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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:

You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the employees who have the highest salary in each department.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
    employee_id,
    employee_name,
    department,
    salary
FROM (
    SELECT
        employee_id,
        employee_name,
        department,
        salary,
        DENSE_RANK() OVER (
            PARTITION BY department
            ORDER BY salary DESC
        ) AS rnk
    FROM employees
) ranked
WHERE rnk = 1;

💡 Explanation:

This query uses the DENSE_RANK() window function to rank employees by salary within each department.

• PARTITION BY department creates separate rankings for each department.

• ORDER BY salary DESC ranks the highest salary as 1.

• DENSE_RANK() ensures that if multiple employees have the same highest salary, they all receive Rank 1.

• The outer query filters only the employees with rnk = 1.

This question tests your knowledge of:

✅ Window Functions

✅ DENSE_RANK() vs RANK() vs ROW_NUMBER()

✅ Partitioning Data

🎯 Output Example

Employee | Department | Salary

John | IT | 95,000

Sarah | HR | 80,000

David | Finance | 90,000

Alice | IT | 95,000

(John and Alice both appear because they share the highest salary in the IT department.)

🚀 Whenever an interview question asks for the top N records per group, think of window functions.

DENSE_RANK(), RANK(), and ROW_NUMBER() are among the most commonly tested SQL concepts.

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find employees whose salary is higher than their manager's salary.

Assume the table structure is:

employees(employee_id, employee_name, manager_id, salary)

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
e.employee_id,
e.employee_name,
e.salary AS employee_salary,
m.employee_name AS manager_name,
m.salary AS manager_salary
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id
WHERE e.salary > m.salary;

💡 Explanation:

This query uses a self join because both employees and managers are stored in the same table.

• e represents the employee.
• m represents the manager.
• The join matches each employee with their manager using manager_id.
• The WHERE clause filters employees whose salary is greater than their manager's salary.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ Self Joins
✅ Aliases (e and m)
✅ Comparing values across related rows

🎯 Expected Output Example

Employee Employee Salary Manager Manager Salary

John 90,000 David 80,000
Sarah 85,000 Michael 75,000


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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:

You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the top 3 highest-paid employees in each department.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT

    employee_id,

    employee_name,

    department,

    salary

FROM (

    SELECT

        employee_id,

        employee_name,

        department,

        salary,

        DENSE_RANK() OVER (

            PARTITION BY department

            ORDER BY salary DESC

        ) AS salary_rank

    FROM employees

) ranked

WHERE salary_rank <= 3

ORDER BY department, salary DESC;

💡 Explanation:

The query uses the DENSE_RANK() window function to rank employees based on salary within each department.

• PARTITION BY department creates a separate ranking for every department.

• ORDER BY salary DESC ranks the highest salary first.

• DENSE_RANK() assigns the same rank to employees with identical salaries.

• The outer query returns only employees with a rank of 3 or less.

This question tests your understanding of:

✅ Window Functions

✅ DENSE_RANK()

✅ Top N per Group

✅ Partitioning Data

🎯 Expected Output Example

Employee  Department Salary Rank

John  IT  95,000 1

Alice  IT  95,000 1

Bob  IT  90,000 2

Mike  IT  85,000 3

Sarah  HR  80,000 1

🚀 Know when to use each ranking function:

• ROW_NUMBER() → No ties (unique ranking)

• RANK() → Leaves gaps after ties

• DENSE_RANK() → No gaps after ties (ideal for Top N with ties)

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find customers who have never placed an order.

Tables:

customers(customer_id, customer_name)

orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date)


𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
c.customer_id,
c.customer_name
FROM customers c
LEFT JOIN orders o
ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id
WHERE o.customer_id IS NULL;

💡 Explanation:

This query uses a LEFT JOIN to return all customers, whether or not they have placed an order.

• LEFT JOIN keeps every customer in the result.
• Customers without matching records in the orders table will have NULL values.
• The WHERE o.customer_id IS NULL condition filters only customers who have never placed an order.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ LEFT JOIN
✅ Finding missing records
✅ NULL handling

🎯 Expected Output Example

Customer ID Customer Name

105 Alice
112 David
118 Sarah


🚀 Questions about finding unmatched records are very common in interviews. Practice using:

- LEFT JOIN ... IS NULL

- NOT EXISTS

- NOT IN (carefully, because NULL values can affect results)

Among these, NOT EXISTS is often preferred for correctness and performance in many databases.

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the department with the highest average salary.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
department,
AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY average_salary DESC
LIMIT 1;

💡 Explanation:
The query calculates the average salary for each department and returns the department with the highest average salary.

• GROUP BY department groups employees by department
• AVG(salary) calculates the average salary for each department
• ORDER BY average_salary DESC sorts departments from highest to lowest average salary
• LIMIT 1 returns only the top department

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ GROUP BY
✅ Aggregate Functions AVG
✅ ORDER BY
✅ LIMIT

🎯 Expected Output
Department Average_Salary
IT 88,500

🚀 Bonus Handles Ties
If multiple departments share the highest average salary, use DENSE_RANK():

SELECT
department,
average_salary
FROM (
SELECT
department,
AVG(salary) AS average_salary,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
) AS rnk
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
) ranked
WHERE rnk = 1;

This version returns all departments tied for the highest average salary.

🚀 Whenever you see questions like highest, lowest, top N, or rank, think beyond LIMIT. Ask yourself: What if there's a tie? Window functions like DENSE_RANK() often provide a more complete solution.

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find employees who earn the same salary as at least one other employee in the same department.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪
SELECT
employee_id,
employee_name,
department,
salary
FROM employees
WHERE (department, salary) IN (
SELECT
department,
salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department, salary
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
ORDER BY department, salary DESC;

💡 Explanation:
The query identifies duplicate salary values within each department.

• The subquery groups records by department and salary.
• **HAVING COUNT(*) > 1** finds salary values that appear more than once in the same department.
• The outer query returns all employees whose (department, salary) matches those duplicate combinations.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ GROUP BY
✅ HAVING
✅ Multi-column filtering
✅ Identifying duplicate records

🎯 Expected Output Example
Employee Department Salary
John IT 80,000
Alice IT 80,000
David HR 65,000
Sarah HR 65,000

🚀 Alternative Using Window Functions
SELECT
employee_id,
employee_name,
department,
salary
FROM (
SELECT
*,
COUNT(*) OVER (
PARTITION BY department, salary
) AS salary_count
FROM employees
) t
WHERE salary_count > 1;

This approach avoids a subquery with GROUP BY and is a great way to showcase your knowledge of window functions.

🚀 When interview questions ask you to find duplicates, think of these three approaches:

1. GROUP BY + HAVING
2. Window functions COUNT() OVER
3. Self Join for specific comparison scenarios

Knowing multiple solutions demonstrates strong SQL problem-solving skills.

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the third highest salary from the employees table without using LIMIT or TOP.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
salary
FROM (
SELECT
salary,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS salary_rank
FROM employees
) ranked
WHERE salary_rank = 3;

💡 Explanation:
This query uses the DENSE_RANK() window function to rank distinct salary values in descending order.

• ORDER BY salary DESC assigns Rank 1 to the highest salary.
• DENSE_RANK() ensures duplicate salaries receive the same rank.
• The outer query filters for salary_rank = 3, returning the third highest distinct salary.

🎯 Expected Output Example
Salary Rank
95,000 1
90,000 2
85,000 3

Output:
Third Highest Salary
85,000

🚀 Alternative Solution Using a Correlated Subquery
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE 2 = (
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.salary > e1.salary
);

This solution avoids window functions and is commonly asked to test your understanding of correlated subqueries.

🚀 Questions involving the Nth highest or Nth lowest value are interview favorites. Be comfortable solving them using:

1. DENSE_RANK()
2. RANK()
3. Correlated Subqueries
4. Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the employees who joined in the last 30 days.

Assume the table structure:
employees(employee_id, employee_name, department, joining_date)

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
employee_id,
employee_name,
department,
joining_date
FROM employees
WHERE joining_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days';

💡 Explanation:
This query filters employees whose joining date falls within the last 30 days.

• CURRENT_DATE returns today's date.
• INTERVAL '30 days' subtracts 30 days from the current date.
• The WHERE clause returns employees who joined on or after that date.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ Date Functions
✅ Date Arithmetic
✅ Filtering Records with Dates

🎯 Expected Output Example
Employee Department Joining Date
John IT 2026-06-10
Sarah HR 2026-06-22

🚀 Database-Specific Alternatives

MySQL
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE joining_date >= CURDATE() - INTERVAL 30 DAY;

SQL Server
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE joining_date >= DATEADD(DAY, -30, GETDATE());

Oracle
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE joining_date >= SYSDATE - 30;

🚀 Tip for SQL Job Seekers:
Date-related SQL questions are very common. Make sure you're comfortable with:
• Finding records from the last N days
• Current month/year filters
• Date differences
• Date formatting
• Database-specific date functions

❤️ React with ❤️ for more SQL interview challenges!

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.

Find the customer(s) who placed the highest number of orders.

Tables:
customers(customer_id, customer_name)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date)

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
    customer_id,
    customer_name,
    total_orders
FROM (
    SELECT
        c.customer_id,
        c.customer_name,
        COUNT(o.order_id) AS total_orders,
        DENSE_RANK() OVER (
            ORDER BY COUNT(o.order_id) DESC
        ) AS rnk
    FROM customers c
    JOIN orders o
        ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id
    GROUP BY
        c.customer_id,
        c.customer_name
) ranked
WHERE rnk = 1;

💡 Explanation:
The query first counts the total number of orders placed by each customer and then ranks them based on the order count.

✅ COUNT(o.order_id) calculates the number of orders per customer.

✅ GROUP BY ensures one row per customer.

✅ DENSE_RANK() ranks customers from highest to lowest order count.

✅ The outer query returns all customers with rnk = 1, including ties.

This question tests your understanding of:

✅ JOIN

✅ GROUP BY

✅ Aggregate Functions COUNT

✅ Window Functions DENSE_RANK

🎯 Expected Output Example

+----------+--------------+
| Customer | Total Orders |
+----------+--------------+
| John     | 25           |
| Sarah    | 25           |
+----------+--------------+

Both customers are returned because they are tied for the highest number of orders.

🚀 Tip for SQL Job Seekers:
Whenever an interview asks for the highest, lowest, most, or least, think about whether multiple records could tie for first place. Using DENSE_RANK() instead of LIMIT 1 makes your solution more robust and interview-ready.

❤️ React with ❤️ for more SQL interview challenges!

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.
Find all employees who have the same manager.

Assume the table structure:
employees(employee_id, employee_name, manager_id)

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪

SELECT
e.employee_id,
e.employee_name,
e.manager_id,
m.employee_name AS manager_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id
WHERE e.manager_id IN (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
)
ORDER BY e.manager_id, e.employee_name;

💡 Explanation:
This query identifies managers who supervise more than one employee and returns all employees reporting to those managers.

✅ The subquery groups records by manager_id.

✅ HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 finds managers with multiple direct reports.

✅ A self join retrieves the manager's name.

✅ The outer query returns every employee reporting to those managers.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ Self Joins
✅ GROUP BY and HAVING
✅ Subqueries
✅ Organizational Hierarchies

🎯 Expected Output Example
Employee Manager
John David
Alice David
Sarah Michael
Bob Michael

🚀 Alternative Using Window Functions
SELECT
employee_id,
employee_name,
manager_id
FROM (
SELECT
*,
COUNT(*) OVER (
PARTITION BY manager_id
) AS team_size
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
) t
WHERE team_size > 1;

This approach uses a window function to count the number of employees under each manager without using GROUP BY.

🚀 Tip for SQL Job Seekers:
Hierarchy-based questions are very common in interviews. Practice problems involving:
Employees and managers
Parent-child relationships
Organizational charts
Category trees
Recursive queries WITH RECURSIVE or recursive CTEs

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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗿:
You have 2 minutes to solve this SQL query.
Find the departments where the average salary is greater than the company's overall average salary.

𝗠𝗲: Challenge accepted! 💪
SELECT
department,
AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING AVG(salary) > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);

💡 Explanation:
The query compares each department's average salary with the company's overall average salary.

• GROUP BY department calculates the average salary for each department.
• The subquery computes the overall average salary across all employees.
• HAVING filters only those departments whose average salary exceeds the company average.

This question tests your understanding of:
✅ GROUP BY
✅ HAVING
✅ Aggregate Functions AVG
✅ Subqueries

🎯 Expected Output Example
Department: Average Salary
IT: 88,500
Finance: 84,000

HR is excluded because its average salary is below the company average.

🚀 Alternative Using a Common Table Expression CTE
WITH company_avg AS (
SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
)
SELECT
department,
AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees, company_avg
GROUP BY department, company_avg.avg_salary
HAVING AVG(salary) > company_avg.avg_salary;

Using a CTE can improve readability, especially when the same calculated value is reused in larger queries.

🚀 Tip for SQL Job Seekers:
Interviewers often ask questions that compare group-level aggregates with overall aggregates. Master the use of HAVING with subqueries—it’s a key SQL pattern.

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