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The 5th Stage of Pharmacy College -
Al-Esraa University ๐Ÿ’Š
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ุญู„ูˆู„ ุฌุงุจุชุฑ 15 ุงูˆู„ 67 ุณุคุงู„ ูู‚ุท...
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โ˜† ูƒูŠููŠู‡ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ Valance ููŠ Chapter 12.

#ุญุณุงุจ_ู‚ูŠู…ู‡_ุงู„_Valance ....... โœ…


#Chapter_12_ โ˜‘๏ธ


---โ€---------------โ˜†โ™ก๐Ÿ’Š๐Ÿ’Šโ™กโ˜†---------------



ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ฺ†ุงุจุชุฑ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ Valance
ูˆุจุณ ู„ู„ุงู…ู„ุงุญ ู„ุงู† ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ฺ†ุงุจุชุฑ ู†ุญุณุจ ู„ู„ุงู…ู„ุงุญ ูู‚ุท .


ู ุงู„ูุงู„ู†ุณ ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุงู…ู„ุงุญ ุดู†ูˆุŸ

[Valance = ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉโœ–๏ธ ุชูƒุงูุคู‡ุง]

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุนุฏู†ู‡ :-
โ–  (( CaCl2 )) ..

ฺฏู„ู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ ู†ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู‡ ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‡ .
ู†ุฌูŠ ู‡ุณู‡ Ca ูƒู… ุงูŠูˆู† ุนุฏู†ู‡ ุงูŠูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ุงู† ู…ุง ูŠู…ู‡ ุฑู‚ู… ุญู„ูˆ ุฒูŠู† ุดู†ูˆ ุชูƒุงูุค ุงู„ Ca ุงู†ุชู… ุญุงูุธูŠู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 2 ู ุงู„ูุงู„ู†ุณ ู…ุงู„ " CaCl2 "

ู‡ูˆ โฌ…๏ธ (( 1x2=2 ))





โ–  ู…ุซู„ุง ุนุฏู†ู‡ Kcl .

ูƒู… ุงูŠูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจ ู‡ู†ุงู†ู‡ ุŸ .. ุญู„ูˆ ุนุฏู†ู‡ ุงูŠูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ
ุดู†ูˆ ุชูƒุงูุค ู…ุงู„ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู…
ุงู„ุชูƒุงูุค ุญุงูุธูŠู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ 1 ู
(( 1ร—1=1 )) ..


โ–  ู…ุซู„ุง Na2Cro4 .
ุดฺฏุฏ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉุŸ ุญู„ูˆ ุนุฏู†ู‡ 2 ุงูŠูˆู†
ุดู†ูˆ ุชูƒุงูุค ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ุŸ ุชูƒุงูุค ู…ุงู„ุชู‡ 1 ู

(( 2x1=2 ))



ูˆู†ู†ุชุจู‡ โ€ผ๏ธ ู„ู„ NH4 ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ 4 ู‡ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ู…ูˆ ุชุฑุญูˆู† ุชุถุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ 4 ุจ ุงู„ุชูƒุงูุค ู„ุง
ุงุฐุง ุฑุงุฏ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ NH4 ู ูŠุฎู„ูŠ ุจูŠู† ู‚ูˆุณูŠู†
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุตูŠุฑ
(NH4)2

ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุถุฑุจ ุงู„2 ุจุงู„ุชูƒุงูุค

ู‡ุงูŠ ุดู„ูˆู† ู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ูุงู„ู†ุณ ู…ุงู„ุชู‡ุง ู ู†ุถุฑุจ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‡ 2 ู†ุถุฑุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชูƒุงูุค ู…ุงู„ ุงูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุงู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆู‡ ู‡ู†ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 1 ูˆูƒุงู„ุขุชูŠ :-

(( 2x1= 2 )) .




๐Ÿ”ปูˆุฐู†ูŠ ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุณุฏ ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุญูุธูˆู†ู‡ู† ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู„ ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู†

Mg=2
Ca=2
K=1
Al=3
Na=1
NH4=1

ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุทูˆูƒู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ู ู‡ู…ู‡ ูŠุญุฏุฏูˆู„ูƒู… ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุงูˆ ุซู„ุงุซูŠ
ุฅุฐุง ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ู 2 .
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ู 3 .
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โš›ู…ู„ุฎุต ุฌุงุจุชุฑ 12๐Ÿ‘Š๐Ÿค โš›

โ˜†Electrolytes Solutionโ˜†

โœณ๏ธ ุฑูƒุฒูˆู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช โœณ๏ธ

Valence
________
โคต๏ธ

โ–ช๏ธNH4+=1
โ–ช๏ธMg+=2
โ–ช๏ธK+=1
โ–ช๏ธCa+=2
โ–ช๏ธNa+=1
โ–ช๏ธCL-=1


๐Ÿ‘โ€๐Ÿ—จ ุฃู†ุชุจู‡ูˆู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงู†ู‡ ุฐู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฑุงุญ ูŠู†ุฐูƒุฑู† ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุฃูˆู„ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุทุจุนุง ุญุงูุถูŠู† ุงู„ฺคู„ู†ุณ ู…ุงู„ุชู‡
๐ŸŒž๐ŸคŽ....

ุŒุŒุŒุŒุฑุงุญ ู†ุทูŠูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„:


โœด๏ธ Potassium Chlorideใ€ฐKCLใ€ฐK+=1

โœด๏ธ ammonium Chlorideใ€ฐNH4CLใ€ฐNH4+=1ุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒ

ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจู‚ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ๐ŸŒš


๐ŸŒŸู‡ุณู‡ ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุฎุต ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ู€. ู…ู„ูŠ ุงูŠูƒูˆูŠฺคู„ูŠู†ุช๐ŸŒŸ


๐ŸŒ€ Calculation of milliequivalent ๐ŸŒ€


๐ŸŒŸ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฑุงุญ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… 3โƒฃ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ......


mgโœ–๏ธValence
โญ•๏ธ MEq = -------------------------
M.wt



MEqโœ–๏ธM.wt
โ– Mg/ML = ---------------------------
Valence




W (g)
๐Ÿ’  W/V % = --------------โœ–๏ธ100%
V(mL)


๐Ÿ”† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุซู„ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุฌูŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ูู‚ุท ู†ู†ุชุจู‡ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุทู„ูˆุจู‡ ุงูˆ ู…ุนุทุงู‡ ู„ุฃู† ูŠุชู„ุงุนุจ ุจุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ููŠ ู…ู†ุทูˆู‚ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ๐Ÿฅบ๐Ÿ’œ.




๐ŸŒ€Calculations of Millimols and Micro moles๐ŸŒ€



๐ŸŒŸุนุฏู†ุง ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆู„ุŒุŒุŒูˆุงู„ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ ู…ูˆู„ุŒุŒุŒ ุจูŠู‡ู† ุจุณ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠู† ุทุจู‚ูˆู†ู‡ู† ูˆุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ ๐Ÿ˜‹



M(mg)
โœณ๏ธ MMOL = -------------
M.wt



Mic (g)
๐Ÿ”… MicmoL = -------------
M.wt


๐Ÿ”† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู‡ู…ุงุช ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจุณ ุชู†ุชุจู‡ูˆู† ู„ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุญุณุจ ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„.๐Ÿฅบ๐Ÿ’œ


๐ŸŽ€๐Ÿ’–๐ŸŒธโœจ


๐ŸŒŸุชุญูˆูŠู„ุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ู‡ :-

โ™ฆ๏ธ1mol=1000mmol
โ™ฆ๏ธ1L=1000ml
โ™ฆ๏ธ1g=1000mg
โ™ฆ๏ธ1Kg=2.2lb


โš› ู†ูƒู…ู„ ู…ู„ุฎุต ุฌุงุจุชุฑ 12๐Ÿ‘Š๐Ÿค โš›



๐Ÿ”†Calculations of Milliosmoles๐Ÿ”†

๐ŸŒ€mosmol/L = ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡


Weight of substance (g/L)
โœ–๏ธ Number of species โœ–๏ธ 1000
------------------------------------------------------------
Molecular weight (g)



๐ŸŒŸุฑุงุญ ุงุฎุชุตุฑู„ูƒู… ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ’”



๐ŸŒ€mosmol/L ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡


m(g/L)โœ–๏ธ Nu โœ–๏ธ1000
= ------------------------------------
M.wt (g)

๐ŸŒŸ ุชุนุงู„ูˆุง ุฎู„ูŠ ุงุณูˆู„ูู„ูƒู… ุนู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุงูˆุฒู…ูˆู„ุงุฑุชูŠ ูˆุงุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุชูุฑู‚ูˆู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ฺคู„ู†ุณ ๐Ÿ™‰๐Ÿ’–๐Ÿค


Number of species
____________
โคต๏ธ

๐Ÿ’Ÿ Sodium chloride=NaCL=2

Na=1
CL=1
------------
1+1=2


๐Ÿ”† ุดูˆููˆุง ุญุจุงูŠุจ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุฑุงุญ ู†ุฌู…ุน ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ู„ูƒู„ ุนู†ุตุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ู…ูˆ ูู‚ุท ู†ุงุฎุฐ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุฃูˆู„ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ฺคู„ู†ุณ Valence ุŒุŒุŒุŒ๐Ÿ˜‰


๐ŸŒŸู‡ุณู‡ ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุบู„ุจ ุฑุงุญ ูŠู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ ูƒุชู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฆูˆูŠู‡% ุงู†ูŠ ุฑุงุญ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฒุบูŠุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ุงุญุตู„ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ู‡ ุจูˆุญุฏุฉ [[g/L]]


m (g)
๐ŸŸฃ W/V% = -------------
V (mL)

โ™ฆ๏ธ1L=1000mL
mLโ†’Lรท1000

๐ŸŒŸูˆู‡ูŠุฌ ุฑุงุญ ุทู„ุน ุงู„ูƒุชู„ู‡ ุจg/L
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„M.wt ู„ุง ุชู‚ู„ู‚ูˆู† ุฑุงุญ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช ุงู„ุณุคุงู„.

โ–ช๏ธู‡ู†ุง ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุนู†ุจ ุนุฏุฏ ุงูŠูˆู†ุงุชู‡=1 ุญูุธ๐ŸŒš

โ™ฆ๏ธdextrose =1


โ™ฃ๏ธ ูˆู‡ูŠุฌ ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‡ูƒุฑู†ุง ุฌุงุจุชุฑ 12 ๐Ÿ’ช
ู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ูŠ ูˆูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ุงุฎุชูƒู… โค๏ธ

PHโ€ขFatima Fahd๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€โš•๐Ÿฉบ
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
The volume of alcohol 95% v/v needed to produce 1.90 L of 50% v/v.
Anonymous Quiz
15%
100 mL
6%
4200 ml
8%
420 ml
71%
1000 ml
79 voters297 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
How many grams of sodium chloride should be used in compounding the following prescription
Rx Ingredient X 0.5 g
Sodium Chloride q.s ad 50 mL Purified Water Make isoton. sol Sig. Eye drops E v = 0.26
Anonymous Quiz
66%
0.32 g
9%
0.45 g
13%
0.50
12%
0.13 g
76 voters314 views
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Forwarded from ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ
Zinc sulfate is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 40% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation (i factor.
Anonymous Quiz
13%
None
26%
1.8
50%
1.4
11%
2. 6
82 voters171 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
How many grams of a 1:10 trituration are required to obtain 25 mg of drug?
Anonymous Quiz
60%
0.25 g
12%
0.20g
28%
0.025 g
110 voters145 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
How many milliliters of a syrup containing 85% w/v of sucrose should be mixed with 150 mL of a syrup containing 60% w/v of sucrose to make a syrup cotaining 80% w/v of sucrose?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
3000 mL
16%
6000ml
65%
600ml
7%
610ml
108 voters133 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
Calculate the sodium chloride equivalent for timolol maleate which dissociates into two ions and has a molecular weight of 432 Timolol maleate,i factor =1.8
Anonymous Quiz
12%
0.014
76%
0.14
12%
0.15
91 voters131 views
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Forwarded from ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ
How many milliliters of a 1% w/v epinephrine injection must be used to prepare 20 ml of an injection containing 1:200000 w/v epinephrine?
Anonymous Quiz
59%
0.01 ml
10%
1 ml
22%
0.001
10%
0.1 ml
73 voters288 views
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Forwarded from ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ
Zinc sulfate is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 40% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation (i factor.
Anonymous Quiz
13%
None
26%
1.8
50%
1.4
11%
2. 6
82 voters137 views
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Forwarded from ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ
Zinc chloride is a 4-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation (i) factor.
Anonymous Quiz
16%
None
16%
2.6
67%
3.4
73 voters289 views
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Forwarded from ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ
Zinc chloride is a 1-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation (i) factor.
Anonymous Quiz
28%
1.8
8%
2.6
14%
1.1
50%
None
76 voters291 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
How many grams of a 1:10 trituration are required to obtain 25 mg of drug?
Anonymous Quiz
60%
0.25 g
12%
0.20g
28%
0.025 g
110 voters170 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
How many milliliters of a syrup containing 85% w/v of sucrose should be mixed with 150 mL of a syrup containing 60% w/v of sucrose to make a syrup cotaining 80% w/v of sucrose?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
3000 mL
16%
6000ml
65%
600ml
7%
610ml
108 voters159 views
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Forwarded from ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ + ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุฉ (Ahmed habib)
Calculate the sodium chloride equivalent for timolol maleate which dissociates into two ions and has a molecular weight of 432 Timolol maleate,i factor =1.8
Anonymous Quiz
12%
0.014
76%
0.14
12%
0.15
91 voters168 views
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Forwarded from ุญูŠุฏุฑ.
Q2/ If 1 gallon of a 30% w/v solution is to be evaporated so that the solution will have a strength of 50% w/v, what will be its volume in milliliters?
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Forwarded from ุญูŠุฏุฑ.
Q How many grams of 2.5% hydrocortisone cream should be mixed with 360 g of 0.25% cream to make a 1% hydrocortisone cream?๐Ÿ™‚
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