#DAILY_PRACTICE #WAT_SET

1.Final
2.Boarding
3.Call
4.Pass
5.Click
6.Birth
7.Careful
8.People
9.Things
10.Absurd
11.Plane
12.Region
13.Sensible
14.Horrible
15.Memories

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#DAILY_PRACTICE #SRT_SET

1.Conductor came to check his ticket, but he found that his purse was pick pocketed containing the ticket and cash………

2.During journey, he found some miscreants entering the compartment
and trying to loot the passengers. He……

3.While going on a mountaineering trip he found one member of his team was injured and some had got tired because of the longer route taken by the team. He……

4.As captain of the team, he found his players rather discouraged while playing a match. He……

5.He was face to face with armed Nagas in the forest. He………

6.When his close relations refused to help him financially. He…

7.He saw fire in a village, people were panicking. He…

8.Due to heavy rains the river was rising and he had to cross the river. He……

9.While going over the bridge over a river with his friends, he found half of the party had crossed the river bridge when suddenly the bridge collapsed. He……

10.He met with a serious accident while going on a bicycle, resulting in serious injury to pillion rider and serious damage to his vehicle.He……

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Current_Affairs #Monthly_Current_Affairs #Defence_Exams_Notes

Hello Future Officers, here we are sharing topic wise Current Affairs from the month of January 2022 to May 2022.

Current Affairs play a vital role in SSB interview and defence exams.So here we go with the topic wise links-

1.Defence CA

2.Sports CA

3.Science and Technology CA

4.International Current Affairs

5.National Current Affairs

6.Economy and Business CA

7.MoUs and Agreements

8.Summits, Events and Conferences

9.Committee & Meetings

10.Govt. Schemes

11.Important Visits

12.Environment And Geography CA

13.Banking and Finance CA

14.Important Days

15.Important Apps and Web Portals

16.Obituaries

17.Books and Authors

18.Awards and Recognitions

19.Appointments and Resignations

20.Important Indices and Reports

21.Acquisitions and Merger

This message will remain pinned on the main channel so that candidates can access it anytime without wasting their time.
So don't compromise with your SSB interview and Defence exam preparation.

Jai Hind 🇮🇳

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Defence_Exams_Notes #CDS_Exam #AFCAT_Exam #NDA_Exam #Territorial_Army

🔥🔥STATIC GK by StudyIQ 🔥🔥{1/2}

Hello Future Officers, hope you all are doing well and boosting your preparation for upcoming defence exams like AFCAT, CDS, NDA, TA etc..

So, today we are sharing static GK notes by StudyIQ which are helpful for upcoming defence exams.

So, here we go:

▪️Wonders of the World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8331

▪️ VOLCANOES
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8332

▪️VITAMINS
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8333

▪️WINDS OF THE WORLD
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8334

▪️Sports Terminology Part 1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8338

▪️Sports Terminology Part 2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8339

▪️SPORTS AND TROPHIES
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8340

▪️India and It's Neighbors
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8341

▪️International Organizations
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8342

▪️Indian Armed Forces
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8343

▪️Indian Missile Technology And Missile Specifications
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8344

▪️Thermal Power Plants
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8345

▪️Nuclear Power Plants
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8346

▪️States and Handicrafts
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8347

▪️International Space Agencies
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8354

▪️Rivers of India Part 1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8365

▪️Rivers of India Part 2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8370

▪️Important Rivers of World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8381

▪️Rivers of South India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8382

▪️Ramsar Sites of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8376

▪️SI Units of Physical Quantities
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8377

▪️Popular Beaches of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8378

▪️ Parliament of Different Countries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8390

▪️Nicknames of Famous Personalities
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8391

▪️National Highways of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8392

▪️Famous Musicians and Instruments
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8393

▪️Important Museums
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8400

▪️Famous Mountains of World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8413

▪️National Organizations
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8414

▪️Mines of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8416

▪️Longest, Largest, Tallest and Highest in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8415

▪️Important Lakes of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8427

▪️Inventions and Discoveries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8425

▪️International Organisations
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8426

▪️Important Waterfalls
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8435

▪️Important Tunnels
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8436

▪️Tribes of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8437

▪️ Intelligence Agencies
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8438

▪️Straits of World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8443

▪️Passes of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8448

▪️Grasslands of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8449

▪️Tiger Reserves in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8450

▪️Important Monuments of India-1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8451

▪️Important Monuments of India-2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8452

▪️Brands and Companies
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8453

This message will remain pinned on the main channel, so that candidates can access it any time.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Defence_Exams_Notes #CDS_Exam #AFCAT_Exam #NDA_Exam #Territorial_Army

🔥🔥STATIC GK by StudyIQ 🔥🔥{2/2}

Hello Future Officers, hope you all are doing well and boosting your preparation for upcoming defence exams like AFCAT, CDS, NDA, TA etc..

So, today we are sharing the second part of static GK notes by StudyIQ which are helpful for upcoming defence exams.

✔️Part 1 of static GK:
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8460

So, here we go:

▪️Important Borders and Boundaries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8474

▪️National Parks in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8475

▪️ Caves in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8490

▪️Sports and Stadiums
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8491

▪️Olympic Games and India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8492

▪️Military Operations of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8279

▪️Hill stations of India-1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8497

▪️Hill stations of India-2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8498

▪️Bridges
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8501

▪️Dams and Hydro Power Projects
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8502

▪️Oil Refineries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8503

▪️Indian States Emblems
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8505

▪️ Important Awards in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8509

▪️States and Crops
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8510

▪️First Person in India Male
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8520

▪️First Person in India Female
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8521

▪️First Person in the World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8525

▪️Important Crematoriums
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8565

▪️ Important Days International
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8566

▪️ Important Days National
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8567

▪️Capital and Currencies Part 1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8581

▪️Capital and Currencies Part 2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8582

▪️Common and Chemical Names
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8589

▪️Common Diseases
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8590

▪️ Continents of World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8591

▪️Fairs and Festival Part 1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8611

▪️Fairs and Festival Part 2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8612

▪️Folk Dances India Part 1
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8613

▪️Folk Dances India Part 2
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8614

▪️Classical Dances of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8615

▪️ Deserts of World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8620

▪️Mountains of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8621

▪️ Important Awards in World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8622

▪️Major and Minor Ports in India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8633

▪️National and International Airports
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8634

▪️Nick Names of Indian Cities
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8635

▪️Noble Prize and India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8636

▪️Reports and Index
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8639

▪️Research Centres of India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8640

▪️Old and New Names of Cities & Countries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8641

▪️ Popular Books India
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8647

▪️Popular Books World
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8648

▪️ Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna Companies
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8649

▪️Biosphere Reserve
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8655

▪️Bird Sanctuaries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8656

▪️Elephant Reserve
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8657

▪️UNESCO World Heritage Sites
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8658

▪️Wildlife Sanctuaries
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8659

This message will remain pinned on the main channel, so that candidates can access it any time.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Current_Affairs

13-07-22, current affairs

Important for upcoming defence exams.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material #INTERNATIONAL_CURRENTAFFAIRS

Srilankan Crisis[1/3]

✓Political parties in Sri Lanka are scrambling to form an all-party government, a day after President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe pledged to resign in the wake of historic citizens' protest.

✓The anti-government sentiment across various parts of Sri Lanka has triggered a state of political instability. It is fueled by the anti-government protests and demonstrations by the public due to the economic crisis in the country.

✓The Sri Lankan economy has been facing a crisis owing to a serious Balance of Payments (BoP) problem. Its foreign exchange reserves are depleting rapidly and it is becoming increasingly difficult for the country to import essential consumption goods.

✓The Sri Lankan rupee has lost more than 80% of its value, food costs have skyrocketed by over 50% and tourism- one of the country's main revenue sources has significantly diminished due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

✓Let us understand what led to political and economic instability in Sri Lanka and its impacts.

❗️What Led to the Sri Lankan Crisis?

-Background:

✓When Sri Lanka emerged from a 26-year long civil war in 2009, its post-war GDP growth was reasonably high at 8-9% per annum till 2012.

✓However, its average GDP growth rate almost halved after 2013 as global commodity prices fell, exports slowed down and imports rose.

✓Sri Lanka’s budget deficits were high during the war and the global financial crisis of 2008 drained its forex reserves which led to the country borrowing a 2.6 billion dollars loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2009.

✓It again approached the IMF in 2016 for another USD 1.5 billion loan, however the conditionalities of the IMF further deteriorated Sri Lanka’s economic health.

-Sri Lanka’s Fertiliser Ban:

✓In 2021, all fertiliser imports were completely banned and it was declared that Sri Lanka would become a 100% organic farming nation overnight.

✓This overnight shift to organic fertilisers heavily impacted food production.

✓Consequently, the Sri Lankan President declared an economic emergency to contain rising food prices, a depreciating currency, and rapidly depleting forex reserves.

✓The lack of foreign currency, coupled with the overnight ban on chemical fertilisers and pesticides, has sent food prices soaring.

-Recent Economic Shocks:

✓The Easter bomb blasts of April 2019 in churches in Colombo resulting in 253 casualties, consequently, dropped the number of tourists sharply leading to a decline in foreign exchange reserves.

✓The newly led government by Gotabaya Rajapaksa in 2019 promised lower tax rates and wide-ranging SoPs for farmers during their campaign.

✓The quick implementation of these promises further exacerbated the problem.

✓The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 impacted exports of tea, rubber, spices, garments and the tourism sector.

✓China’s Debt Trap Policy played a significant role in economic instability in Sri Lanka.

✓The Crisis in Sri Lanka is triggered due to a shortage of foreign exchange (forex) reserves, which have dropped by 70% over the last two years to just USD 2 billion by the end of February 2022.

✓Meanwhile, the country has foreign debt obligations of about USD 7 billion in 2022.

-Current Political Vacuum:

✓Prime Minister Wickremesinghe and President Gotabaya Rajapaksa signalled the willingness to resign making way for an all-party government to take over.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material #INTERNATIONAL_CURRENTAFFAIRS

Srilankan Crisis[2/3]

❓How is the Crisis in Sri Lanka Impacting India?

✔️Challenges:

-Economic:

✓Sri Lanka’s share in India’s total exports has declined from 2.16% in FY15 to just 1.3 per cent in FY22.

✓Automotive firms like Tata Motors and TVS Motors have stopped exports of vehicle kits to Sri Lanka and halted production at their Sri Lankan assembly units due to its unstable forex reserves and fuel shortages.

-Refugee:

✓Whenever a political or social crisis has occurred in Sri Lanka, India has witnessed a large influx of ethnic Tamil community refugees from the Sinhala Land to India through the Palk strait and Gulf of Munnar.

✓However, India may find it difficult to handle such an influx and needs a robust policy in place to handle the crisis.

✓The state of Tamil Nadu has already started feeling the impact of the crisis with the reported arrival of 16 persons from Sri Lanka through illegal means.

✔️Opportunities:

-Tea Market:

✓Amid the sudden halt of tea supply by Sri Lanka to the global tea market, India is keen to plug the supply gaps.

✓India could strengthen its footprint in Iran and as well as new markets such as Turkey, Iraq.
Big Sri Lankan tea importers from Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Russia are reportedly visiting India for tea plantations in Assam and Kolkata.

✓As a result, at recent Kolkata auctions, the average price for orthodox leaf saw an increase of up to 41 per cent compared to corresponding sales last year.

-Apparel (Clothing) Market:

✓Many apparel orders from the United Kingdom, European Union, and Latin American countries are now being diverted to India.

✓Several orders have been given to companies in Tirupur, the hub of the textile industry in Tamilnadu.

‼️Why Helping Sri Lanka is in India’s Interests?

✓Sri Lanka has been a strategically important partner for India. India can make use of this opportunity to balance its diplomatic ties with Sri Lanka, which have been distant owing to Sri Lanka’s proximity with China.

✓As the disagreement between Sri Lanka and China intensified on the fertiliser issue, India’s fertiliser delivery to Sri Lanka on the latter’s request is seen as a positive development in the bilateral relations.

✓Extending diplomatic ties with Sri Lanka will ease India’s effort to keep the Sri Lankan archipelago out of China’s ‘string of pearls’ game in the Indo-Pacific.

✓To the extent India can extend help to alleviate the hardships of Sri Lankans, it should be done with due care keeping in mind that the optics of its aid matters too.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material #INTERNATIONAL_CURRENTAFFAIRS

Srilankan Crisis[3/3]

❓How can Sri Lanka overcome the Crisis?

-Implementing Democracy in True Spirit:

✓There is a need for strong political consensus in Sri Lanka for better crisis-management.

✓Militarisation of Administration can be reduced.

✓Considerations are needed to help the poor and vulnerable get back on their feet and prevent long-term scarring.

✓The steps include an increase in agricultural productivity, increased job opportunities in non-farming sectors, better implementation of reforms and reviving the tourism sector.

-Support from India:

✓India, which has followed the "Neighbourhood First policy" to cement bonds with its neighbours, can walk that extra mile to help Sri Lanka out of the current crisis and help Sri Lanka towards realising its potential, to reap the rewards of a stable, friendly neighbourhood.

✓Indian businesses can build supply chains that intertwine the Indian and Sri Lankan economies in goods and services ranging from essential goods to Information technology services.

✓Since mid-March, over 270,000 metric tonnes of diesel and petrol have been delivered to Sri Lanka.
In addition, around 40,000 tonnes of rice have been supplied under the recently extended USD 1 billion credit facility.

✓India can charter the trajectory of Sri Lankan presence in Multilateral forums like G20 that will provide Sri Lanka a base of assistance from Developed Nations.

-Bailout from International Monetary Fund:

✓Sri Lanka has approached the IMF for the bailout. The IMF can support Sri Lanka’s efforts to overcome the current economic crisis.

✓The IMF can restore macroeconomic stability and debt sustainability, while protecting the poor and vulnerable, safeguarding financial stability, and stepping up structural reforms to address corruption vulnerabilities and unlock Sri Lanka's growth potential.

-Prospects of Circular Economy:

✓With reference to economic instability in Sri Lanka, the dependence on imports can be minimised by the circular economy, it will offer a sustainable alternative to aid a recovery.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#INTERNATIONAL_INTERGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS #GD_Material

I2U2: The West Quad[1/2]

✓I2U2 is the new grouping formed by four nations- India, Israel, UAE, and the US. It was given the name International Forum for Economic Cooperation.

✓It is focused on expanding economic and political cooperation in the Middle East and Asia, including through trade, combating climate change, energy cooperation, and coordination on other vital shared interests.

✓The four-nation framework would foster support and cooperation in various domains like infrastructure, technology and maritime security.

✓The first virtual summit of I2U2 will focus heavily on the global food and energy crisis resulting from the conflict in Ukraine.

‼️What is the Background of I2U2 Grouping?

-Abraham Accords:

✓In September, 2020, Israel, UAE and Bahrain signed Abraham Accords brokered by the United States which has subsequently led to normalising of relations between Israel and a number of Arab Gulf countries.

✓I2U2 was initially formed in October, 2021 following the Abraham Accords, to deal with issues concerning maritime security, infrastructure and transport.

✓The aim was to harness the unique array of capabilities, knowledge and experience of all four nations which ultimately lead to the formation of I2U2.

‼️What can be the Prime Areas of Cooperation of I2U2?

-Security:

✓This will help the countries in exploring security cooperation among the four nations within the framework of these new groupings.

✓India already has a robust bilateral security cooperation with Israel, the US and the UAE.

-Technology:

✓Each of these countries is a technological hub Biotechnology is prominent in each of these countries as well.

✓Israel is called a Startup Nation already. India has been also developing a widening startup ecosystem of its own.

✓UAE also recognises that the future of the world economy is not going to be built around just hydrocarbons, oil and gas. It needs to work in the technology sector too.

✓In May this year, a project was commissioned in which Ecoppia, an Israeli company, would manufacture robotic solar cleaning technology in India, meant for a project in the UAE.

-Food Security:

✓Joint efforts by these four countries become crucial to tackle and reduce the consequences of food security and safety.

✓According to the 2020 report by 'The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World,' around 14 percent of India's total population is undernourished.

-Trade and Connectivity:

✓I2U2 can revitalise and re-energise the system of trade and commerce among the four countries.

✓After the US, UAE is the second-largest export destination of India.

-Connectivity:

✓I2U2 will boost India’s project along with UAE and Saudi Arabia to build a connectivity corridor that runs from India to the Arabian gulf across the Arabian peninsula to Israel, Jordan and from there to the European Union.

✓If this corridor is completed then India will be able to cut the cost of moving a container significantly (for instance from Mumbai to Greece by over 40%).

‼️What is the Significance of I2U2 for India?

-India’s West-Asian Policies:

✓Until now, India’s West Asian policies have largely insisted on keeping its bilateral relationships separate from each other.

✓This is the first step to bring those relationships with UAE and Israel together and merge them.

-Advantage from Abraham Accords:

✓India will get advantage of the Abraham Accords to deepen engagement with Israel without risking its ties with the UAE and the other Arab states.

-Benefit Market:

✓India is a massive consumer market. It’s a frontline producer of high-tech and highly sought-after goods as well that will attract investors from West Asia.

-Thrust to Geopolitical Presence:

✓I2U2 will boost India's geopolitical presence especially in West Asia and India will strategically and economically establish itself as a World player.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#INTERNATIONAL_INTERGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS #INTERNATIONAL_CURRENTAFFAIRS #GD_Material

I2U2:The West Quad[2/2]

-Indian Diaspora and Remittances:

✓There are around 8 to 9 million Indians in West Asia, 2.5 million in the United Arab Emirates alone. They are India’s goodwill ambassadors.

✓Indian communities in West Asia have a significant impact upon the Indian economy, through inward remittances. Further cooperation with West Asian countries through I2U2 will enhance inward remittance.

✓According to a UN report on international migration, in 2017, inward remittances from the Gulf into India were 38 billion U.S. dollars.

✔️What are the Challenges Associated with I2U2?

-Challenges for Israel:

✓As far as the quest for peace and resolution of the Arab-Israeli problem is concerned, the Abraham Accords are a major breakthrough.

✓However, the other states in the region are still reluctant to maintain friendly bilateral relations with Israel.

✓Also, at the grassroot level, the Israel-Palestine conflict is still a major area of concern.

-Internal Conflicts of the Arab World:

✓Iran-Saudi: The Shia-Sunni conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia is also going on which is also running through Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen.

✓Possible Splitting of Countries:
The internal conflicts in the Arab world will possibly lead to the significant partners of India like Iran split from the former into another group.

✓The developing situation might lead to the creation of two groups one with China, Pakistan, Russia, Iran and Turkey while India, Israel, USA and UAE are likely to be on the other side.

-China's Expanding Role in the Middle East:

✓India must also look at the presence of China which has been expanding its footprint in the region.

🇮🇱Israel:

✓Israel’s Haifa port has been expanded by China, more than one and a half billion-dollar investment in Haifa has been made by China.

✓China is also building the Ashdod port which is the only port Israel has in the mediterranean.

🇦🇪UAE:

✓UAE was one of the first countries that got Huawei’s (Chinese MNC) assistance for its 5G project.

❓What Should be the Way Forward?

-Seizing the Opportunity:

✓The I2U2 is a win-win proposition for all the countries concerned. India needs to play a more active role as far as cooperation with West Asia is concerned.

✓India must navigate this area which is full of landmines, very cautiously because the fundamental interests of India: energy security, food security, workers, trade, investment and maritime security lie in this region.

-Reassuring Other Partners in West Asia:

✓Two countries, specifically, need to be reassured that this new arrangement is not aimed at them: Iran and Egypt.

✓For India, Iran is important in relation to the present context of Afghanistan. India must deal with the challenges both diplomatically and strategically in this region.

✓Egypt has friendly relations with all the four countries in this alliance but it must be reassured that it will not be impacted economically or politically.

-Mutual Cooperation Among the Four Countries:

✓There are challenges in dealing with the complications of the West Asian region.

✓Balancing the rival countries diplomatically and strategically in order to maintain friendly relations with each other can be done through mutual cooperation among the four countries.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Current_Affairs

14-07-22, current affairs

Important for upcoming defence exams.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#DAILY_GD_practice

"PLEASE" READ EACH WORD PROPERLY

( 4 AFSB VARANASI, 27 June - 1 July, AFCAT entry, Girls batch)

Discuss: How privatisation of league matches such as IPL, pro kabbadi brought in India??

SUB POINTS:-

1. Opportunities.
2. Money.
3. Corruption.

TRY TO GIVE YOUR POINT OF VIEW ON EACH POINT. TO UTILISE YOUR OWN TIME IN A GAINFUL MANNER JUST PARTICIPATION SHOULD NOT BE THE PRIMARY GOAL GENTLEMEN.

Join the discussion :- https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material

Death behind Bars [1/3]

✓India has a grim record in police brutality and custodial violence. Between 2001 and 2018, 1,727 persons died in police custody, but only 26 policemen were convicted for such deaths.

✓Custodial deaths are common despite enormous time and money being spent on training police personnel to embrace scientific methods of investigation. This is because police personnel are humans from different backgrounds and with different perspectives.

✓In this context, let’s understand the issues revolving around custodial deaths.

‼️What do We Mean by Custodial Deaths?

✓Custodial deaths in India may refer to the deaths of persons in police custody and also to the deaths of persons in judicial custody while undergoing trial or serving a sentence.

✓It is not uncommon knowledge that the police, when they grow increasingly frustrated with the trajectory of their interrogation, sometimes resort to torture and violence which could lead to the death of the suspect.

✓It includes torture, death and other excesses in police custody or prison.

❓What has been the Status of Custodial Deaths in India?

✓According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, Over the last 20 years, 1,888 custodial deaths were reported across the country, 893 cases registered against police personnel and 358 personnel charge-sheeted. But only 26 policemen were convicted in this period, official records show.

✓Except in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha, no policeman was convicted for such deaths across the country.

✓Apart from custodial deaths, more than 2,000 human rights violation cases were also recorded against the police between 2000 and 2018. And only 344 policemen were convicted in those cases.

‼️What could be the Possible Reasons for Custodial Deaths?

-Absence of Strong Legislation:

✓India does not have an anti-torture legislation and is yet to criminalise custodial violence, while action against culpable officials remains illusory.

-Institutional Challenges:

✓The entire prison system is inherently opaque giving less room to transparency.
India also fails in bringing the much desired Prison Reforms and prisons continue to be affected by poor conditions, overcrowding, acute manpower shortages and minimal safety against harm in prisons.

-Excessive Force:

✓The use of excessive force including torture to target marginalised communities and control people participating in movements or propagating ideologies which the state perceives as opposed to its stature.

-Lengthy Judicial Processes:

✓Lengthy, expensive formal processes followed by courts dissuade the poor and the vulnerable.

-Not Adhering to International Standard:

✓Although India has signed the United Nations Convention against Torture in 1997 its ratification still remains.

✓While Signing only indicates the country’s intention to meet the obligations set out in the treaty, Ratification, on the other hand, entails bringing in laws and mechanisms to fulfill the commitments.

❓What are the Provisions Available Regarding Custody?

-Constitutional Provisions:

✔️Article 21:

✓Article 21 states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

✓Protection from torture is a fundamental right enshrined under Article 21 (Right to Life) of the Indian constitution.

✔️Article 22:

✓Article 22 provides ”Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases”.

✓The right to counsel is also a fundamental right under Article 22(1) of the India constitution.

-Legal Provisions:

✔️Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC):
Section 41 of Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) was amended in 2009 to include safeguards so that arrests and detentions for interrogation have reasonable grounds and documented procedures, arrests are made transparent to family, friends and public, and there is protection through legal representation.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material

Death behind bars[2/3]

-Mathura Case of 1972:

✓The Mathura rape case was an incident of custodial rape in India on 26 March 1972, wherein Mathura, a young tribal girl, was allegedly raped by two policemen on the compound of Desaiganj Police Station in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra.

✓This case led to Government of India to amend the rape laws in our country. In 1983, a new category was added to criminal laws dealing with rape.

✓The law mandates that a court presume a woman who says she did not consent to sexual intercourse is telling the truth.
Mathura’s case also led to in camera rape trials being conducted as closed proceedings and to a ban on identifying victims by their real names.

✓Besides defining custodial rape, the amendment shifted the burden of proof from the accuser to the accused.

✓It also demanded that before sunrise and after the sunset, women can not be called to the police station.

‼️What is the Role of Technology in Custodial Interrogation?

-Brain Fingerprint System:

✓BFS is a type of lie-detection technique through which a person’s brain waves are measured to find out if the individual is telling the truth while answering questions put to him/her.

✓The technique helps investigative agencies uncover clues in complicated cases.

-Robots:

✓Police departments are increasingly using robots for surveillance and bomb detection.
Many experts today believe that robots can meet or exceed the capabilities of the human interrogator.

✓Suspects might be more receptive to opening up to automated conversational counterparts than the police.
Robots equipped with AI and sensor technology can build a rapport with the suspects, utilize persuasive techniques like flattery, shame and coercion, and strategically use body language.

✓The University of Arizona has created automated interrogation technology called The Automated Virtual Agent for Truth Assessments in RealTime (AVATAR).

✓The system uses visual, auditory, near-infrared and other sensors to scrutinize a suspect’s eye movements, voice, and other qualities throughout an interaction.

-Artificial Intelligence:

✓Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are emerging as a tool of interrogations. AI can detect human emotions and predict behavior.

✓Therefore, these are also options. ML can in real time alert superiors when police are meting out inhumane treatment to suspects.

-Related Concerns:

✓There exists the risk of bias, the peril of automated interrogation tactics, the threat of machine learning algorithms targeting individuals and communities, and the hazard of its misuse for surveillance.

✓While the technology available to the police and law enforcement agencies is constantly improving, it is a restricted tool that can’t eradicate custodial deaths.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette #GD_Material

Death behind Bars [3/3]

‼️What should be Our Approach Moving Forward?

-India should ratify the UN Convention Against Torture:

✓It will mandate a systematic review of colonial rules, methods, practices and arrangements for the custody and treatment of persons subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment.

✓It will also mean that exclusive mechanisms of redress and compensation will be set up for the victim besides institutions such as the Board of Visitors.

-Police Reforms:

✓Guidelines should also be formulated on educating and training officials involved in the cases involving deprivation of liberty because torture cannot be effectively prevented till the senior police wisely anticipate the gravity of such issues and clear reorientation is devised from present practices.

-Access to Prison:

✓Unrestricted and regular access to independent and qualified persons to places of detention for inspection should also be allowed.
CCTV cameras should be installed in police stations including in the interrogation rooms.

✓Surprise inspections by Non-Official Visitors (NOVs) should also be made mandatory which would act as a preventive measures against custodial torture which has also been suggested by Supreme Court in its landmark judgment in the Shri Dilip K. Basu Case in 2015.

-Implementation of Law Commission of India’s 273rd Report:

✓The report recommends that those accused of committing custodial torture – be it policemen, military and paramilitary personnel – should be criminally prosecuted instead of facing mere administrative action establishing an effective deterrent.

-Other Measures:

✓Formulation of a multi pronged strategy by the decision makers encompassing legal enactments, technology, accountability, training and community relations.

✓To keep police excesses in check, dissemination of information about the constitutional right to legal aid and availability of free legal aid services is necessary.

✓The installation of display boards and outdoor hoardings in every police station/prison is a step in this direction.

✓If India wants to remain as a society governed by the rule of law, it is imperative for the judiciary to bridge the gap of accessibility to justice between the highly privileged and the most vulnerable.

✓Accessing justice in India is not merely an aspirational goal. Judiciary needs to work hand in hand with various wings of the government to make it a practical reality.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#INTERNATIONAL_INTERGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS

Ladies and Gentlemen, here we are sharing various International Intergovernmental Organizations, Agreements etc.

Such topics are generally asked in Lecturette and Candidates are expected to have thorough knowledge of these topics which could be helpful in PI and GD as well.

This message will remain pinned on the channel, so that u all can access it without wasting your time.

1.SAARC
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/296

2.ASEAN
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/298
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3027
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3029
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3344
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3887

3.G7
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/1154?single

4.BRICS
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3310
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3450
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3517
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4745

5.UNSC
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5468

6.Five Eye Alliance
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5325

7.Indo Pacific
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5283
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5284
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3792

8.Regional Anti Terror Structure (RATS)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5007

9.Organization of Islamic Cooperation
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4911

10.Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4781

11.Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4716
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4782

12.Important Headquarters
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4586?single

13.Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4574

14.Grouping related to Indian Ocean Region(IOR)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4542

15.India-Central Asia Dialogue
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4486

16.G20
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3973
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/273

17.Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3822
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/246

18.Mekong Ganga Cooperation
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3667

19.START(Strategic Arms Prediction Treaty)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4409

20.Open Sky Agreement
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4298

21.BECA, CAATSA, COMCASA
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3994
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4471
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3066
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/2317

22.Israel,UAE and Bahrain Abraham Accord
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3925

23.International Criminal court(ICC)
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3904

24.Singapore Convention on Mediation
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3884

25.UAE-Israel Peace Deal
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3559

26.One Sun One World One Grid
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/1891?single

27.RIC
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/1627

28.Double Fish Hook, Necklace of Diamond Strategy
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5496
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3415

29.BIMSTEC
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/3128
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/188

30.OPEC
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/243

31.G4,G5,G6,G77
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/274

31.FATF
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/541
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/1654

32.Quad
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4203
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/4204

33.OBOR
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/956

34.NPT,CTBT
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/681
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/5664
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/797

35.NAM
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/6280

36.Look East & Act East Policy
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/6568

37.IBSA
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/6575

38.TPNW
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8417
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/8418

39.AUKUS
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/9887
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/9888

40. CICA
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/10353

41.IEA
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/10587

42.I2U2:The West Quad
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/15109
https://t.me/ssbgeneraldiscussion/15110

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion

#Current_Affairs

15-07-22, current affairs

Important for upcoming defence exams.

For more @ssbgeneraldiscussion