๐ณ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ผ๐ณ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐๐
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5 frequently Asked SQL Interview Questions with Answers in Data Engineering interviews:
๐๐ข๐๐๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฒ - ๐๐๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ
โซ๏ธDetermine the Top 5 Products with the Highest Revenue in Each Category.
Schema: Products (ProductID, Name, CategoryID), Sales (SaleID, ProductID, Amount)
WITH ProductRevenue AS (
SELECT p.ProductID,
p.Name,
p.CategoryID,
SUM(s.Amount) AS TotalRevenue,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY p.CategoryID ORDER BY SUM(s.Amount) DESC) AS RevenueRank
FROM Products p
JOIN Sales s ON p.ProductID = s.ProductID
GROUP BY p.ProductID, p.Name, p.CategoryID
)
SELECT ProductID, Name, CategoryID, TotalRevenue
FROM ProductRevenue
WHERE RevenueRank <= 5;
โซ๏ธ Identify Employees with Increasing Sales for Four Consecutive Quarters.
Schema: Sales (EmployeeID, SaleDate, Amount)
WITH QuarterlySales AS (
SELECT EmployeeID,
DATE_TRUNC('quarter', SaleDate) AS Quarter,
SUM(Amount) AS QuarterlyAmount
FROM Sales
GROUP BY EmployeeID, DATE_TRUNC('quarter', SaleDate)
),
SalesTrend AS (
SELECT EmployeeID,
Quarter,
QuarterlyAmount,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter1,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 2) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter2,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 3) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter3
FROM QuarterlySales
)
SELECT EmployeeID, Quarter, QuarterlyAmount
FROM SalesTrend
WHERE QuarterlyAmount > PrevQuarter1 AND PrevQuarter1 > PrevQuarter2 AND PrevQuarter2 > PrevQuarter3;
โซ๏ธ List Customers Who Made Purchases in Each of the Last Three Years.
Schema: Orders (OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate)
WITH YearlyOrders AS (
SELECT CustomerID,
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM OrderDate) AS OrderYear
FROM Orders
GROUP BY CustomerID, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM OrderDate)
),
RecentYears AS (
SELECT DISTINCT OrderYear
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '3 years'
),
CustomerYearlyOrders AS (
SELECT CustomerID,
COUNT(DISTINCT OrderYear) AS YearCount
FROM YearlyOrders
WHERE OrderYear IN (SELECT OrderYear FROM RecentYears)
GROUP BY CustomerID
)
SELECT CustomerID
FROM CustomerYearlyOrders
WHERE YearCount = 3;
โซ๏ธ Find the Third Lowest Price for Each Product Category.
Schema: Products (ProductID, Name, CategoryID, Price)
WITH RankedPrices AS (
SELECT CategoryID,
Price,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY CategoryID ORDER BY Price ASC) AS PriceRank
FROM Products
)
SELECT CategoryID, Price
FROM RankedPrices
WHERE PriceRank = 3;
โซ๏ธ Identify Products with Total Sales Exceeding a Specified Threshold Over the Last 30 Days.
Schema: Sales (SaleID, ProductID, SaleDate, Amount)
WITH RecentSales AS (
SELECT ProductID,
SUM(Amount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
WHERE SaleDate >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
GROUP BY ProductID
)
SELECT ProductID, TotalSales
FROM RecentSales
WHERE TotalSales > 200;
Here you can find essential SQL Interview Resources๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
Like this post if you need more ๐โค๏ธ
Hope it helps :)
๐๐ข๐๐๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฒ - ๐๐๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ
โซ๏ธDetermine the Top 5 Products with the Highest Revenue in Each Category.
Schema: Products (ProductID, Name, CategoryID), Sales (SaleID, ProductID, Amount)
WITH ProductRevenue AS (
SELECT p.ProductID,
p.Name,
p.CategoryID,
SUM(s.Amount) AS TotalRevenue,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY p.CategoryID ORDER BY SUM(s.Amount) DESC) AS RevenueRank
FROM Products p
JOIN Sales s ON p.ProductID = s.ProductID
GROUP BY p.ProductID, p.Name, p.CategoryID
)
SELECT ProductID, Name, CategoryID, TotalRevenue
FROM ProductRevenue
WHERE RevenueRank <= 5;
โซ๏ธ Identify Employees with Increasing Sales for Four Consecutive Quarters.
Schema: Sales (EmployeeID, SaleDate, Amount)
WITH QuarterlySales AS (
SELECT EmployeeID,
DATE_TRUNC('quarter', SaleDate) AS Quarter,
SUM(Amount) AS QuarterlyAmount
FROM Sales
GROUP BY EmployeeID, DATE_TRUNC('quarter', SaleDate)
),
SalesTrend AS (
SELECT EmployeeID,
Quarter,
QuarterlyAmount,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter1,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 2) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter2,
LAG(QuarterlyAmount, 3) OVER (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY Quarter) AS PrevQuarter3
FROM QuarterlySales
)
SELECT EmployeeID, Quarter, QuarterlyAmount
FROM SalesTrend
WHERE QuarterlyAmount > PrevQuarter1 AND PrevQuarter1 > PrevQuarter2 AND PrevQuarter2 > PrevQuarter3;
โซ๏ธ List Customers Who Made Purchases in Each of the Last Three Years.
Schema: Orders (OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate)
WITH YearlyOrders AS (
SELECT CustomerID,
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM OrderDate) AS OrderYear
FROM Orders
GROUP BY CustomerID, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM OrderDate)
),
RecentYears AS (
SELECT DISTINCT OrderYear
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '3 years'
),
CustomerYearlyOrders AS (
SELECT CustomerID,
COUNT(DISTINCT OrderYear) AS YearCount
FROM YearlyOrders
WHERE OrderYear IN (SELECT OrderYear FROM RecentYears)
GROUP BY CustomerID
)
SELECT CustomerID
FROM CustomerYearlyOrders
WHERE YearCount = 3;
โซ๏ธ Find the Third Lowest Price for Each Product Category.
Schema: Products (ProductID, Name, CategoryID, Price)
WITH RankedPrices AS (
SELECT CategoryID,
Price,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY CategoryID ORDER BY Price ASC) AS PriceRank
FROM Products
)
SELECT CategoryID, Price
FROM RankedPrices
WHERE PriceRank = 3;
โซ๏ธ Identify Products with Total Sales Exceeding a Specified Threshold Over the Last 30 Days.
Schema: Sales (SaleID, ProductID, SaleDate, Amount)
WITH RecentSales AS (
SELECT ProductID,
SUM(Amount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
WHERE SaleDate >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
GROUP BY ProductID
)
SELECT ProductID, TotalSales
FROM RecentSales
WHERE TotalSales > 200;
Here you can find essential SQL Interview Resources๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
Like this post if you need more ๐โค๏ธ
Hope it helps :)
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Important Data Engineering Concepts for Interviews
1. ETL Processes: Understand the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process, including how to design and implement efficient pipelines to move data from various sources to a data warehouse or data lake. Familiarize yourself with tools like Apache NiFi, Talend, and AWS Glue.
2. Data Warehousing: Know the fundamentals of data warehousing, including the star schema, snowflake schema, and how to design a data warehouse that supports efficient querying and reporting. Learn about popular data warehousing solutions like Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake.
3. Data Modeling: Master data modeling concepts, including normalization and denormalization, to design databases that are optimized for both read and write operations. Understand entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and how to use them to model data relationships.
4. Big Data Technologies: Gain expertise in big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark for processing large datasets. Understand the roles of HDFS, MapReduce, Hive, and Pig in the Hadoop ecosystem, and how Sparkโs in-memory processing can accelerate data processing.
5. Data Lakes: Learn about data lakes as a storage solution for raw, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Understand the key differences between data lakes and data warehouses, and how to use tools like Apache Hudi and Delta Lake to manage data lakes efficiently.
6. SQL and NoSQL Databases: Be proficient in SQL for querying and managing relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle. Also, understand when and how to use NoSQL databases like MongoDB, Cassandra, and DynamoDB for storing and querying unstructured or semi-structured data.
7. Data Pipelines: Learn how to design, build, and manage data pipelines that automate the flow of data from source systems to target destinations. Familiarize yourself with orchestration tools like Apache Airflow, Luigi, and Prefect for managing complex workflows.
8. APIs and Data Integration: Understand how to integrate data from various APIs and third-party services into your data pipelines. Learn about RESTful APIs, GraphQL, and how to handle data ingestion from external sources securely and efficiently.
9. Data Streaming: Gain knowledge of real-time data processing using streaming technologies like Apache Kafka, Apache Flink, and Amazon Kinesis. Learn how to build systems that can process and analyze data in real time as it flows through the system.
10. Cloud Platforms: Get familiar with cloud-based data engineering services offered by AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Understand how to use services like AWS S3, Azure Data Lake, Google Cloud Storage, AWS Redshift, and BigQuery for data storage, processing, and analysis.
11. Data Governance and Security: Learn best practices for data governance, including how to implement data quality checks, lineage tracking, and metadata management. Understand data security concepts like encryption, access control, and GDPR compliance to protect sensitive data.
12. Automation and Scripting: Be proficient in scripting languages like Python, Bash, or PowerShell to automate repetitive tasks, manage data pipelines, and perform ad-hoc data processing.
13. Data Versioning and Lineage: Understand the importance of data versioning and lineage for tracking changes to data over time. Learn how to use tools like Apache Atlas or DataHub for managing metadata and ensuring traceability in your data pipelines.
14. Containerization and Orchestration: Learn how to deploy and manage data engineering workloads using containerization tools like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Understand the benefits of using containers for scaling and maintaining consistency across environments.
15. Monitoring and Logging: Implement logging for data pipelines to ensure they run smoothly and efficiently. Familiarize yourself with tools like Prometheus, Grafana, etc. for real-time monitoring and troubleshooting.
1. ETL Processes: Understand the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process, including how to design and implement efficient pipelines to move data from various sources to a data warehouse or data lake. Familiarize yourself with tools like Apache NiFi, Talend, and AWS Glue.
2. Data Warehousing: Know the fundamentals of data warehousing, including the star schema, snowflake schema, and how to design a data warehouse that supports efficient querying and reporting. Learn about popular data warehousing solutions like Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake.
3. Data Modeling: Master data modeling concepts, including normalization and denormalization, to design databases that are optimized for both read and write operations. Understand entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and how to use them to model data relationships.
4. Big Data Technologies: Gain expertise in big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark for processing large datasets. Understand the roles of HDFS, MapReduce, Hive, and Pig in the Hadoop ecosystem, and how Sparkโs in-memory processing can accelerate data processing.
5. Data Lakes: Learn about data lakes as a storage solution for raw, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Understand the key differences between data lakes and data warehouses, and how to use tools like Apache Hudi and Delta Lake to manage data lakes efficiently.
6. SQL and NoSQL Databases: Be proficient in SQL for querying and managing relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle. Also, understand when and how to use NoSQL databases like MongoDB, Cassandra, and DynamoDB for storing and querying unstructured or semi-structured data.
7. Data Pipelines: Learn how to design, build, and manage data pipelines that automate the flow of data from source systems to target destinations. Familiarize yourself with orchestration tools like Apache Airflow, Luigi, and Prefect for managing complex workflows.
8. APIs and Data Integration: Understand how to integrate data from various APIs and third-party services into your data pipelines. Learn about RESTful APIs, GraphQL, and how to handle data ingestion from external sources securely and efficiently.
9. Data Streaming: Gain knowledge of real-time data processing using streaming technologies like Apache Kafka, Apache Flink, and Amazon Kinesis. Learn how to build systems that can process and analyze data in real time as it flows through the system.
10. Cloud Platforms: Get familiar with cloud-based data engineering services offered by AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Understand how to use services like AWS S3, Azure Data Lake, Google Cloud Storage, AWS Redshift, and BigQuery for data storage, processing, and analysis.
11. Data Governance and Security: Learn best practices for data governance, including how to implement data quality checks, lineage tracking, and metadata management. Understand data security concepts like encryption, access control, and GDPR compliance to protect sensitive data.
12. Automation and Scripting: Be proficient in scripting languages like Python, Bash, or PowerShell to automate repetitive tasks, manage data pipelines, and perform ad-hoc data processing.
13. Data Versioning and Lineage: Understand the importance of data versioning and lineage for tracking changes to data over time. Learn how to use tools like Apache Atlas or DataHub for managing metadata and ensuring traceability in your data pipelines.
14. Containerization and Orchestration: Learn how to deploy and manage data engineering workloads using containerization tools like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Understand the benefits of using containers for scaling and maintaining consistency across environments.
15. Monitoring and Logging: Implement logging for data pipelines to ensure they run smoothly and efficiently. Familiarize yourself with tools like Prometheus, Grafana, etc. for real-time monitoring and troubleshooting.
๐3โค1
Pyspark Interview Questions!!
Interviewer: "How would you remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark?"
Candidate: "To remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark, I would follow these steps:
Step 1: Load the dataset into a DataFrame
Step 2: Check for duplicates
Step 3: Partition the data to optimize performance
Step 4: Remove duplicates using the
Step 5: Cache the resulting DataFrame to avoid recomputing
Step 6: Save the cleaned dataset
Interviewer: "That's correct! Can you explain why you partitioned the data in Step 3?"
Candidate: "Yes, partitioning the data helps to distribute the computation across multiple nodes, making the process more efficient and scalable."
Interviewer: "Great answer! Can you also explain why you cached the resulting DataFrame in Step 5?"
Candidate: "Caching the DataFrame avoids recomputing the entire dataset when saving the cleaned data, which can significantly improve performance."
Interviewer: "Excellent! You have demonstrated a clear understanding of optimizing duplicate removal in PySpark."
Interviewer: "How would you remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark?"
Candidate: "To remove duplicates from a large dataset in PySpark, I would follow these steps:
Step 1: Load the dataset into a DataFrame
df = spark.read.csv("path/to/data.csv", header=True, inferSchema=True)
Step 2: Check for duplicates
duplicate_count = df.count() - df.dropDuplicates().count()
print(f"Number of duplicates: {duplicate_count}")
Step 3: Partition the data to optimize performance
df_repartitioned = df.repartition(100)
Step 4: Remove duplicates using the
dropDuplicates()
methoddf_no_duplicates = df_repartitioned.dropDuplicates()
Step 5: Cache the resulting DataFrame to avoid recomputing
df_no_duplicates.cache()
Step 6: Save the cleaned dataset
df_no_duplicates.write.csv("path/to/cleaned/data.csv", header=True)
Interviewer: "That's correct! Can you explain why you partitioned the data in Step 3?"
Candidate: "Yes, partitioning the data helps to distribute the computation across multiple nodes, making the process more efficient and scalable."
Interviewer: "Great answer! Can you also explain why you cached the resulting DataFrame in Step 5?"
Candidate: "Caching the DataFrame avoids recomputing the entire dataset when saving the cleaned data, which can significantly improve performance."
Interviewer: "Excellent! You have demonstrated a clear understanding of optimizing duplicate removal in PySpark."
๐2
๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐
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โค1
How to become a data analyst/engineer -
Practice these daily:
โก๏ธ SQL
โก๏ธ Excel
โก๏ธ Python
โก๏ธ Power BI
โก๏ธ ETL/ELT
โก๏ธ Power Query
โก๏ธ Data modelling
โก๏ธ Data warehouse
โก๏ธ Exception handling
โก๏ธ Logging + debugging
#DataEngineering
Practice these daily:
โก๏ธ SQL
โก๏ธ Excel
โก๏ธ Python
โก๏ธ Power BI
โก๏ธ ETL/ELT
โก๏ธ Power Query
โก๏ธ Data modelling
โก๏ธ Data warehouse
โก๏ธ Exception handling
โก๏ธ Logging + debugging
#DataEngineering
๐1
๐๐ฒ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐๐ต๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐๐
Python is one of the most in-demand programming languages, used in data science, AI, web development, and automation.
Having a recognized Python certification can set you apart in the job market.
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Having a recognized Python certification can set you apart in the job market.
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๐1
Pyspark interview questions for Data Engineer
1. How do you handle data transfer between PySpark and external systems? 2. How do you deal with missing or null values in PySpark DataFrames?
3. Are there any specific strategies or functions you prefer for handling missing data?
4. What is broadcasting, and how is it useful in PySpark?
5. What is Spark and why is it preferred over MapReduce?
6. How does Spark handle fault tolerance?
7. What is the significance of caching in Spark?
8. Explain the concept of broadcast variables in Spark
9. What is the role of Spark SQL in data processing?
10. How does Spark handle memory management?
11. Discuss the significance of partitioning in Spark.
12. Explain the difference between RDDs, DataFrames, and Datasets.
13. What are the different deployment modes available in Spark?
14. What is PySpark, and how does it differ from Python Pandas?
15. Explain the difference between RDD, DataFrame, and Dataset in PySpark. 16. How do you create a DataFrame in PySpark?
17. What is lazy evaluation in PySpark and why is it important?
18. How can you handle missing or null values in PySpark DataFrames?
19. What are transformations and actions in PySpark, and can you give examples of each?
20. How do you perform joins between two DataFrames in PySpark? What are the joins available in PySpark?
Here, you can find free Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
1. How do you handle data transfer between PySpark and external systems? 2. How do you deal with missing or null values in PySpark DataFrames?
3. Are there any specific strategies or functions you prefer for handling missing data?
4. What is broadcasting, and how is it useful in PySpark?
5. What is Spark and why is it preferred over MapReduce?
6. How does Spark handle fault tolerance?
7. What is the significance of caching in Spark?
8. Explain the concept of broadcast variables in Spark
9. What is the role of Spark SQL in data processing?
10. How does Spark handle memory management?
11. Discuss the significance of partitioning in Spark.
12. Explain the difference between RDDs, DataFrames, and Datasets.
13. What are the different deployment modes available in Spark?
14. What is PySpark, and how does it differ from Python Pandas?
15. Explain the difference between RDD, DataFrame, and Dataset in PySpark. 16. How do you create a DataFrame in PySpark?
17. What is lazy evaluation in PySpark and why is it important?
18. How can you handle missing or null values in PySpark DataFrames?
19. What are transformations and actions in PySpark, and can you give examples of each?
20. How do you perform joins between two DataFrames in PySpark? What are the joins available in PySpark?
Here, you can find free Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
๐4
๐ฑ ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ธ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐
Looking to break into data analytics but donโt know where to start?๐
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๐1
Breaking in to data engineering can be 100% free and 100% project-based!
Here are the steps:
- find a REST API you like as a data source. Maybe stocks, sports games, Pokรฉmon, etc.
- learn Python to build a short script that reads that REST API and initially dumps to a CSV file
- get a Snowflake or BigQuery free trial account. Update the Python script to dump the data there
- build aggregations on top of the data in SQL using things like GROUP BY keyword
- set up an Astronomer account to build an Airflow pipeline to automate this data ingestion
- connect something like Tableau to your data warehouse and build a fancy chart that updates to show off your hard work!
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
Here are the steps:
- find a REST API you like as a data source. Maybe stocks, sports games, Pokรฉmon, etc.
- learn Python to build a short script that reads that REST API and initially dumps to a CSV file
- get a Snowflake or BigQuery free trial account. Update the Python script to dump the data there
- build aggregations on top of the data in SQL using things like GROUP BY keyword
- set up an Astronomer account to build an Airflow pipeline to automate this data ingestion
- connect something like Tableau to your data warehouse and build a fancy chart that updates to show off your hard work!
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
โค4๐1
๐๐ผ๐ผ๐ด๐น๐ฒโ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐
Whether you want to become an AI Engineer, Data Scientist, or ML Researcher, this course gives you the foundational skills to start your journey.
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค ๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4l2mq1s
Enroll For FREE & Get Certified ๐
Whether you want to become an AI Engineer, Data Scientist, or ML Researcher, this course gives you the foundational skills to start your journey.
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค ๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4l2mq1s
Enroll For FREE & Get Certified ๐
๐5
Data engineering interviews will be 20x easier if you learn these tools in sequence๐
โค ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ-๐ฟ๐ฒ๐พ๐๐ถ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐
- SQL is very important
- Learn Python Funddamentals
โค ๐ข๐ป-๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐บ ๐๐ผ๐ผ๐น๐
- Learn Pyspark - In Depth (Processing tool)
- Hadoop (Distrubuted Storage)
- Hive (Datawarehouse)
- Airflow (Orchestration)
- Kafka (Streaming platform)
- CICD for production readiness
โค ๐๐น๐ผ๐๐ฑ (๐๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ)
- AWS
- Azure
- GCP
โค Do a couple of projects to get a good feel of it.
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
โค ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ-๐ฟ๐ฒ๐พ๐๐ถ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐
- SQL is very important
- Learn Python Funddamentals
โค ๐ข๐ป-๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐บ ๐๐ผ๐ผ๐น๐
- Learn Pyspark - In Depth (Processing tool)
- Hadoop (Distrubuted Storage)
- Hive (Datawarehouse)
- Airflow (Orchestration)
- Kafka (Streaming platform)
- CICD for production readiness
โค ๐๐น๐ผ๐๐ฑ (๐๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ)
- AWS
- Azure
- GCP
โค Do a couple of projects to get a good feel of it.
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
๐2๐ฅ1
What fundamental axioms and unchangeable principles exist in data engineering and data modeling?
Consider Euclidean geometry as an example. It's an axiomatic system, built on universal "true statements" that define the entire field. For instance, "a line can be drawn between any two points" or "all right angles are equal." From these basic axioms, all other geometric principles can be derived.
So, what are the axioms of data engineering and data modeling?
I asked ChatGPT about that and it gave this list:
โช๏ธ Data exists in multiple forms and formats
โช๏ธ Data can and should be transformed to serve the needs
โช๏ธ Data should be trustworthy
โช๏ธ Data systems should be efficient and scalable
Classic ChatGPT, pretty standard, pretty boring ๐ฅฑ. Yes, these are universal and fundamental rules, but what can we learn from them?
Here is what I'd call axioms for myself:
๐น Every table should have a primary key which is unique and not empty (dbt tests for life ๐)
๐น Every column should have strong types and constraints (storing data as STRING or JSON is ouch)
๐น Data pipelines should be idempotent (I don't want to deal with duplicates and inconsistencies)
๐น Every data transformation has to be defined in code (otherwise what are we doing here)
Consider Euclidean geometry as an example. It's an axiomatic system, built on universal "true statements" that define the entire field. For instance, "a line can be drawn between any two points" or "all right angles are equal." From these basic axioms, all other geometric principles can be derived.
So, what are the axioms of data engineering and data modeling?
I asked ChatGPT about that and it gave this list:
โช๏ธ Data exists in multiple forms and formats
โช๏ธ Data can and should be transformed to serve the needs
โช๏ธ Data should be trustworthy
โช๏ธ Data systems should be efficient and scalable
Classic ChatGPT, pretty standard, pretty boring ๐ฅฑ. Yes, these are universal and fundamental rules, but what can we learn from them?
Here is what I'd call axioms for myself:
๐น Every table should have a primary key which is unique and not empty (dbt tests for life ๐)
๐น Every column should have strong types and constraints (storing data as STRING or JSON is ouch)
๐น Data pipelines should be idempotent (I don't want to deal with duplicates and inconsistencies)
๐น Every data transformation has to be defined in code (otherwise what are we doing here)
๐4โค1
๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป ๐๐, ๐๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ด๐ป & ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ท๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ฅ๐๐!๐
Want to break into AI, UI/UX, or project management? ๐
These 5 beginner-friendly FREE courses will help you develop in-demand skills and boost your resume in 2025!๐
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4iV3dNf
โจ No cost, no catchโjust pure learning from anywhere!
Want to break into AI, UI/UX, or project management? ๐
These 5 beginner-friendly FREE courses will help you develop in-demand skills and boost your resume in 2025!๐
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4iV3dNf
โจ No cost, no catchโjust pure learning from anywhere!
20 ๐ซ๐๐๐ฅ-๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐ง๐๐ซ๐ข๐จ-๐๐๐ฌ๐๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ฐ ๐ช๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
Here are few Interview questions that are often asked in PySpark interviews to evaluate if candidates have hands-on experience or not !!
๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ช๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง 4 ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ญ๐ฌ
1. Data Processing and Transformation
2. Performance Tuning and Optimization
3. Data Pipeline Development
4. Debugging and Error Handling
๐๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
1. Explain how you would handle large datasets in PySpark. How do you optimize a PySpark job for performance?
2. How would you join two large datasets (say 100GB each) in PySpark efficiently?
3. Given a dataset with millions of records, how would you identify and remove duplicate rows using PySpark?
4. You are given a DataFrame with nested JSON. How would you flatten the JSON structure in PySpark?
5. How do you handle missing or null values in a DataFrame? What strategies would you use in different scenarios?
๐๐๐ซ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
6. How do you debug and optimize PySpark jobs that are taking too long to complete?
7. Explain what a shuffle operation is in PySpark and how you can minimize its impact on performance.
8. Describe a situation where you had to handle data skew in PySpark. What steps did you take?
9. How do you handle and optimize PySpark jobs in a YARN cluster environment?
10. Explain the difference between repartition() and coalesce() in PySpark. When would you use each?
๐๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ข๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ:
11. Describe how you would implement an ETL pipeline in PySpark for processing streaming data.
12. How do you ensure data consistency and fault tolerance in a PySpark job?
13. You need to aggregate data from multiple sources and save it as a partitioned Parquet file. How would you do this in PySpark?
14. How would you orchestrate and manage a complex PySpark job with multiple stages?
15. Explain how you would handle schema evolution in PySpark while reading and writing data.
๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐ซ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ :
16. Have you encountered out-of-memory errors in PySpark? How did you resolve them?
17. What steps would you take if a PySpark job fails midway through execution? How do you recover from it?
18. You encounter a Spark task that fails repeatedly due to data corruption in one of the partitions. How would you handle this?
19. Explain a situation where you used custom UDFs (User Defined Functions) in PySpark. What challenges did you face, and how did you overcome them?
20. Have you had to debug a PySpark (Python + Apache Spark) job that was producing incorrect results?
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
Here are few Interview questions that are often asked in PySpark interviews to evaluate if candidates have hands-on experience or not !!
๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ช๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง 4 ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ญ๐ฌ
1. Data Processing and Transformation
2. Performance Tuning and Optimization
3. Data Pipeline Development
4. Debugging and Error Handling
๐๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
1. Explain how you would handle large datasets in PySpark. How do you optimize a PySpark job for performance?
2. How would you join two large datasets (say 100GB each) in PySpark efficiently?
3. Given a dataset with millions of records, how would you identify and remove duplicate rows using PySpark?
4. You are given a DataFrame with nested JSON. How would you flatten the JSON structure in PySpark?
5. How do you handle missing or null values in a DataFrame? What strategies would you use in different scenarios?
๐๐๐ซ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
6. How do you debug and optimize PySpark jobs that are taking too long to complete?
7. Explain what a shuffle operation is in PySpark and how you can minimize its impact on performance.
8. Describe a situation where you had to handle data skew in PySpark. What steps did you take?
9. How do you handle and optimize PySpark jobs in a YARN cluster environment?
10. Explain the difference between repartition() and coalesce() in PySpark. When would you use each?
๐๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ข๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ:
11. Describe how you would implement an ETL pipeline in PySpark for processing streaming data.
12. How do you ensure data consistency and fault tolerance in a PySpark job?
13. You need to aggregate data from multiple sources and save it as a partitioned Parquet file. How would you do this in PySpark?
14. How would you orchestrate and manage a complex PySpark job with multiple stages?
15. Explain how you would handle schema evolution in PySpark while reading and writing data.
๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐ซ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ :
16. Have you encountered out-of-memory errors in PySpark? How did you resolve them?
17. What steps would you take if a PySpark job fails midway through execution? How do you recover from it?
18. You encounter a Spark task that fails repeatedly due to data corruption in one of the partitions. How would you handle this?
19. Explain a situation where you used custom UDFs (User Defined Functions) in PySpark. What challenges did you face, and how did you overcome them?
20. Have you had to debug a PySpark (Python + Apache Spark) job that was producing incorrect results?
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VanC5rODzgT6TiTGoa1v
All the best ๐๐
๐4
Pre-Interview Checklist for Big Data Engineer Roles.
โค SQL Essentials:
- SELECT statements including WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING
- Basic JOINS: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL
- Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
- Subqueries, Common Table Expressions (WITH clause)
- CASE statements, advanced JOIN techniques, and Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK)
โค Python Programming:
- Basic syntax, control structures, data structures (lists, dictionaries)
- Pandas & NumPy for data manipulation: DataFrames, Series, groupby
โค Hadoop Ecosystem Proficiency:
- Understanding HDFS architecture, replication, and block management.
- Mastery of MapReduce for distributed data processing.
- Familiarity with YARN for resource management and job scheduling.
โค Hive Skills:
- Writing efficient HiveQL queries for data retrieval and manipulation.
- Optimizing table performance with partitioning and bucketing.
- Working with ORC, Parquet, and Avro file formats.
โค Apache Spark:
- Spark architecture
- RDD, Dataframe, Datasets, Spark SQL
- Spark optimization techniques
- Spark Streaming
โค Apache HBase:
- Designing effective row keys and understanding HBaseโs data model.
- Performing CRUD operations and integrating HBase with other big data tools.
โค Apache Kafka:
- Deep understanding of Kafka architecture, including producers, consumers, and brokers.
- Implementing reliable message queuing systems and managing data streams.
- Integrating Kafka with ETL pipelines.
โค Apache Airflow:
- Designing and managing DAGs for workflow scheduling.
- Handling task dependencies and monitoring workflow execution.
โค Data Warehousing and Data Modeling:
- Concepts of OLAP vs. OLTP
- Star and Snowflake schema designs
- ETL processes: Extract, Transform, Load
- Data lake vs. data warehouse
- Balancing normalization and denormalization in data models.
โค Cloud Computing for Data Engineering:
- Benefits of cloud services (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)
- Data storage solutions: S3, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage
- Cloud-based data analytics tools: BigQuery, Redshift, Snowflake
- Cost management and optimization strategies
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vaovs0ZKbYMKXvKRYi3C
All the best ๐๐
โค SQL Essentials:
- SELECT statements including WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING
- Basic JOINS: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL
- Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
- Subqueries, Common Table Expressions (WITH clause)
- CASE statements, advanced JOIN techniques, and Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK)
โค Python Programming:
- Basic syntax, control structures, data structures (lists, dictionaries)
- Pandas & NumPy for data manipulation: DataFrames, Series, groupby
โค Hadoop Ecosystem Proficiency:
- Understanding HDFS architecture, replication, and block management.
- Mastery of MapReduce for distributed data processing.
- Familiarity with YARN for resource management and job scheduling.
โค Hive Skills:
- Writing efficient HiveQL queries for data retrieval and manipulation.
- Optimizing table performance with partitioning and bucketing.
- Working with ORC, Parquet, and Avro file formats.
โค Apache Spark:
- Spark architecture
- RDD, Dataframe, Datasets, Spark SQL
- Spark optimization techniques
- Spark Streaming
โค Apache HBase:
- Designing effective row keys and understanding HBaseโs data model.
- Performing CRUD operations and integrating HBase with other big data tools.
โค Apache Kafka:
- Deep understanding of Kafka architecture, including producers, consumers, and brokers.
- Implementing reliable message queuing systems and managing data streams.
- Integrating Kafka with ETL pipelines.
โค Apache Airflow:
- Designing and managing DAGs for workflow scheduling.
- Handling task dependencies and monitoring workflow execution.
โค Data Warehousing and Data Modeling:
- Concepts of OLAP vs. OLTP
- Star and Snowflake schema designs
- ETL processes: Extract, Transform, Load
- Data lake vs. data warehouse
- Balancing normalization and denormalization in data models.
โค Cloud Computing for Data Engineering:
- Benefits of cloud services (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)
- Data storage solutions: S3, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage
- Cloud-based data analytics tools: BigQuery, Redshift, Snowflake
- Cost management and optimization strategies
Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources ๐
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vaovs0ZKbYMKXvKRYi3C
All the best ๐๐
๐2
๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐๐ด๐ด๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐๐ถ๐๐ต ๐ฃ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐? ๐ง๐ต๐ถ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐จ๐น๐๐ถ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐ต๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฐ๐๐!๐
Mastering Power BI can be overwhelming, but this cheat sheet by DataCamp makes it super easy! ๐
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4ld6F7Y
No more flipping through tabs & tutorialsโjust pin this cheat sheet and analyze data like a pro!โ ๏ธ
Mastering Power BI can be overwhelming, but this cheat sheet by DataCamp makes it super easy! ๐
๐๐ข๐ง๐ค๐:-
https://pdlink.in/4ld6F7Y
No more flipping through tabs & tutorialsโjust pin this cheat sheet and analyze data like a pro!โ ๏ธ