูุบุฏู ุงูุฏุฑููู ูุฒูุฏ ุงูุถุบุท ุงูุงูุจุณุงุทู
hypothyrodism > diastolic HTN
๐1
ููู
ุง ูุฎุต ุงูุตูุฑ ุงูู ุชุฌู ุจุงูุงู
ุชุญุงู ุงูุตูุฑ ุจู
ูุงุฒู
ุงูุจุงุซู ุงุซููููู ุจู
ูุงุฒู
ุฏูุชูุฑ ู
ููุฏ ุฏุงุฎูุงุช ุจุงูุงุถุงูุฉ ุงูู ู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุงูุนู
ูู
ุงู ุง ู ูุฒู ุฉ ุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ูุจุฉ ู ุงุฏุงุฎูู ูุตูุฑ ุจุงูุนู ูู... ุจุณ ูุธุฑู.
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุชุดุฑูุญ ุณุจู ูุงู ูููุง ุงูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุจู ูุงุฒู ุงููุธุฑู ุฏุงุฎูุฉ ูู ูุงุฒู ุงูุนู ูู ูุฐูู ุฏุงุฎูุฉ ู ุงุนุฏู ุตูุฑ ุงู electron microscope ู ุง ุฏุงุฎูู ูุงูุซุฑ ุดูุก ุฑูุฒูุง ุนูู ุตูุฑ ุงูุงูุณุฌุฉ
ุนูุฏูู ุตูุฑ ุจุงูู ุงุณุจูุน ู ุงู radiology ุฐูู ุฌุฏุงู ู ูู ุงุช ุฑูุฒูุง ุนูููู
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุชุฃุดูุฑ ููู ุงุบูุจ ุงูุตูุฑ ุงุฐุง ู ู ูููู ู ุคุดุฑุงุช ููุงุถุญุงุช...
ุงููู ูุณูู ุนูููู ๐โจ
ุงู ุง ู ูุฒู ุฉ ุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ูุจุฉ ู ุงุฏุงุฎูู ูุตูุฑ ุจุงูุนู ูู... ุจุณ ูุธุฑู.
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุชุดุฑูุญ ุณุจู ูุงู ูููุง ุงูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุจู ูุงุฒู ุงููุธุฑู ุฏุงุฎูุฉ ูู ูุงุฒู ุงูุนู ูู ูุฐูู ุฏุงุฎูุฉ ู ุงุนุฏู ุตูุฑ ุงู electron microscope ู ุง ุฏุงุฎูู ูุงูุซุฑ ุดูุก ุฑูุฒูุง ุนูู ุตูุฑ ุงูุงูุณุฌุฉ
ุนูุฏูู ุตูุฑ ุจุงูู ุงุณุจูุน ู ุงู radiology ุฐูู ุฌุฏุงู ู ูู ุงุช ุฑูุฒูุง ุนูููู
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุชุฃุดูุฑ ููู ุงุบูุจ ุงูุตูุฑ ุงุฐุง ู ู ูููู ู ุคุดุฑุงุช ููุงุถุญุงุช...
ุงููู ูุณูู ุนูููู ๐โจ
๐6โค4๐ข2๐1
1-Cushing +High ACTH = ACTH-dependent
(pituitary tumour ุฃู ectopic)
ุญุชู ููุฑู ุจูููู :
Give CRH INJECTION :
-if ACTH INCREASE :pituitary adenoma
-if ACTH not highly effected : Ectopic ACTH
-ุงู ููุทู ุฏููุณุงู ูุซุงุฒูู ุฌุฑุน ุนุงููุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุซุจุท ุงู ACTH ูุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ุดููุฉ ููุงู pituitary tumour
ุงู ูุฏูุฑ ุนูู pituitary adenoma ุจ MRI +CT
2-Low ACTH + Cushing = adrenal tumor
-FEEDBACK
(pituitary tumour ุฃู ectopic)
ุญุชู ููุฑู ุจูููู :
Give CRH INJECTION :
-if ACTH INCREASE :pituitary adenoma
-if ACTH not highly effected : Ectopic ACTH
-ุงู ููุทู ุฏููุณุงู ูุซุงุฒูู ุฌุฑุน ุนุงููุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุซุจุท ุงู ACTH ูุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ุดููุฉ ููุงู pituitary tumour
ุงู ูุฏูุฑ ุนูู pituitary adenoma ุจ MRI +CT
2-Low ACTH + Cushing = adrenal tumor
-FEEDBACK
๐5โค2
Study Time
1-Cushing +High ACTH = ACTH-dependent (pituitary tumour ุฃู ectopic) ุญุชู ููุฑู ุจูููู : Give CRH INJECTION : -if ACTH INCREASE :pituitary adenoma -if ACTH not highly effected : Ectopic ACTH -ุงู ููุทู ุฏููุณุงู
ูุซุงุฒูู ุฌุฑุน ุนุงููุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุซุจุท ุงู ACTH ูุงูููุฑุชูุฒููโฆ
ุงูุงูุชูุจู ุงุฐุง ููุทู CRH ู
ูุฑูุน ACTH ุญุชู ู
ุงู ุงูุบุฏุฉ ููุณูุง
ูุงู -feedback ุดุบุงู ุนูู ุงูุบุฏุฉ ูุงู ูู ู ุงุจููุง ุดู
ุงูุงูุชูุจู ููุฑุฒ ACTH ููุฐุง ูุฒูุฏ ุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ูุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ุฑุงุญ ูููู ุงู pituitary gland
ูุญุชู ูู ููุทู CRH ุงููุง ู ุฑุงุญ ูุดุชุบู ุนูู ุงูุงูุชูุจู ูุงู ู ุณุชูุจูุงุช ุชุฎุชูู
ุซุงููุง ุงูุบุฏุฉ ู ุชูููุฉ ูู ุฑุงุญ ูุดุชุบู ุนูููุง ุนุฏู
ูุงู -feedback ุดุบุงู ุนูู ุงูุบุฏุฉ ูุงู ูู ู ุงุจููุง ุดู
ุงูุงูุชูุจู ููุฑุฒ ACTH ููุฐุง ูุฒูุฏ ุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ูุงูููุฑุชูุฒูู ุฑุงุญ ูููู ุงู pituitary gland
ูุญุชู ูู ููุทู CRH ุงููุง ู ุฑุงุญ ูุดุชุบู ุนูู ุงูุงูุชูุจู ูุงู ู ุณุชูุจูุงุช ุชุฎุชูู
ุซุงููุง ุงูุบุฏุฉ ู ุชูููุฉ ูู ุฑุงุญ ูุดุชุบู ุนูููุง ุนุฏู
โคโ๐ฅ6๐1
Forwarded from MCQ Team
Diabetes_Clinical_Cases_with_Lab_Interpretation_With_Answers.docx
29.8 KB
๐4
Forwarded from MCQ Team
MCQ Team
Diabetes_Clinical_Cases_with_Lab_Interpretation_With_Answers.docx
ูุฐูู ุงูููุณุงุช ุจุดูู ุงุฑุชุจ ู
ุน ุงูุญููู
โค5๐1
What are the complications of hypothyroidism?
ู ูู ุงูุจุทู/ุฉ ุงูู ู/ุชุนุฏุฏูู ูุฏ 4-6 ู ุถุงุนูุงุช ู ูู ุฉ...
ู ูู ุงูุจุทู/ุฉ ุงูู ู/ุชุนุฏุฏูู ูุฏ 4-6 ู ุถุงุนูุงุช ู ูู ุฉ...
๐4๐1
Study Time
What are the complications of hypothyroidism? ู
ูู ุงูุจุทู/ุฉ ุงูู ู/ุชุนุฏุฏูู ูุฏ 4-6 ู
ุถุงุนูุงุช ู
ูู
ุฉ...
ูุจุฏู ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุดุฌุงุน/ุฉ ุจูู ุงูููู
๐
Congestive HF
Pericardial effusion
Atherosclerosis
MI
CAD
PAD
Stroke
Myxedema coma
ุฐูู ูููู complications ู ูู ุงุช
Of long standing hypothyroidism
Congestive HF
Pericardial effusion
Atherosclerosis
MI
CAD
PAD
Stroke
Myxedema coma
ุฐูู ูููู complications ู ูู ุงุช
Of long standing hypothyroidism
โคโ๐ฅ9๐คฃ4๐2
Study Time
ูุจุฏู ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุดุฌุงุน/ุฉ ุจูู ุงูููู
๐ Congestive HF Pericardial effusion Atherosclerosis MI CAD PAD Stroke Myxedema coma ุฐูู ูููู complications ู
ูู
ุงุช Of long standing hypothyroidism
ูุฐูู ูุงู ู
ูู
ุงุช ุฐูุฑุชูู ุจุณ ูุณูู ุจุนุฏ complications
ููู ูุญุจ ูุทูุน ๐
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/complications/
ููู ูุญุจ ูุทูุน ๐
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/complications/
nhs.uk
Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) - Complications
Read about the complications of an untreated underactive thyroid, including heart problems, goitre and pregnancy-related complications.
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