๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐๐ถ๐๐ต ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ by iHUB IIT Roorkee ๐
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โ Learn from IIT Roorkee Professors
โ Placement support from 5,000+ companies
โ Professional Certification in Product Management with Applied AI
โ 100% Online Program
โ Open to Everyone
๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ: 17th May 2026
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โก Limited Seats Available โ Apply Soon!
๐ฅ Now, letโs move to the next topic:
Triggers in SQL
(Automation inside database ๐ฏ)
๐ง 1. What is a Trigger?
A Trigger is a special SQL block
๐ that runs automatically
๐ when an event happens in a table
Think like this ๐
๐ โAutomatic action on INSERT / UPDATE / DELETEโ
โก 2. Why Use Triggers?
โ Automatic logging
โ Data validation
โ Audit tracking
โ Prevent invalid operations
โก 3. Types of Triggers
BEFORE INSERT โ Runs before inserting data
AFTER INSERT โ Runs after inserting data
BEFORE UPDATE โ Runs before updating
AFTER UPDATE โ Runs after updating
BEFORE DELETE โ Runs before deleting
AFTER DELETE โ Runs after deleting
๐ฅ 4. Basic Trigger Example
๐ Automatically log inserted employee
CREATE TABLE employee_log (
log_message VARCHAR(255)
);
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_employee_insert
AFTER INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO employee_log
VALUES (CONCAT('New employee added: ', NEW.name));
END //
DELIMITER ;
๐ง 5. Important Keywords
NEW โ New inserted/updated value
OLD โ Previous value before update/delete
โก 6. BEFORE UPDATE Example
๐ Prevent negative salary
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER check_salary
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.salary < 0 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000'
SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Salary cannot be negative';
END IF;
END //
DELIMITER ;
โ 7. Drop Trigger
DROP TRIGGER after_employee_insert;
๐ฏ 8. Practice Tasks
1. Create AFTER INSERT trigger
2. Create BEFORE UPDATE trigger
3. Prevent negative salary using trigger
4. Log deleted employees
5. Drop created trigger
โก Mini Challenge ๐ฅ
๐ Create trigger to automatically save deleted employee names into another table
๐ฅ Mini Challenge Solution
๐ Automatically save deleted employee names into another table
โ Step 1: Create Log Table
CREATE TABLE deleted_employees (
emp_id INT,
name VARCHAR(50),
deleted_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
โ Step 2: Create Trigger
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER log_deleted_employee
AFTER DELETE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO deleted_employees(emp_id, name)
VALUES (OLD.emp_id, OLD.name);
END //
DELIMITER ;
๐ง How It Works
๐ AFTER DELETE โ runs automatically after deletion
๐ OLD.emp_id and OLD.name
Access deleted row values before they disappear
โ Example
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE emp_id = 101;
โ Deleted employee info automatically saved in deleted_employees table ๐ฏ
๐ฅ Pro Tip
Triggers are powerful but:
โ Too many triggers can slow database
โ Use them carefully ๐ฏ
Double Tap โค๏ธ For More
Triggers in SQL
(Automation inside database ๐ฏ)
๐ง 1. What is a Trigger?
A Trigger is a special SQL block
๐ that runs automatically
๐ when an event happens in a table
Think like this ๐
๐ โAutomatic action on INSERT / UPDATE / DELETEโ
โก 2. Why Use Triggers?
โ Automatic logging
โ Data validation
โ Audit tracking
โ Prevent invalid operations
โก 3. Types of Triggers
BEFORE INSERT โ Runs before inserting data
AFTER INSERT โ Runs after inserting data
BEFORE UPDATE โ Runs before updating
AFTER UPDATE โ Runs after updating
BEFORE DELETE โ Runs before deleting
AFTER DELETE โ Runs after deleting
๐ฅ 4. Basic Trigger Example
๐ Automatically log inserted employee
CREATE TABLE employee_log (
log_message VARCHAR(255)
);
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_employee_insert
AFTER INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO employee_log
VALUES (CONCAT('New employee added: ', NEW.name));
END //
DELIMITER ;
๐ง 5. Important Keywords
NEW โ New inserted/updated value
OLD โ Previous value before update/delete
โก 6. BEFORE UPDATE Example
๐ Prevent negative salary
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER check_salary
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.salary < 0 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000'
SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Salary cannot be negative';
END IF;
END //
DELIMITER ;
โ 7. Drop Trigger
DROP TRIGGER after_employee_insert;
๐ฏ 8. Practice Tasks
1. Create AFTER INSERT trigger
2. Create BEFORE UPDATE trigger
3. Prevent negative salary using trigger
4. Log deleted employees
5. Drop created trigger
โก Mini Challenge ๐ฅ
๐ Create trigger to automatically save deleted employee names into another table
๐ฅ Mini Challenge Solution
๐ Automatically save deleted employee names into another table
โ Step 1: Create Log Table
CREATE TABLE deleted_employees (
emp_id INT,
name VARCHAR(50),
deleted_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
โ Step 2: Create Trigger
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER log_deleted_employee
AFTER DELETE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO deleted_employees(emp_id, name)
VALUES (OLD.emp_id, OLD.name);
END //
DELIMITER ;
๐ง How It Works
๐ AFTER DELETE โ runs automatically after deletion
๐ OLD.emp_id and OLD.name
Access deleted row values before they disappear
โ Example
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE emp_id = 101;
โ Deleted employee info automatically saved in deleted_employees table ๐ฏ
๐ฅ Pro Tip
Triggers are powerful but:
โ Too many triggers can slow database
โ Use them carefully ๐ฏ
Double Tap โค๏ธ For More
โค5
๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฏ๐ ๐ ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ผ๐ณ๐ & ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐๐ป! ๐
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โข Official Microsoft & LinkedIn Certification
โข High-demand Data Analytics skills
โข Perfect for your Resume/LinkedIn profile
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๐Don't miss out on this career upgrade. Limited time offer!
Stop scrolling! This is your chance to get certified by two of the biggest names in techโ ๐ Level up your Data Skills for FREE!
โ What you get:
โข Official Microsoft & LinkedIn Certification
โข High-demand Data Analytics skills
โข Perfect for your Resume/LinkedIn profile
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๐Don't miss out on this career upgrade. Limited time offer!
โค3
What is a Trigger in SQL?
Anonymous Quiz
5%
A. A table
14%
B. A stored query
79%
C. A block that executes automatically on database events
2%
D. An index
โค3
Which event can activate a trigger?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
A. INSERT
13%
B. UPDATE
1%
C. DELETE
73%
D. All of the above
What does NEW keyword represent in a trigger?
Anonymous Quiz
3%
A. Old row values
91%
B. New inserted/updated values
3%
C. Deleted values
3%
D. Table name
โค1
Which trigger type runs before data is inserted?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
A. AFTER INSERT
69%
B. BEFORE INSERT
6%
C. BEFORE DELETE
9%
D. AFTER UPDATE
โค4
๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ณ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ฃ๐น๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ ๐ง๐ผ ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ๐ฒ ๐ฎ ๐๐ผ๐ฏ-๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ ๐ฆ๐ผ๐ณ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฅ
No upfront fees. Learn first, pay only after you get placed! ๐ผโจ
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โ GenAI + Real Industry Projects
โ Live Classes & 1:1 Mentorship
โ Mock Interviews & Resume Support
โ 500+ Hiring Partners
โ Average Package: 7.4 LPA
๐ฏ Ideal for:- Freshers , College Students, Career Switchers & Anyone looking to enter Tech
๐ป Learn In-Demand Skills & Build Your Dream Tech Career!
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https://pdlink.in/42WOE5H
Hurry! Limited seats are available.๐โโ๏ธ
No upfront fees. Learn first, pay only after you get placed! ๐ผโจ
๐ What Youโll Get:
โ Full Stack Development Training
โ GenAI + Real Industry Projects
โ Live Classes & 1:1 Mentorship
โ Mock Interviews & Resume Support
โ 500+ Hiring Partners
โ Average Package: 7.4 LPA
๐ฏ Ideal for:- Freshers , College Students, Career Switchers & Anyone looking to enter Tech
๐ป Learn In-Demand Skills & Build Your Dream Tech Career!
๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ฐ ๐:-
https://pdlink.in/42WOE5H
Hurry! Limited seats are available.๐โโ๏ธ
๐คฃ2
How to Crack a Data Analyst Job Faster
1๏ธโฃ Fix Your Resume
- One page, clean layout, show impact (not tools)
- Example: Improved sales reporting accuracy by 18% using SQL & Power BI
- Add links: GitHub, Portfolio, LinkedIn
2๏ธโฃ Prepare Smart for Interviews
- SQL: joins, window functions, CTEs (daily practice)
- Excel: case questions (pivots, formulas)
- Power BI/Tableau: explain one dashboard end-to-end
- Python: pandas (groupby, merge, missing values)
3๏ธโฃ Master Business Thinking
- Ask why the data exists
- Translate numbers into decisions
- Example: High month-2 churn โ poor onboarding
4๏ธโฃ Build a Strong Portfolio
- 3 solid projects > 10 weak ones
- Projects:
- Customer churn analysis
- Sales performance dashboard
- Marketing funnel analysis
5๏ธโฃ Apply With Strategy
- Apply to 5-10 roles daily
- Customize resume keywords
- Reach out to hiring managers (referrals = 3x interviews)
6๏ธโฃ Track Progress
- Maintain interview log
- Fix gaps weekly
๐ฏ Skills get you shortlisted. Thinking gets you hired.
1๏ธโฃ Fix Your Resume
- One page, clean layout, show impact (not tools)
- Example: Improved sales reporting accuracy by 18% using SQL & Power BI
- Add links: GitHub, Portfolio, LinkedIn
2๏ธโฃ Prepare Smart for Interviews
- SQL: joins, window functions, CTEs (daily practice)
- Excel: case questions (pivots, formulas)
- Power BI/Tableau: explain one dashboard end-to-end
- Python: pandas (groupby, merge, missing values)
3๏ธโฃ Master Business Thinking
- Ask why the data exists
- Translate numbers into decisions
- Example: High month-2 churn โ poor onboarding
4๏ธโฃ Build a Strong Portfolio
- 3 solid projects > 10 weak ones
- Projects:
- Customer churn analysis
- Sales performance dashboard
- Marketing funnel analysis
5๏ธโฃ Apply With Strategy
- Apply to 5-10 roles daily
- Customize resume keywords
- Reach out to hiring managers (referrals = 3x interviews)
6๏ธโฃ Track Progress
- Maintain interview log
- Fix gaps weekly
๐ฏ Skills get you shortlisted. Thinking gets you hired.
โค6
What is the purpose of SAVEPOINT?
Anonymous Quiz
4%
A. Delete data
88%
B. Create checkpoint inside transaction
5%
C. End transaction
3%
D. Create table
๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ข๐ป๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐ ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฐ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ ๐ข๐ป ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ( ๐๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐)๐
Learn the Latest 5 Analytics Tools in 2026
Learn Essential skills to stay competitive in the evolving job market
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(Limited Slots ..HurryUp๐โโ๏ธ )
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Learn Essential skills to stay competitive in the evolving job market
Eligibility :- Students ,Graduates & Working Professionals
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https://pdlink.in/4tFlovr
(Limited Slots ..HurryUp๐โโ๏ธ )
๐๐๐ญ๐ & ๐๐ข๐ฆ๐:- 20th May 2026, at 7 PM
โค1
What is a Transaction in SQL?
Anonymous Quiz
6%
A. A database table
80%
B. A group of SQL operations executed as one unit
12%
C. A stored procedure
2%
D. An index
Which command permanently saves changes?
Anonymous Quiz
6%
A. ROLLBACK
39%
B. SAVEPOINT
53%
C. COMMIT
2%
D. DELETE
Which command is used to undo changes?
Anonymous Quiz
1%
A. SAVE
7%
B. COMMIT
8%
C. DROP
84%
D. ROLLBACK
โค2
Which ACID property means โall or nothingโ?
Anonymous Quiz
24%
A. Consistency
16%
B. Isolation
51%
C. Atomicity
9%
D. Durability
๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ด๐ถ๐ป๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ง๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ง๐ผ ๐จ๐ฝ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ฅ
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Still confused where to start in tech? ๐ค
These FREE beginner-friendly courses can help you build job-ready skills in 2026 ๐
โจ Learn in-demand skills like:
โ๏ธ Programming & Tech Basics
โ๏ธ Data & Digital Skills ๐
โ๏ธ Career-Boosting Concepts ๐ก
โ๏ธ Industry-Relevant Fundamentals
๐ฏ Beginner Friendly + FREE Certificates ๐
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๐ผ Perfect for Students, Freshers & Career Switchers
โ
8-Week Beginner Roadmap to Learn Data Analysis ๐
๐๏ธ Week 1: Excel & Data Basics
Goal: Master data organization and analysis basics
Topics: Excel formulas, functions, PivotTables, data cleaning
Tools: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets
Mini Project: Analyze sales or survey data with PivotTables
๐๏ธ Week 2: SQL Fundamentals
Goal: Learn to query databases efficiently
Topics: SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY, subqueries
Tools: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite
Mini Project: Query sample customer or sales database
๐๏ธ Week 3: Data Visualization Basics
Goal: Create meaningful charts and graphs
Topics: Bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, dashboards
Tools: Tableau, Power BI, Excel charts
Mini Project: Build dashboard to analyze sales trends
๐๏ธ Week 4: Data Cleaning & Preparation
Goal: Handle messy data for analysis
Topics: Handling missing values, duplicates, data types
Tools: Excel, Python (Pandas) basics
Mini Project: Clean and prepare real-world dataset for analysis
๐๏ธ Week 5: Statistics for Data Analysis
Goal: Understand key statistical concepts
Topics: Descriptive stats, distributions, correlation, hypothesis testing
Tools: Excel, Python (SciPy, NumPy)
Mini Project: Analyze survey data & draw insights
๐๏ธ Week 6: Advanced SQL & Database Concepts
Goal: Optimize queries & explore database design basics
Topics: Window functions, indexes, normalization
Tools: SQL Server, MySQL
Mini Project: Complex query for sales and customer analysis
๐๏ธ Week 7: Automating Analysis with Python
Goal: Use Python for repetitive data tasks
Topics: Pandas automation, data aggregation, visualization scripting
Tools: Jupyter Notebook, Pandas, Matplotlib
Mini Project: Automate monthly sales report generation
๐๏ธ Week 8: Capstone Project + Reporting
Goal: End-to-end analysis and presentation
Project Ideas: Customer segmentation, sales forecasting, churn analysis
Tools: Tableau/Power BI for visualization + Python/SQL for backend
Bonus: Present findings in a polished report or dashboard
๐ก Tips:
โฆ Practice querying and analysis on public datasets (Kaggle, data.gov)
โฆ Join data challenges and community projects
๐ฌ Tap โค๏ธ for the detailed explanation of each topic!
๐๏ธ Week 1: Excel & Data Basics
Goal: Master data organization and analysis basics
Topics: Excel formulas, functions, PivotTables, data cleaning
Tools: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets
Mini Project: Analyze sales or survey data with PivotTables
๐๏ธ Week 2: SQL Fundamentals
Goal: Learn to query databases efficiently
Topics: SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY, subqueries
Tools: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite
Mini Project: Query sample customer or sales database
๐๏ธ Week 3: Data Visualization Basics
Goal: Create meaningful charts and graphs
Topics: Bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, dashboards
Tools: Tableau, Power BI, Excel charts
Mini Project: Build dashboard to analyze sales trends
๐๏ธ Week 4: Data Cleaning & Preparation
Goal: Handle messy data for analysis
Topics: Handling missing values, duplicates, data types
Tools: Excel, Python (Pandas) basics
Mini Project: Clean and prepare real-world dataset for analysis
๐๏ธ Week 5: Statistics for Data Analysis
Goal: Understand key statistical concepts
Topics: Descriptive stats, distributions, correlation, hypothesis testing
Tools: Excel, Python (SciPy, NumPy)
Mini Project: Analyze survey data & draw insights
๐๏ธ Week 6: Advanced SQL & Database Concepts
Goal: Optimize queries & explore database design basics
Topics: Window functions, indexes, normalization
Tools: SQL Server, MySQL
Mini Project: Complex query for sales and customer analysis
๐๏ธ Week 7: Automating Analysis with Python
Goal: Use Python for repetitive data tasks
Topics: Pandas automation, data aggregation, visualization scripting
Tools: Jupyter Notebook, Pandas, Matplotlib
Mini Project: Automate monthly sales report generation
๐๏ธ Week 8: Capstone Project + Reporting
Goal: End-to-end analysis and presentation
Project Ideas: Customer segmentation, sales forecasting, churn analysis
Tools: Tableau/Power BI for visualization + Python/SQL for backend
Bonus: Present findings in a polished report or dashboard
๐ก Tips:
โฆ Practice querying and analysis on public datasets (Kaggle, data.gov)
โฆ Join data challenges and community projects
๐ฌ Tap โค๏ธ for the detailed explanation of each topic!
โค7
๐ฅ Now, letโs move to the next topic:
โ Normalization in SQL
๐ง 1. What is Normalization?
Normalization is the process of
๐ organizing data properly
๐ reducing duplicate data
๐ improving database structure
Think like this ๐
โ Bad database โ repeated data everywhere
โ Normalized database โ clean & efficient
โก 2. Why Normalization?
โ Reduce data redundancy
โ Avoid duplicate data
โ Improve consistency
โ Easier updates
๐ Example (Without Normalization)
Student data repeated multiple times
student_id student_name course instructor
1 Amit SQL Rahul
1 Amit Python Rahul
โ After Normalization
๐จโ๐ Students Table
student_id student_name
1 Amit
๐ Courses Table
course_id course
101 SQL
๐ Enrollment Table
student_id course_id
1 101
โ Cleaner structure ๐ฏ
๐ฅ 3. Types of Normalization
Normal Form Purpose
1NF Remove repeating groups
2NF Remove partial dependency
3NF Remove transitive dependency
โก 4. First Normal Form (1NF)
๐ Each column should contain atomic values
โ Wrong:
student courses
Amit SQL, Python
โ Correct:
student course
Amit SQL
Amit Python
โก 5. Second Normal Form (2NF)
๐ Must already be in 1NF
๐ Remove partial dependency
Non-key columns should depend on full primary key
โก 6. Third Normal Form (3NF)
๐ Must already be in 2NF
๐ Remove transitive dependency
Non-key columns should depend ONLY on primary key
๐ฏ 7. Practice Tasks
1. Identify duplicate data
2. Convert table into 1NF
3. Split data into multiple tables
4. Identify primary keys
5. Convert table into 3NF
โก Mini Challenge ๐ฅ
๐ Normalize a student-course database into 3NF
Double Tap โค๏ธ For More
โ Normalization in SQL
๐ง 1. What is Normalization?
Normalization is the process of
๐ organizing data properly
๐ reducing duplicate data
๐ improving database structure
Think like this ๐
โ Bad database โ repeated data everywhere
โ Normalized database โ clean & efficient
โก 2. Why Normalization?
โ Reduce data redundancy
โ Avoid duplicate data
โ Improve consistency
โ Easier updates
๐ Example (Without Normalization)
Student data repeated multiple times
student_id student_name course instructor
1 Amit SQL Rahul
1 Amit Python Rahul
โ After Normalization
๐จโ๐ Students Table
student_id student_name
1 Amit
๐ Courses Table
course_id course
101 SQL
๐ Enrollment Table
student_id course_id
1 101
โ Cleaner structure ๐ฏ
๐ฅ 3. Types of Normalization
Normal Form Purpose
1NF Remove repeating groups
2NF Remove partial dependency
3NF Remove transitive dependency
โก 4. First Normal Form (1NF)
๐ Each column should contain atomic values
โ Wrong:
student courses
Amit SQL, Python
โ Correct:
student course
Amit SQL
Amit Python
โก 5. Second Normal Form (2NF)
๐ Must already be in 1NF
๐ Remove partial dependency
Non-key columns should depend on full primary key
โก 6. Third Normal Form (3NF)
๐ Must already be in 2NF
๐ Remove transitive dependency
Non-key columns should depend ONLY on primary key
๐ฏ 7. Practice Tasks
1. Identify duplicate data
2. Convert table into 1NF
3. Split data into multiple tables
4. Identify primary keys
5. Convert table into 3NF
โก Mini Challenge ๐ฅ
๐ Normalize a student-course database into 3NF
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โค6๐2
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The demand is real, salaries are high, and the talent gap is wide open
Enrol for AI/ML Certification Program by CCE, IIT Mandi!
Eligibility: Open to everyone
Duration: 6 Months
Program Mode: Online
Taught By: IIT Mandi Professors
Deadline :- 23rd May
๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ด๐ถ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ก๐ผ๐๐ :-
https://pdlink.in/4nmI024
.
๐Get Placement Assistance With 5000+ Companies
โค1
What is the main purpose of normalization?
Anonymous Quiz
31%
A. Increase redundancy
68%
B. Reduce duplicate data
0%
C. Delete tables
1%
D. Speed up internet
Which normal form removes repeating groups?
Anonymous Quiz
50%
A. 1NF
27%
B. 2NF
14%
C. 3NF
8%
D. BCNF