Summary of BRICS and 15th Summit Outcomes

BRICS Origin and Evolution:
- BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) was established in 2001 and evolved to include South Africa in 2010.
- The annual summits since 2011 have focused on economic growth, trade, and investment.
- The New Development Bank (NDB) was created in 2014 to support sustainable projects.
- Cooperation on economic development and crisis response increased amid COVID-19.
- BRICS has transitioned from a growth-oriented concept to an essential platform for cooperation.

Three Foundational Pillars of BRICS:
1. Financial and Economic Collaboration:
- The NDB channels infrastructure resources and enhances trade, investment, and sustainable development.
2. Political and Security Cooperation:
- Discussions on global issues, counter-terrorism, and multilateral reforms.
- Regular meetings are held among leaders, foreign ministers, and security advisors.
3. Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges:
- Inter-cultural engagement and mutual understanding through education and innovation.

BRICS in Numbers:
- BRICS represents 40% of the global population, and its share of GDP is steadily increasing.
- The collective GDP of BRICS is expected to exceed 50% by 2028.
- BRICS represents 18% of global exports, with intra-BRICS trade on the rise.
- Economic growth within BRICS has been uneven post-pandemic.

15th BRICS Summit Highlights:
- Theme:'BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Growth, Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism.'
- The Summit focused on equitable transition, education, African trade, post-pandemic recovery, and multilateralism.
- The Summit was significant due to post-pandemic recovery, geopolitical tensions, and the absence of Putin.

BRICS Expansion:
- The idea of expansion has been discussed since 2013, and the 'BRICS Plus' concept was introduced in 2017.
- Twenty-three countries applied for membership, and six were invited (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and UAE).
- Expansion boosts economic weight and provides a geopolitical alternative to Western-dominated institutions.

BRICS Currency and De-Dollarisation:
- There is a proposal for a BRICS common currency but mixed endorsements.
- Views are divergent: Brazil favors the currency, India is against it, and China and Russia support de-dollarisation.
- De-dollarisation aims to reduce reliance on the USD for international settlements.

BRICS and Emerging World Order:
- BRICS challenges Western dominance and seeks an inclusive, multipolar global system.
- Economic disparities and geopolitical tensions pose challenges to unity and progress.
- The 15th Summit underscores BRICS' resilience, adaptability, and collective vision.

India's Role in BRICS:
- India engages in BRICS for strategic autonomy, Global South solidarity, and multilateralism.
- India leads counter-terrorism efforts and aligns with climate change objectives.
- Balancing a non-Western identity and avoiding an anti-Western stance is challenging for India.

In summary, the BRICS coalition, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from its origin in 2001 to become a significant platform for economic, political, and cultural cooperation. The 15th BRICS Summit focused on Africa's partnership and expansion by inviting new members. BRICS seeks to challenge Western dominance, achieve a multipolar world order, and navigate challenges while maintaining unity. India's role in BRICS aligns with its strategic interests and Global South solidarity, with a focus on combating terrorism and addressing climate change.

India's G-20 Presidency: Fostering a Human-Centric, Sustainable, and Inclusive Global Future
Embracing Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
- Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: "the world is one family"
- Encouraging a universal family outlook transcending borders and ideologies
- Call for human-centric progress and unity in an interconnected world

Three Key Changes in the Post-Pandemic World Order
1. Shift to Human-Centric Perspective
- Recognition of the need to move beyond GDP-centric worldview
- Emphasis on valuing human well-being and progress
2. Importance of Resilience in Global Supply Chains
- Acknowledgment of the significance of reliability in supply chains
- Focus on building resilience for global stability
3. Call for Multilateralism and Global Institution Reform
- Collective effort to strengthen multilateralism
- Advocacy for reforming global institutions for inclusivity

Catalyzing Mindset Shift and Mainstreaming Marginalized Aspirations
- Voice of Global South Summit and participation from 125 countries
- Push for African Union inclusion in the G-20

Accelerating Progress on SDGs
- Midway point of the 2030 Agenda, with concerns about SDG progress
- G-20 2023 Action Plan for implementing SDGs

Climate Action and Collaboration
- India's historical commitment to living in harmony with nature
- Climate action as a complementary pursuit, including finance and technology transfer
- Initiatives like Chennai HLPs and Green Hydrogen Innovation Centre

Democratizing Climate Action
- Promoting lifestyle decisions for sustainable environments
- Comparison to the global Yoga movement
- Introduction of Lifestyles for Sustainable Environment (LiFE)

Food and Nutritional Security
- Millets (Shree Anna) as a solution for climate-smart agriculture
- Deccan High Level Principles on Food Security and Nutrition

Inclusive Technology and Digital Public Infrastructure
- India's efforts to leverage technology for inclusive growth
- Role of digital public infrastructure (DPI) in financial inclusion
- Plan to scale DPI through G-20 for developing countries

Women Empowerment
- Empowering women across sectors, from space to entrepreneurship
- Bridging gender digital divide and enhancing women's leadership roles

People-Driven G-20 Presidency
- India's reputation for accomplishing things at scale
- Hosting over 200 meetings in 60 cities, involving 1,00,000 delegates from 125 countries
- A unique opportunity for delegates to experience India's diversity and development

Nourishing Unity and Collaboration
- G-20 Presidency's commitment to unity, collaboration, and inclusion
- Making the global table larger and ensuring every voice is heard

UPSC mains GS1 2023

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GS3-2023

Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI):
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-- Investment to be less than 10% of the post issue paid-up share capital of the Indian investee company by single FPI and 24% on collective basis
-- less than 50% allowed in any issue of corporate bond
-- Categories of FPI
Category I - Govt, Foreign Central Bank, Sovereign Wealth Fund, Pension Funds
Category II - Institutions, Banks
Category III - Corporates, Individuals, some trusts

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Observe this map carefully. Important for Prelims

“Three Sisters” by the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement
1) International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
2) Codex Alimentarius Commission
3) World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

Types of forests in different latitude zone often confuses me

I use this image for revision to know which one is where!

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10 important Historical terminology based Questions asked in UPSC Prelims

1) Araghatta- waterwheel used in the irrigation of land (2016)

2) Eripatti - Land, revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank (2016)

3) Ghatikas - Colleges generally attached to the temples (2016)

4) Banjaras- trader-nomads during the medieval period. (2016)

5) Mahattara and Pattakila - Designation for village headmen and village officials (2014)

6) Tribhanga - a pose in dance of India refers to the three breaks in the body at the neck, waist and knee, which provides an oppositely curved shape to the body at the waist and neck and gives it a ‘S’ shape. Important form of Odissi dance. (2013)

7) Manganiyars- Manganiyar means ‘those who ask for alms’. Those musicians sang for the kings and feudal landlords on various occasions like marriage and even mourning.

8) Panchayatan- is a style of temple construction. A Panchayatan temple has four subordinate shrines on four corners and the main shrine is in the center of the podium, which comprises their base.

9) Kalaripayattu - an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.

10) Kalyana Mandapas- Mandapa is dedicated to the ritual marriage celebration of the Lord with the Goddess and it was constructed under the Vijayanagara style of temple architecture.(2019)

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