With reference to Public Account of India, consider the following statements:

1. All the loans raised by the government by the issue of treasury bills form a part of Public
account of India.
2. Payment from this account can be made without parliamentary appropriation.

Which of the statements give above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

To be read in The Hindu, 31/3/21

Ethics Day - 2 Answer writing

To be read in The hindu, 1/4/21

World Economic Forum's gender gap index: India slips 28 places, ranks 140 among 156 countries
#Prelims #GS1 #important
• India has fallen 28 places in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2021, and is now one of the worst performers in South Asia, trailing behind neighbours Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar — it is now ranked 140 among 156 countries.
• South Asia incidentally is one of the worst performing regions, followed only by the Middle East and Northern Africa.
• On its current trajectory, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gender gap worldwide.

Details:
• The gender gap in political empowerment remains the largest: women represent only 26.1 per cent of some 35,500 parliament seats and just 22.6 per cent of over 3,400 ministers worldwide, according to the report.
• In 81 countries, there has never been a woman head of state, as of January 15, 2021.
• While India has declined on the political empowerment index as well by 13.5 percentage points, and a decline in the number of women ministers, from 23.1 per cent in 2019 to 9.1 per cent in 2021, it has still performed relatively well compared to other countries, ranking at 51 in women’s participation in politics.
• Bangladesh is the only country where more women have held head-of-state positions than men in the past 50 years.
• In the index of education attainment, India has been ranked at 114.
• But the two indices where India has fared the worst are “Health and Survival”, which includes the sex ratio, and economic participation of women.
• The second-largest gender gap among the four components of the index is for the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.
• The countries with the largest gender gaps in economic participation include Iran, India, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
• The report notes that the economic participation gender gap actually widened in India by 3 percent this year.
• The share of women in professional and technical roles declined further to 29.2 per cent. The share of women in senior and managerial positions also is at 14.6 per cent and only 8.9 per cent firms in the country have top female managers.
• The estimated earned income of women in India is only one-fifth of men’s, which puts the country among the bottom 10 globally on this indicator
• But it is in the Health and Survival index that India has fared the worst, ranking at 155 — the only country to have fared worse is China. The report points to a skewed sex ratio as a major factor.
• The report estimates that it will take South Asia 195.4 years to close the gender gap, while Western Europe will take 52.1 years.

Other Details:
• While ranking India at 155 — a spot ahead of China — on the health and survival index, the report points to a skewed sex ratio as the major factor.
• It says the ratio can be attributed to norms of son preference and gender-biased prenatal sex-selective practices.
• China and India together account for about 90 to 95 per cent of the estimated 1.2 to 1.5 million missing female births annually worldwide due to gender-biased prenatal sex selective practices.

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