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Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) System

Why in the News?
- The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) System.
- The BMD System aims to defend against attacks by launching interceptors to destroy incoming missiles on impact.

About the Test:
- DRDO successfully demonstrated the indigenous capability to defend against ballistic missiles of the 5,000 km class with Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric missile tests.
- The Target Missile was detected by weapon system radars deployed on land and sea, which activated the Air Defence (AD) interceptor system.
- The flight test met all trial objectives, validating the complete network-centric warfare weapon system, which includes:
- Long-range sensors
- Low latency communication system
- Mission Control Centre
- Advanced interceptor missiles

India's BMD Programme:
- Aim: To deploy a layered missile shield to protect the country from ballistic missile attacks.
- Phases:
- Phase I:
- Can intercept ballistic missiles with a range of up to 2,000 km.
- Components:
- Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for exo-atmospheric ranges (50-80 km).
- Advanced Area Defence (AAD) missile for endo-atmospheric ranges (15-30 km).
- Phase II:
- Consists of two missiles, AD-1 and AD-2.
- In November 2022, DRDO successfully tested the long-range interceptor missile (AD-1).

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ROHINGYA CRISIS

The Rohingya crisis is one of the most pressing humanitarian issues in recent history, centered on the persecution of the Rohingya, a Muslim minority group from Myanmar’s Rakhine State.

✓Historical Background
- Ethnic and Religious Identity: The Rohingya are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in the Buddhist-majority Myanmar, with roots tracing back centuries.
- Citizenship and Discrimination: Myanmar's 1982 Citizenship Law effectively rendered the Rohingya stateless, as it excluded them from the list of recognized ethnic groups. This denial of citizenship has led to systemic discrimination and restrictions on their movement, education, and employment.

✓Escalation of Violence
- 2012 Riots: Tensions between the Rohingya and the Buddhist Rakhine community erupted into violence, leading to widespread displacement and segregation of the Rohingya.
- 2016-2017 Crackdown: In response to attacks by Rohingya militants on police posts, the Myanmar military launched a brutal crackdown in August 2017. This campaign involved mass killings, rape, and the burning of villages, described by the United Nations as a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing."

✓Humanitarian Crisis
- Displacement: Over 700,000 Rohingya fled to neighboring Bangladesh, joining hundreds of thousands who had previously escaped persecution. They primarily reside in overcrowded refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar, facing harsh living conditions, inadequate healthcare, and limited access to education.
- International Response: While Bangladesh and other countries have provided refuge, the international community's response has been criticized as inadequate. Efforts for repatriation have been stalled by Myanmar's lack of guarantees for the Rohingya’s safety and rights upon return.

✓Legal and Political Dimensions
- Accountability: Calls for accountability have led to investigations by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and a genocide case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Myanmar’s government, led by Aung San Suu Kyi until the military coup in February 2021, has denied allegations of genocide.
- Military Coup: The 2021 coup further complicated the crisis, with the military consolidating power and human rights abuses continuing across the country. The Rohingya remain marginalized and their future uncertain.

✓Current Situation
- Continued Suffering: The Rohingya in Myanmar continue to face severe restrictions and discrimination, while those in refugee camps struggle with dire conditions and lack of prospects.
- International Aid: Humanitarian aid remains crucial but is often insufficient. Efforts to find a long-term solution are hindered by political complexities and the military's control in Myanmar.

✓Conclusion
The Rohingya crisis underscores the critical need for international intervention to ensure protection, justice, and a durable solution for one of the world's most persecuted and displaced populations. Addressing this crisis requires a coordinated effort to hold perpetrators accountable, provide humanitarian aid, and work towards a sustainable resolution that guarantees the rights and safety of the Rohingya people.

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AUKUS

AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced on September 15, 2021. The primary focus of this partnership is to enhance security and defense capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region, with a specific emphasis on countering the growing influence of China.

✓Key Components of AUKUS:

1. Nuclear-Powered Submarines:
- Australia: Under AUKUS, Australia will acquire nuclear-powered submarines, which will significantly enhance its naval capabilities. These submarines are not intended to carry nuclear weapons but will be powered by nuclear reactors, allowing them to operate more quietly and for longer periods compared to conventional submarines.
- UK and US Support: The United Kingdom and the United States will provide the technology and expertise to help Australia build these submarines. This involves sharing sensitive technology and know-how that is usually closely guarded.

2. Advanced Technologies:
- AUKUS also includes collaboration on advanced technologies such as cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and undersea capabilities. This is aimed at maintaining a technological edge over potential adversaries in the region.

3. Strategic Objectives:
- Countering China: One of the unstated but widely understood objectives of AUKUS is to counter China's expanding influence and military presence in the Indo-Pacific region. By enhancing Australia's defense capabilities and deepening military ties among the three countries, AUKUS aims to provide a counterbalance to China's activities.
- Regional Stability: The pact also aims to promote stability and security in the Indo-Pacific by ensuring that allied nations have the capability to respond to potential threats and maintain a rules-based order.

4. Diplomatic and Strategic Implications:
- France's Reaction: The announcement of AUKUS caused significant diplomatic tension, particularly with France. Australia had previously agreed to a $90 billion deal with France to purchase conventional submarines, which was scrapped in favor of the nuclear-powered option under AUKUS. This led to a major diplomatic fallout, with France temporarily recalling its ambassadors from the US and Australia.
- Regional Reactions: The reaction in the Indo-Pacific region has been mixed. Some countries welcome the enhanced security presence, while others are concerned about the potential for increased militarization and tensions.

✓Summary

AUKUS represents a significant strategic shift in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing on bolstering Australia's defense capabilities with nuclear-powered submarines and advanced technologies. It underscores the importance of allied cooperation in countering rising powers and maintaining regional stability. However, it also brings diplomatic challenges and has significant implications for international relations, particularly with France and China.

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Try to write within the prescribed time i.e. 4 minutes.
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