#Personal_Interview
#Sports_Series
#Martial_Arts

In the personal interview, many questions are asked from the various sports you fill in the PIQ form. We will help you to know all about sports.

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#Personal_Interview #Sports_Series #Martial_Arts

Taekwando Federation of India website - https://www.taekwondofederationofindia.com/index.php

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#Defence_Exams_Notes

Important Battles in Indian History

◆Battle of Haldighati - 1576 A.D.➨ Akbar's forces headed by Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan defeated Rana Pratap. Rana Pratap refused to surrender to the Mughal Power.

◆Battle of Karnal - 1739 A.D.➨ Nadir Shah defeated Mohd. Shah.

◆Battle of Plassey - 1757 A.D.➨ Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula.

◆Battle of Wandiwash - 1760 A.D.➨ The English forces defeated the French forces.

◆Third Battle of Panipat - 1761 A.D.➨ Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.

◆Battle of Buxar - 1764 A.D.➨ The English forces defeated the alliance of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

◆First Anglo Mysore War - (1767-69 A.D.)➨ Hyder Ali defeated the English forces.

◆Second Anglo Mysore War - (1780-84 A.D.)➨ Hyder Ali died in the battle (1782) and subsequently led by his son Tipu Sultan. The war concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784).

◆Third Anglo Mysore War - (1789-92 A.D.)➨ The English forces defeated Tipu Sultan. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed.

◆Fourth Anglo Mysore War - 1799 A.D.➨ Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed by the English forces.

◆Battle of Hydaspeas - 326 B.C.➨ Alexander defeated Porus.

◆Kalinga War - 261 B.C.➨ Ashoka defeated Kalinga.

◆First Battle of Tarain - 1191 A.D.➨ Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori.

◆Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 A.D.➨ Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan.

◆Battle of Chandawar - 1193 or 1194➨ Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaichandra Gaharwar.

◆First Battle of Panipat - 1526 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi.

◆Battle of Khanwa - 1527 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Rana Sanga.

◆Battle of Ghaghra - 1529 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Mahmud Lodhi and Sultan Nusrat Shah.

◆Battle of Chausa - 1539 A.D.➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun.

◆Battle of Kannauj (or Bilgram) - 1540 A.D.➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun.

◆Second Battle of Panipat - 1556 A.D.➨ Bairam Khan (representing Mughal Emperor Akbar) defeated Hemu.

◆Battle of Talikota - 1565 A.D.➨ Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar formed alliance and defeated the Vijaynagar empire.

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COLD COMFORT: ON PAK CONTINUES TO BE IN FATF

✔️Context

◆Paris-based 39-member Financial Action Task Force in its recent meeting has decided to continue “greylisting” of Pakistan for “increased monitoring”, giving it another three months to complete its commitments.

✔️Grey List

●Pakistan was removed from the grey list in 2015 and was again put back in 2018 with a 27-point action list to fulfill.

●Based on FATF President Marcus Pleyer report, out of 27 action points, Only 3 actions has to be addressed, other actions have been fulfilled by Pakistan in the area of curbing terror financing.

✔️The remaining actions are

●Accurate, effective and dissuasive demonstrating of terror-funding prosecution.

●Implementing financial sanctions against all terrorists designated by the UN Security Council, like LeT founder Hafiz Saeed, JeM chief Masood Azhar, Al Qaeda group, and other leaders of terror groups in Pakistan.

✔️Protest

◆Pakistan’s former Interior Minister Rehman Malik protested the FATF decision by citing that Pakistan has lost $38 billion because of its time on the grey list (2008-2015 and 2018-the present), Hence it should be removed from the grey list.

◆However, It is cold comfort for Islamabad that the FATF did not “blacklist”, Pakistan otherwise it would have led to enhanced sanctions and restrictions, as faced by  Iran and North Korea.

◆FATF has given the deadline of June 2021 to Pakistan to complete the remaining tasks.

✔️India - Pakistan

●The FATF decision coincides with India's wish.

●Both sides, the Director-General of military operations have continued to observe the ceasefire agreement at the LoC.

●National Security Adviser Ajit Doval has been in touch with the Pakistan Army Chief for resolving “core issues” that lead to violence between the two sides.

●Increased dialogue between India and Pakistan is expected to resolve the issues.

●There are no political, trade, cultural ties at present which could be restarted once Pakistan achieves its directive of FATF directive of prosecuting terrorists and terror financiers.

✔️Conclusion

◆Once Pakistan stops terror funding and achieves the last mile on the FATF Greylist, New Delhi-Islamabad engagement would get a huge boost increasing economic, political, and cultural ties as it would reduce the cross-border terror.

✔️Reference

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cold-comfort-on-pak-continues-to-be-in-fatf/article33965877.ece/amp/

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Yudh Abhyas 2021

◆Recently, the 16th edition of ‘Yudh Abhyas’, India and US joint military exercise has completed in Rajasthan which was held from 8th February to 21st February 2021.
◆The drill has come days after the air forces of India and France held a five-day joint exercise held in Rajasthan in Jan. 2021.
◆The bilateral training exercise took place at the Foreign Training Node at the Mahajan Field Firing Ranges. The exercise between the two countries was conducted despite the pandemic, which reflects the strength of bilateral relations and even conveys a geo-strategic message to the environment.
◆About 250 Indian army soldiers and 270 US Army soldiers participated in the exercise. Both countries armies had shared their war-related skills, techniques, and experience with each other during this particular exercise.

◆Representation from the Indian Army side: The Indian Army in ‘Yudh Abhyas’ was represented by the 11t battalion of Jammu & Kashmir Rifles, who are part of the South Western Command.

◆Representation from the US Army side: The US Army delegation was represented by the 2nd battalion troops, 3rd Infantry Regiment of 1 to 2 Stryker Brigade Combat Team, along with that of the respective brigade headquarters.

✔️About Exercise Yudh Abhyas

●Yudh Abhyas is one of the largest joint running military training & defence corporation endeavours between India & the US.
●The Yudh Abhyas exercise is hosted alternately by the two countries since the year 2004.
●The training & exercises in the Yudh Abhyas exercise occur at the Battalion level.
●The joint planning of exercise takes place at the Brigade level.
●The organisation structure & battle procedures are learnt by the troops of both countries armies in Yudh Abhyas.

✔️Aim of Yudh Abhyas

◆The exercise targets to mobilise cooperation in defence in order to meet the unforeseen security contingency of the future around the globe. Also to enhance cooperation & interoperability among the two armies. It even focuses on counter-terrorism operations under the UNs mandate.

◆The sights which are visible in the Yudh Abhyas exercise are Military Training, Building of Joint Operational Skills, Cultural Exchanges, Development of friendships and Exchange of knowledge.

◆The Yudh Abhyas exercise begins off at platoon exchange level.

◆The Yudh Abhyas exercise’s vision is to promote peacekeeping. Also, military training comes helpful during foreign disaster relief operations – humanitarian & disaster relief. The Yudh Abhyas exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation among both armies. It even fosters bilateral relations among both nations and reiterates India’s critical role as a key partner in the Indo-Pacific region.

✔️Significance of Yudh Abhyas 2021

●The Yudh Abhyas 2021 provides excellent opportunities for professional & cultural exchanges which strengthen partnership through shared learning & training. The training commences with expert academic exchanges and also professional development workshops which focus on training at the corps-level and below; unconventional, and hybrid threats; combat against conventional, humanitarian assistance & disaster relief.

●The CPX (Command Post Exercise) focused on the United Nation peacekeeping operation staff tasks in a combined military setting. An FTX (Field Training Exercise) involved company-strength elements from each country exercising combined, fundamental war-fighting skills in order to enhance combined operational capacity.

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Contd........

Some other Exercises among India & US:

◆Exercise Tiger Triumph: This exercise is a tri-service military exercise between India & the US.

◆Exercise Vajra Prahar: This exercise is a Special Forces joint military training exercise. The exercise is conducted alternately in India & the US since the year 2010.

◆Exercise Cope India: This exercise is a series of bilateral Air Force exercises between India & US

◆Exercise Malabar: This exercise is a multilateral naval exercise that includes simulated war games & combat manoeuvres. It was started in the year 1992 as a bilateral exercise between the Indian & US navies. Japan joined in the year 2015. In the year 2020, the Australian Navy has participated in the exercise for the first time ever since 2007.

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#Know_Your_AirForce

Here's a look of heart formation by SKAT, IAF in Colombo.

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IAF Participation in EX Desert FLAG VI

◆Ex Desert Flag is an annual multi-national large force employment warfare exercise hosted by the United Arab Emirates Air Force.

◆The Indian Air Force is participating for the first time in Exercise Desert Flag-VI along with air forces of United Arab Emirates, United States of America, France, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Bahrain.

◆The exercise is scheduled from 03 Mar 21 to 27 Mar 21 at Al-Dhafra airbase, UAE.

◆The IAF is participating with six Su-30 MKI, two C-17 and one IL-78 tanker aircraft.

〰️C-17 Globemaster will provide support for induction/ de-induction of the IAF contingent.
〰️Su-30 MKI aircraft will undertake long range ferry, routing direct from India to the exercise area with aerial refueling support from IL-78 tanker aircraft.

◆The aim of the exercise is to provide operational exposure to the participating forces while training them to undertake simulated air combat operations in a controlled environment.

◆The participating forces will get an opportunity to enhance their operational capabilities along with mutual exchange of best practices.

◆The large-scale exercise involving diverse fighter aircraft from across the globe will provide the participating forces, including IAF, a unique opportunity to exhchange knowledge, experience, enhance operational capabilities and interoperability.

◆Exercising and interaction with the participating nations in a dynamic and realstic warfare environment will also contribute to strengthen international relations.

◆Over the last decade, IAF has regularly hosted and participated in multi-national operational exercises, wherin collaborative engagements are undertaken amongst the best air forces of the world.

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#Defence_Exams_Notes

Types of Writs in Indian Constitution

✔️Writ of Habeas Corpus
➨ This writ literally means 'you may have the body'. This writ is issued to produce a person physically before the court who has been imprisoned or detained by the law and to set him free if there is no legal justification of his detention. This writ can be issued against authorities of states or organisations or individuals.

✔️ Writ of Certiorari
➨ This writ literally means 'to be certified'. This writ is issued by the higher court to the lower court for quashing the order already passed by the lower court or removing a suit from the lower court to higher court for speedy disposal.

✔️ Writ of Quo-Warranto
➨ This writ literally means 'by what warrants?' or 'what is your authority'. It is a writ issued by the Supreme Court or High Court with a view to restrain a person or authority from holding a public office to which he is not entitled. The writ requires the concerned person or authority to explain to the Court by what authority he/it holds the office.

✔️Writ of Mandamus
➨ This writ literally means 'we command'. It is a a judicial writ issued by the Supreme Court or a High Court as a command to an inferior court or tribunal or a person to perform a public or statutory duty.

✔️ Writ of Prohibition
➨ This writ is popularly known as 'Stay Order'. This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court to stop proceeding in a case on the ground of over-stepping of jurisdiction or absence of jurisdiction. It is issued before the judgement or order is made in such cases.

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#DAILY_PRACTICE #WAT_SET

1.Congress
2.Infantry
3.Obstacle
4.Defence
5.Challenge
6.Astronomy
7.Satisfaction
8.Impression
9.Decisive
10.Persuade

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#DAILY_PRACTICE #SRT_SET

1.He notices a car running at high speed and runs over a child on road.He…

2.When the bus overturned during the journey many people got injured seriously, while he escaped with minor scratches.He.......

3.He was passing through a jungle along with his five friends. All of a sudden he found that a tiger was standing at a distance of 10m from them.He....

4.His fellow passenger shook him out of his sleep and asked him for some money and his ticket also was gone. The ticket collector had come in their compartment.He......

5.He is in charge of mess and finds that mess funds are being misused.He....

6.There is a drought in his village and the condition is getting really bad. He......

7.He performs very poor in his studies. He......

8.All his family members are ill and his father is out of town. There is no money in the home.He.....

9.He is perfect in his hostel. He noticed two of his friends French bunking.He....

10.He is studying for his exams in a room and an acquaintance comes in an and get comfortable.He.....

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#DAILY_PRACTICE
#TAT_SET198

Important TAT image for all Entries.
Try to write within prescribed time i.e. 4 minutes.
Be honest with your preparation and attempt this image and write a desirable story.

(For better practice,Write the story on A4 paper within prescribed time.)

Healthy and constructive reviews are welcome.

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#Editorial_Analysis #GD_Material

The anatomy of a spring ceasefire

✔️Context

◆The year 2020 saw more than 5,130 ceasefire violations on either side of the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

◆The recent ceasefire agreement has triggered widespread speculation about its durability, significance, and implication for bilateral relations in general.

◆Director Generals of Military Operations of India and Pakistan announced the ceasefire agreement as both the countries cannot afford to let violence spiral out of control, which otherwise would lead to escalated nature as happened in the case of the Pulwama terror attack.

✔️Peace feelers

●Pakistan Army Chief Qamar Javed Bajwa stated that It is time to extend the hand of peace in all directions similarly the Indian Army Chief General Manoj Mukund Naravane is of view that by continuous engagement with Pakistan, border peace can be achieved, as unsettled borders help no one.

●India allowed the use of its airspace for Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan’s special aircraft to fly to Sri Lanka.

●Khan is also of the view that a dispute in Kashmir can only be resolved through dialogue.

✔️Significance of the ceasefire

◆The ceasefire agreement entered in February 2021, is different from the routine ceasefire assurances that the two sides made till January 2021.

◆February ceasefire agreement is based on a joint statement by the two DGsMO, and unlike the previous declarations, the recent agreement mentions a specific date, i.e., the night of February 24-25, to begin the ceasefire.

◆The February ceasefire coming in the wake of over 5,000 ceasefire violations in 2020 (the highest in 19 years since 2002) is path-breaking from a conflict management point of view and would help to reduce violence among borders.

◆The ceasefire is also significant because it would help India to defuse the ugly two-front situation boxed in by an inimical Pakistan and an aggressive China.

◆Handling a two-front challenge is neither easy nor practical. Indian Army would have to redeploy forces from the western border with Pakistan to the northern border with China, which would have led to serious material challenges.

◆The best way to deal with the two front was to defuse at least one front for which The LoC was a natural candidate and it resulted in a ceasefire agreement on the Western border, at the same time talks are going on for India- China disengagement on LAC.

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Contd.......

✔️A brief history

◆The Karachi agreement of 1949, was the first ceasefire agreement signed at the end of the war between newly formed India and Pakistan.

◆It was signed in the United Nations office, creating the India Pakistan boundary in Kashmir called the Ceasefire Line or CFL.

◆The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) monitored the ceasefire along with the CFL.

◆The 1965 India-Pakistan war also ended in a ceasefire, since the status quo was restored after the Tashkent Agreement, the CFL in Kashmir remained unaltered.

◆The India-Pakistan war of 1971 resulted in a new ceasefire agreement in form of Simla Agreement 1972.

◆The Suchetgarh Agreement of 1972, a part of the Shimla agreement delineated the ‘line of control’ renaming the CFL as the LoC.

◆By this smart move, Indian negotiators not only changed the nomenclature of the India-Pakistan dividing line but also the physical alignment of the border in Jammu and Kashmir, and the presence of UNMOGIP was made irrelevant. Further UN was not a part of the Shimla agreement, unlike the Karachi agreement.

◆In 2003 a telephonic agreement was entered between both DGsMO, which was similar to December 1971 war termination ceasefire.

◆Even now, the February 2021 ceasefire is a reiteration of the 1971 ceasefire agreement.

✔️A form of intent

●Ceasefire requires a mutually-agreed-upon set of rules and norms for its effective implementation.

●The February ceasefire is an expression of such an intent, but without the rules and norms to enforce it.

●The earlier Simla Agreement also did not have the rules and norms for governing the ceasefire agreement.

●However, In the Karachi Agreement, provisions have been laid down on how to manage the CFL, later renamed LoC.

●Ironically, therefore, armed forces resort to provisions laid down in Karachi Agreement to observe the ceasefire mandated by the Simla Agreement, which has to be changed.

●Now that the two DGsMO has declared a joint ceasefire, both the governments should frame a set of rules to govern that ceasefire because an unwritten ceasefire in the conflict zones breaks down easily and trigger tensions in other domains also.

✔️Return to the backchannel

◆The ceasefire agreement between the two DGsMO involved high-level contacts and political blessing in the backchannel which would help the agreement to be more durable.

◆Even the 2003 ceasefire agreement between the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) of India had several backchannel talks on Kashmir.

◆According to research, 2004-2007 back-channel talks had high-level interlocutors appointed by the heads of governments to resolve the Kashmir issue.

◆One of the key reasons, why CFA held till 2008 was because of parallel talks, on holding fire on the LoC, and other outstanding bilateral issues, focussing on Kashmir.

✔️Conclusion

◆The 2021 CFA also should have back-channelled talks to have implications of CFA for the long run and the piecemeal agreements would not lead to durable stability bilaterally it has to be followed by progress in other domains to have long-run peace.

✔️Reference

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-anatomy-of-a-spring-ceasefire/article33974369.ece

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