#Important_currentaffair_for_SSBinterview #GD_Material
Salient Features of Atal Tunnel
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Salient Features of Atal Tunnel
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
#Important_currentaffair_for_SSBinterview #Defence_News #Defence_equipment
Test fire of new version and nuclear capable “Shaurya Missile” successful
◆On October 3, 2020, India successfully test fired the new version of nuclear capable Shaurya missile in Balasore, Odisha.
About Shaurya Missile
●The missile was developed by DRDO. It is a hypersonic surface-to-surface missile with a range of 700-1000 km. It is considered as the land version of Sagarika K-15 missile. The K-15 missiles were developed to be used in nuclear powered Arihant-class submarine.
●The Shaurya missiles can be hidden or camouflaged underground from enemy satellites or surveillance till they are fired from a special storage cum launch canisters. The missiles were initially designed to be launched from submarines. With the new version, they have been made nuclear capable.
Sagarika Missile
◆They are submarine launched ballistic missiles. They were designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. They belong to the K-missile family. Also, they form a part of nuclear triad of India.
Nuclear Triad
Nuclear Triad is a military structure that consists of
•Nuclear-missile armed submarines
•Land-launched nuclear missiles
•Strategic Aircrafts with nuclear missiles and bombs.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Test fire of new version and nuclear capable “Shaurya Missile” successful
◆On October 3, 2020, India successfully test fired the new version of nuclear capable Shaurya missile in Balasore, Odisha.
About Shaurya Missile
●The missile was developed by DRDO. It is a hypersonic surface-to-surface missile with a range of 700-1000 km. It is considered as the land version of Sagarika K-15 missile. The K-15 missiles were developed to be used in nuclear powered Arihant-class submarine.
●The Shaurya missiles can be hidden or camouflaged underground from enemy satellites or surveillance till they are fired from a special storage cum launch canisters. The missiles were initially designed to be launched from submarines. With the new version, they have been made nuclear capable.
Sagarika Missile
◆They are submarine launched ballistic missiles. They were designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. They belong to the K-missile family. Also, they form a part of nuclear triad of India.
Nuclear Triad
Nuclear Triad is a military structure that consists of
•Nuclear-missile armed submarines
•Land-launched nuclear missiles
•Strategic Aircrafts with nuclear missiles and bombs.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
#Current_Affairs #Defence_News #Defence_equipment
DRDO test fires LASER Guided anti-tank missile successfully
◆On October 1, 2020, the indigenously developed Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was test fired successfully at the Armoured Corps Centre and School, Ahmednagar by DRDO (Defence Research Development Organization). The test was conducted from MBT Arjun tank.
About ATGM
●The ATGM is designed to defeat Explosive Reactive Armour protected armour vehicles from a distance of 1 km to 1.5 km.
●It has been developed with multiple launch capability and is currently under technical evaluation. It is being tested from 120 mm rifled gun of MBT Arjun
●The Laser Guided Missile was developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune in association with High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune.
What is ATGM?
●It is an anti-tank missile. It was primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armoured vehicles. The first generation ATGMs of India were guided by manual commands.
●The second generation were semi-automatic missiles where the operator had to fix on the target till impact. The third generation missiles relied on electro optical imager. The current Laser guided missiles are the fourth generation missiles.
Other Anti-Tank Missiles in India
◆The DRDO ATM was the first generation anti-tank missile. It was developed by DRDO.
◆AMOGHA was the second generation anti-tank missile that was developed by Bharat Dynamics Limited.
◆The NAG Missile was the third generation anti-tank missile.
◆JASMINE and Spike ATGMs are still under development.
◆JASMINE is being developed by an Indian private company called VEM Technologies Limited. The Spike ATGMs are to be developed by Rafael Advanced Defence Systems of Israel.
Spike ATGMs
●These are highly efficient ATGMs held by the Indian Army. In July 2020, the Indian Army placed a repeat order of Spike Long Range ATGM due to their better performance. These are the fourth generation ATGMs developed by Israel.
●It has a target range of about 4 km. It can be operated in fire and forget mode. It also operates under non-line-of-sight mode. This mode allows the operator to operate from a covered position.
For More details on SPIKE,Click
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/2449
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
DRDO test fires LASER Guided anti-tank missile successfully
◆On October 1, 2020, the indigenously developed Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was test fired successfully at the Armoured Corps Centre and School, Ahmednagar by DRDO (Defence Research Development Organization). The test was conducted from MBT Arjun tank.
About ATGM
●The ATGM is designed to defeat Explosive Reactive Armour protected armour vehicles from a distance of 1 km to 1.5 km.
●It has been developed with multiple launch capability and is currently under technical evaluation. It is being tested from 120 mm rifled gun of MBT Arjun
●The Laser Guided Missile was developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune in association with High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune.
What is ATGM?
●It is an anti-tank missile. It was primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armoured vehicles. The first generation ATGMs of India were guided by manual commands.
●The second generation were semi-automatic missiles where the operator had to fix on the target till impact. The third generation missiles relied on electro optical imager. The current Laser guided missiles are the fourth generation missiles.
Other Anti-Tank Missiles in India
◆The DRDO ATM was the first generation anti-tank missile. It was developed by DRDO.
◆AMOGHA was the second generation anti-tank missile that was developed by Bharat Dynamics Limited.
◆The NAG Missile was the third generation anti-tank missile.
◆JASMINE and Spike ATGMs are still under development.
◆JASMINE is being developed by an Indian private company called VEM Technologies Limited. The Spike ATGMs are to be developed by Rafael Advanced Defence Systems of Israel.
Spike ATGMs
●These are highly efficient ATGMs held by the Indian Army. In July 2020, the Indian Army placed a repeat order of Spike Long Range ATGM due to their better performance. These are the fourth generation ATGMs developed by Israel.
●It has a target range of about 4 km. It can be operated in fire and forget mode. It also operates under non-line-of-sight mode. This mode allows the operator to operate from a covered position.
For More details on SPIKE,Click
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/2449
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Telegram
SSB SURE SHOT Future Officers
#Current_Affairs #Defence_News #Defence_equipment
SPIKE-LR Anti Tank Guided Missiles -
Why in News-The India Army is set to place a repeat order for Spike-LR (Long Range) Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) from Israel as part of emergency procurement.
…
SPIKE-LR Anti Tank Guided Missiles -
Why in News-The India Army is set to place a repeat order for Spike-LR (Long Range) Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) from Israel as part of emergency procurement.
…
#Important_currentaffair_for_SSBinterview #GD_Material
Crime in India 2019 Report : NCRB
Why in News-The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the annual Crime in India 2019 report.
◆It reports an increase in crimes against Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the year 2019 as compared to the year 2018.
Crimes against SCs and STs:
●Crime against SCs have increased by over 7% and crimes against STs have increased by 26% in year 2019 compared to 2018.
●Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest number of crimes against SCs in 2019, followed by Rajasthan and Bihar.
●Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest number of cases against STs, followed by Rajasthan, and Odisha.
Categories: Crimes against SCs and STs include the following categories:
•Atrocities committed by non-SC/ST members under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act), 1989 (POA Act)
•Indian Penal Code
Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 : It prescribes punishment for the preaching and practice of Untouchability.
•Lack of Data
According to the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), very few cases were being registered for specific discriminatory action against SCs and STs under the POA Act.
•Such actions are registered mainly when accompanied by any of the IPC offences liek rape, murders etc.
•Also, there is no data on total complaints received on crimes against the Scheduled Castes, the only data available is the number of cases registered.
Data on Other Crimes
●Cognizable Crimes: An increase of 1.6% in registration of cognizable crimes in 2019 as compared to 2018 was recorded. Cognizable crimes comprise Indian Penal Code (IPC) ones and Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes.
●Cognisable offence means an offence in which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant.
●SLL are Acts that are framed by the state government for specific issues.
Crimes Against Women: Crime against women showed an increase of 7.3% in 2019 from 2018.
●88 cases of crimes against women were recorded per day.
●Majority of cases under crime against women under IPC were registered under cruelty by husband or his relatives (30.9%), followed by assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty, kidnapping & abduction of women and rape .
●In the number of cases of rape of women belonging to SCs, Rajasthan topped the list, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Cybercrimes: Increased by 63.5% in 2019.
●60.4% of cybercrime cases registered were for the motive of fraud followed by sexual exploitation.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Crime in India 2019 Report : NCRB
Why in News-The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the annual Crime in India 2019 report.
◆It reports an increase in crimes against Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the year 2019 as compared to the year 2018.
Crimes against SCs and STs:
●Crime against SCs have increased by over 7% and crimes against STs have increased by 26% in year 2019 compared to 2018.
●Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest number of crimes against SCs in 2019, followed by Rajasthan and Bihar.
●Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest number of cases against STs, followed by Rajasthan, and Odisha.
Categories: Crimes against SCs and STs include the following categories:
•Atrocities committed by non-SC/ST members under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act), 1989 (POA Act)
•Indian Penal Code
Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 : It prescribes punishment for the preaching and practice of Untouchability.
•Lack of Data
According to the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), very few cases were being registered for specific discriminatory action against SCs and STs under the POA Act.
•Such actions are registered mainly when accompanied by any of the IPC offences liek rape, murders etc.
•Also, there is no data on total complaints received on crimes against the Scheduled Castes, the only data available is the number of cases registered.
Data on Other Crimes
●Cognizable Crimes: An increase of 1.6% in registration of cognizable crimes in 2019 as compared to 2018 was recorded. Cognizable crimes comprise Indian Penal Code (IPC) ones and Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes.
●Cognisable offence means an offence in which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant.
●SLL are Acts that are framed by the state government for specific issues.
Crimes Against Women: Crime against women showed an increase of 7.3% in 2019 from 2018.
●88 cases of crimes against women were recorded per day.
●Majority of cases under crime against women under IPC were registered under cruelty by husband or his relatives (30.9%), followed by assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty, kidnapping & abduction of women and rape .
●In the number of cases of rape of women belonging to SCs, Rajasthan topped the list, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Cybercrimes: Increased by 63.5% in 2019.
●60.4% of cybercrime cases registered were for the motive of fraud followed by sexual exploitation.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
#GD_Material #Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette
Criminal Justice System in India
◆The Criminal Justice System refers to the agencies of government charged with enforcing the law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal conduct.
◆The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of social control:
◆Society considers some behaviours so dangerous and destructive that it either strictly controls their occurrence or outlaws them outright.
◆It is the job of the agencies of justice to prevent these behaviours by apprehending and punishing transgressors or deterring their future occurrence.
Retributive Justice:
●It is a system of criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation.
●It holds that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that they must suffer in return. It also requires that the response to a crime must be proportional to the committed offence.
Reformative or Restorative Justice:
◆It is generally the most appreciated theory of punishment as it believes in the concept that the object is to extinct crime and not the criminal.
◆It believes that nobody is born as a criminal and it is only the consequences of those circumstances which were around the offender/criminal.
Objective of Criminal Justice System:
•To prevent the occurrence of crime.
•To punish the transgressors and the criminals.
•To rehabilitate the transgressors and the criminals.
•To compensate the victims as far as possible.
•To maintain law and order in society.
•To deter offenders from committing any criminal act in the future.
Challenges:
•Ineffectiveness: The system had to protect the rights of the innocents and punish the guilty, but nowadays it has become a tool of harassment for common people.
•Pendency of Cases: According to Economic Survey 2018-19, there are about 3.5 crore cases pending in the judicial system, especially in the district and subordinate courts, which leads to the actualisation of the maxim “Justice delayed is justice denied”.
•Huge Undertrials: India has one of the world’s largest number of undertrial prisoners.
•Inefficiency of Police: Police being the front liner in the criminal judiciary system, plays a vital role in the administration of justice.
•However, corruption, huge workload and accountability of police is a major hurdle in speedy and transparent delivery of justice.
Solutions:
●The reason for victimisation should be given a major thrust in reforming laws to identify the rights of crime victims.
●The construction of new offences and reworking of the existing classification of offences must be guided by the principles of criminal jurisprudence which have substantially altered in the past four decades.
●The classification of offences must be done in a manner conducive to the management of crimes in the future.
●Guiding principles need to be developed after sufficient debate before criminalising an act as a crime.
●The discretion of judges in deciding the quantum and nature of sentence differently for crimes of the same nature should be based on principles of judicial precedent.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Criminal Justice System in India
◆The Criminal Justice System refers to the agencies of government charged with enforcing the law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal conduct.
◆The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of social control:
◆Society considers some behaviours so dangerous and destructive that it either strictly controls their occurrence or outlaws them outright.
◆It is the job of the agencies of justice to prevent these behaviours by apprehending and punishing transgressors or deterring their future occurrence.
Retributive Justice:
●It is a system of criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation.
●It holds that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that they must suffer in return. It also requires that the response to a crime must be proportional to the committed offence.
Reformative or Restorative Justice:
◆It is generally the most appreciated theory of punishment as it believes in the concept that the object is to extinct crime and not the criminal.
◆It believes that nobody is born as a criminal and it is only the consequences of those circumstances which were around the offender/criminal.
Objective of Criminal Justice System:
•To prevent the occurrence of crime.
•To punish the transgressors and the criminals.
•To rehabilitate the transgressors and the criminals.
•To compensate the victims as far as possible.
•To maintain law and order in society.
•To deter offenders from committing any criminal act in the future.
Challenges:
•Ineffectiveness: The system had to protect the rights of the innocents and punish the guilty, but nowadays it has become a tool of harassment for common people.
•Pendency of Cases: According to Economic Survey 2018-19, there are about 3.5 crore cases pending in the judicial system, especially in the district and subordinate courts, which leads to the actualisation of the maxim “Justice delayed is justice denied”.
•Huge Undertrials: India has one of the world’s largest number of undertrial prisoners.
•Inefficiency of Police: Police being the front liner in the criminal judiciary system, plays a vital role in the administration of justice.
•However, corruption, huge workload and accountability of police is a major hurdle in speedy and transparent delivery of justice.
Solutions:
●The reason for victimisation should be given a major thrust in reforming laws to identify the rights of crime victims.
●The construction of new offences and reworking of the existing classification of offences must be guided by the principles of criminal jurisprudence which have substantially altered in the past four decades.
●The classification of offences must be done in a manner conducive to the management of crimes in the future.
●Guiding principles need to be developed after sufficient debate before criminalising an act as a crime.
●The discretion of judges in deciding the quantum and nature of sentence differently for crimes of the same nature should be based on principles of judicial precedent.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Big boost for Indian Army’s communication network! To get upgraded ASCON
https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/big-boost-for-indian-armys-communation-network-to-get-upgraded-ascon/2096560/
https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/big-boost-for-indian-armys-communation-network-to-get-upgraded-ascon/2096560/
The Financial Express
Big boost for Indian Army’s communication network! To get upgraded ASCON
Keeping in view the ongoing tensions in eastern Ladakh, this communication project upgrade will give a boost to the operational preparedness of the Indian Army.
#Important_notes_ssb #GD_Material
Opportunities for India Under Quad Arrangement
Checkmating China
◆The maritime space is a lot more important to China than engaging in opportunistic land grab attempts in the Himalayas.
◆A huge chunk of Chinese trade happens via the Indian oceanic routes that pass through maritime chokepoints.
◆In the event of any chinese aggression on borders, India by cooperation with Quad countries can potentially disrupt chinese trade.
◆Hence, unlike in the continental sphere where India seems facing a ‘nutcracker like situation’ due to China-Pakistan collusion, the maritime sphere is wide open to India to undertake coalition building, rule setting, and other forms of strategic exploration.
Emerging as a Net Security Provider
●There is a growing great power interest in the maritime sphere, especially with the arrival of the concept of ‘Indo-Pacific’. For instance, many european countries have recently released their Indo-Pacific strategies.
●With India, located right at the centre of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical imagination can realise the vision of a ‘broader Asia’ that can extend its influence away from geographical boundaries.
●Moreover, India can build around collective action in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, monitoring shipping for search and rescue or anti-piracy operations, infrastructure assistance to climatically vulnerable states, connectivity initiatives and similar activities.
●Further, India with Quad countries can check imperialist policies of China in Indian ocean region and ensure Security and growth for all in the region.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Opportunities for India Under Quad Arrangement
Checkmating China
◆The maritime space is a lot more important to China than engaging in opportunistic land grab attempts in the Himalayas.
◆A huge chunk of Chinese trade happens via the Indian oceanic routes that pass through maritime chokepoints.
◆In the event of any chinese aggression on borders, India by cooperation with Quad countries can potentially disrupt chinese trade.
◆Hence, unlike in the continental sphere where India seems facing a ‘nutcracker like situation’ due to China-Pakistan collusion, the maritime sphere is wide open to India to undertake coalition building, rule setting, and other forms of strategic exploration.
Emerging as a Net Security Provider
●There is a growing great power interest in the maritime sphere, especially with the arrival of the concept of ‘Indo-Pacific’. For instance, many european countries have recently released their Indo-Pacific strategies.
●With India, located right at the centre of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical imagination can realise the vision of a ‘broader Asia’ that can extend its influence away from geographical boundaries.
●Moreover, India can build around collective action in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, monitoring shipping for search and rescue or anti-piracy operations, infrastructure assistance to climatically vulnerable states, connectivity initiatives and similar activities.
●Further, India with Quad countries can check imperialist policies of China in Indian ocean region and ensure Security and growth for all in the region.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
#GD_Material
Issues Related to Quad
Undefined Vision: Despite the potential for cooperation, the Quad remains a mechanism without a defined strategic mission.
Maritime Dominated: The entire focus on the Indo-Pacific makes the Quad a maritime, rather than a land-based grouping, raising questions whether the cooperation extends to the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions.
India’s Aversion of Alliance System: The fact that India is the only member that is averse to a treaty alliance system, has slowed down the progress of building a stronger Quadrilateral engagement.
Way Forward
Need For Clear Vision: The Quad nations need to better explain the Indo-Pacific Vision in an overarching framework with the objective of advancing everyone’s economic and security interests.
●This will reassure the littoral States that the Quad will be a factor for regional benefit, and a far cry from Chinese allegations that it is some sort of a military alliance.
●The forthcoming Ministerial meetings can be an opportunity to define the idea and chart a future path.
Expanding Quad: India has many other partners in the Indo-Pacific, therefore India should pitch for countries like Indonesia, Singapore to be invited to join in the future.
Need for a Maritime Doctrine: India should develop a comprehensive vision on the Indo-Pacific which would ideate on the current and future maritime challenges, consolidate its military and non-military tools, engage its strategic partners.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion
Issues Related to Quad
Undefined Vision: Despite the potential for cooperation, the Quad remains a mechanism without a defined strategic mission.
Maritime Dominated: The entire focus on the Indo-Pacific makes the Quad a maritime, rather than a land-based grouping, raising questions whether the cooperation extends to the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions.
India’s Aversion of Alliance System: The fact that India is the only member that is averse to a treaty alliance system, has slowed down the progress of building a stronger Quadrilateral engagement.
Way Forward
Need For Clear Vision: The Quad nations need to better explain the Indo-Pacific Vision in an overarching framework with the objective of advancing everyone’s economic and security interests.
●This will reassure the littoral States that the Quad will be a factor for regional benefit, and a far cry from Chinese allegations that it is some sort of a military alliance.
●The forthcoming Ministerial meetings can be an opportunity to define the idea and chart a future path.
Expanding Quad: India has many other partners in the Indo-Pacific, therefore India should pitch for countries like Indonesia, Singapore to be invited to join in the future.
Need for a Maritime Doctrine: India should develop a comprehensive vision on the Indo-Pacific which would ideate on the current and future maritime challenges, consolidate its military and non-military tools, engage its strategic partners.
For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion