🔭 Why Is Space Almost Completely Silent?
In movies, explosions in space are often accompanied by enormous crashes and dramatic sounds. In reality, space is almost completely silent. The reason is surprisingly simple: sound needs matter to travel through.

On Earth, a sound begins when an object vibrates. These vibrations move through air as waves until they reach our ears. In space, however, there is no atmosphere dense enough to carry these waves over long distances.

This does not mean that space is completely empty. It contains scattered particles, radiation, magnetic fields, and extremely thin clouds of gas. Yet these materials are usually too sparse to transmit sound in the same way that air does on Earth.

Scientists can still detect activity in space by observing other forms of energy. Telescopes can record electromagnetic radiation, while specialized instruments can measure changes in magnetic fields or particles. Researchers can then convert some of this information into sounds that humans can hear.

This technique allows scientists to derive information about distant cosmic events that would otherwise be impossible to experience directly. In some cases, these observations can corroborate theories about what is happening around stars, planets, or black holes.

So although the universe may appear silent to human ears, it is far from inactive. Space contains an abundance of physical processes—we simply need the right instruments to detect them.

📖 New words

• sparse — existing only in small amounts or spread over a large area
→ редкий, разреженный

• transmit — to cause something such as energy or information to pass from one place to another
→ передавать

• derive — to obtain something from a particular source or process
→ получать, выводить

• corroborate — to provide evidence that supports an idea or statement
→ подтверждать, подкреплять доказательствами

• abundance — a very large quantity of something
→ изобилие, большое количество

• discern — to recognize or understand something that is difficult to perceive
→ различать, распознавать

🌍 How Do Scientists Know What Is Inside the Earth?

Humans have explored only a tiny fraction of the Earth’s interior. The deepest holes ever drilled reach just a few kilometres below the surface, while the Earth’s radius is more than 6,000 kilometres. So how can scientists know what lies beneath our feet?

They rely heavily on seismic waves produced by earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, energy travels through the planet in different forms. These waves behave differently depending on the material they encounter.

Scientists infer the structure of the Earth’s interior by examining how quickly seismic waves travel and how their paths change. When a wave reaches a boundary between different materials, it may speed up, slow down, or change direction.

These observations have allowed researchers to distinguish between several major layers, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The behaviour of seismic waves also provides evidence that the outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid.

Scientists cannot directly observe most of these layers, so they must reconstruct their properties from indirect evidence. This approach is similar to solving a puzzle: researchers combine thousands of measurements to develop a model that best explains what they observe.

The evidence is not always straightforward. Scientists must account for factors that could affect their measurements and evaluate competing explanations. As new data becomes available, existing models can be modified or rejected.

In this way, scientists can investigate places they may never physically reach. The Earth itself becomes a kind of experiment, revealing its hidden structure through the waves that travel through it.

📖 New words

• infer — to reach a conclusion based on evidence rather than direct observation
→ делать вывод, заключать

• distinguish — to recognize the difference between two or more things
→ различать, отличать

• reconstruct — to form an idea of something by combining information from different sources
→ восстанавливать, воссоздавать

• account for — to consider or explain something when analyzing a situation
→ учитывать, объяснять

• evaluate — to judge the quality, importance, or effectiveness of something carefully
→ оценивать

• straightforward — easy to understand or deal with; not complicated or confusing
→ простой, однозначный

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@dite_na

🧊 Why Does Ice Float on Water?

At first glance, ice floating on water may seem ordinary. Yet this simple phenomenon is actually unusual. Most substances become denser when they turn from a liquid into a solid, but water behaves differently.

When water cools, its molecules begin to move more slowly. As the temperature approaches the freezing point, the molecules arrange themselves into a particular structure. This structure takes up more space than the molecules occupy in liquid water.

As a result, solid water has a lower density than liquid water. Because of this difference, ice remains on the surface instead of sinking.

This property has important consequences for life on Earth. When temperatures fall, ice forms at the surface of lakes and ponds rather than throughout the entire body of water. The layer of ice then acts as an insulating barrier, slowing the loss of heat from the water below.

Scientists are particularly interested in the molecular interactions that underlie this unusual behaviour. By studying them, researchers can better understand why water has such distinctive properties and how these properties influence Earth’s climate and ecosystems.

The seemingly simple fact that ice floats therefore has much broader implications. Without this unusual characteristic of water, many aquatic environments might function very differently.

📖 New words

• density — the amount of matter contained within a particular volume
→ плотность

• underlie — to exist beneath something and form the basis or cause of it
→ лежать в основе

• insulating — preventing heat, electricity, or sound from passing through easily
→ изолирующий, препятствующий передаче тепла

• implications — possible effects or consequences of an action, idea, or situation
→ последствия, возможные последствия

• distinctive — having a quality that makes something clearly different from others
→ отличительный, характерный

• aquatic — relating to water or organisms that live in water
→ водный, связанный с водой

⏳ Why Does Time Pass Differently in Space?

We often think of time as something universal: one second should be the same for everyone, no matter where they are. However, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity, time does not always pass at the same rate.

One of the main factors that affects the passage of time is speed. As an object moves faster, especially when approaching the speed of light, time passes more slowly for that object relative to a stationary observer. This effect is known as time dilation.

The difference is extremely small at everyday speeds, so we do not notice it in ordinary life. However, it becomes significant when objects travel at very high speeds. Scientists have confirmed this effect using extremely precise clocks placed on rapidly moving aircraft and satellites.

🌌 Gravity can also influence the passage of time. The stronger the gravitational field, the more slowly time passes relative to a region with weaker gravity. This means that a clock closer to a massive object can run slightly slower than a clock farther away.

This effect is not merely theoretical. Satellite navigation systems must account for differences in the passage of time caused by both their speed and the Earth’s gravitational field. Without these corrections, their calculations would gradually become inaccurate.

Scientists therefore do not consider time to be completely separate from space and motion. Instead, time is part of a larger structure called spacetime, which can be affected by speed and gravity.

So, although time appears to move at the same rate for everyone, the universe is more complicated than our everyday experience suggests. Under extreme conditions, two observers can experience different amounts of elapsed time between the same events.

📖 New words

• universal — existing or applying everywhere or to everyone
→ универсальный, общий для всех

• dilation — the process of becoming longer, wider, or more extended
→ расширение, растяжение

• stationary — not moving or changing position
→ неподвижный, находящийся в покое

• significant — large or important enough to have a noticeable effect
→ значительный, существенный

• elapsed — having passed, especially when referring to a period of time
→ прошедший, истёкший

🔋 How Do Batteries Store Energy?

Every time you charge your phone, a complex chemical process takes place inside the battery. But where does all that energy actually go?

A battery contains several materials that allow chemical reactions to produce an electric current. When the battery is being charged, electrical energy is used to drive these reactions in the opposite direction, storing energy for later use.

Inside the battery, tiny charged particles called ions move between different materials. In a lithium-ion battery, lithium ions travel between two electrodes. This movement is possible because of the interaction between the materials inside the cell.

When a device is connected to the battery, the stored chemical energy is gradually converted into electrical energy. The electrons then move through the external circuit, providing power to the device.

The amount of energy a battery can store depends on several factors, including the materials used and the design of the cell. Scientists are constantly searching for materials that can enhance energy storage while making batteries safer and more durable.

One major challenge is that batteries slowly lose their ability to store energy. Repeated charging and discharging can cause chemical changes inside the cell, which eventually degrade its performance.

Researchers are trying to overcome these limitations by developing new materials and improving the structure of batteries. Better energy storage could make electric vehicles more practical and help renewable energy sources become more dependable.

📖 New words

• interaction — the way in which two or more things affect each other
→ взаимодействие

• convert — to change something into a different form or state
→ преобразовывать

• enhance — to improve something or make it more effective
→ усиливать, улучшать

• degrade — to become worse in quality, condition, or performance
→ ухудшаться, разрушаться

• overcome — to successfully deal with or defeat a difficulty
→ преодолевать

• dependable — able to be trusted to work correctly or consistently
→ надёжный