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•Some Notes for your Revision

📌 Points to Remember from the Chapter Breathing and Exchange of Gases:

🔸 CO Combines with heamoglobin and from carboxy - heamoglobin(Permanent compound)
About 97 percent of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood.

🔸 The remaining 3 percentage of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through the plasma.

🔸 Nearly 20-25 percentage of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70 percentage of it is carried as bicarbonate.

🔸 About 7 percentage of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma.

🔹Asthma is caused by air- borne allergens and pollutants.

🔹Emphysema- decrease in respiratory surface area (Full blown alveoli)

🔹Pleurisy- increase in volume of pleural fluid

🔹Pneumonia- Fluid filled alveoli
Occupational disordered- silicosis, fibrosis, asbestorsis.

👉 The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria.

The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles.

The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation).

The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.

👉 CO combines with heamoglobin and form carboxy - heamoglobin (permanent compund)


About 97 percent of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood.

The remaining 3 percent of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through the plasma.

Nearly 20-25 percent of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70 percent of it is carried as bicarbonate.

About 7 percent of CO2 is carried in a dissolve state through plasma.

👉 Clot or coagulam formed mainly of a network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped.

Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma by the enzyme thrombin.

Thrombins, in turn are formed from another inactive substance present in the plasma called prothrombin.

An enzyme complex, thrombokinase, is required for the above reaction.

This complex is formed by a series of linked enzymic reactions(cascade process) involving a number of factors present in the plasma in an inactive state.

An injury or a trauma stimulates the platlets in the blood to relase certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation.

Certain factors released by the tissues at the site of injury also can initiate coagulation.

Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.

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