" Schopenhauer argues that what is ultimate in this world of phenomenon (living experience) is energy. He says that the underlying metaphysics is whatever manifests itself as this energy and through out the cosmos (stars , solar system , In animals , In trees , In falling stones , In ourselves , In everything ...) ; It is the Unconscious energy that forms rooms , makes our organs work while we are asleep and so on. I understand him saying that the nearest we come to getting any glimering to what that is in experience is the experience we have inside ourselves of the energy that goes forth the will to exist , the will to survive ... That is ultimate, irreducible push or drive and underlying to everythingelse. "

[Bryan Magee (British Philosopher) Reflection on Arthur Schopenhauer's Metaphysics : Philosophy Overdose]

" Principle of sufficient reason says that For every Truth there must be a reason why it is so and not otherwise. In other words Everything has a cause. This principle rules out that the possibility that certain things might just happen or be for no reason whatsoever. Now we may not know what that reason or cause is but nonetheless we could be assured that there must be one. Principle of sufficient reason is very controversial principle that has and still continued to divided philosophers. "

[Principle of Sufficient Reason : G. W. Leibniz (German Philosopher) : From Philosophy Overdose]

" Kant's Epistemology is the product of the Enlightenment. Philosophers of the enlightenment rejected the idea that we should depend on religious or secular authorities. Rather they believed that each of us could find the Truth by his/her own by using Reason. ... Kant said that ' Humans reached maturity because they aren't obedient to a higher authority like God or the Monarch but they were their own highest authority. "

[Immanuel Kant on Enlightenment : From Philosophy Overdose]

“Every powerful emotion has its own myth-making tendency. When the emotion is peculiar to an individual, he is considered more or less mad if he gives credence to such myths as he has invented. But when an emotion is collective, as in war or disease, there are few to correct the myths that naturally arise. Consequently in all times of great collective excitement unfounded rumors obtain wide credence. This myth-making faculty is often allied with cruelty. Such myths give an excuse for the infliction of torture, and the unfounded belief in them is evidence of the unconscious desire to find some victim to persecute.“

— Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950), Ch. XII: An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish, p. 81

━━
Unpopular Essays is a collection of Bertrand Russell’s more controversial works, reaffirming his liberal values. Written to “combat the growth in dogmatism“ on first publication in 1950 it met with critical acclaim and a wide readership.

“Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?”

— Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (1977)

~ Chapter 1: Theocracy, Sobornost’, and Democracy

~ Chapter 2: The Russian Postsecular

~ Chapter 3: Orthodoxy and Phenomenology

~ Chapter 4: Orthodox Theology and the Inevitability of Metaphysics

~ Chapter 5: Orthodox Theology and Philosophy of Self

~ Chapter 6: Orthodoxy and Logic

~ Chapter 7: Orthodoxy, Philosophy, and Ethics

~ Chapter 8: Orthodoxy and Philosophy of Language

Christian Epistemology is Relational Ontology !

" To be conscious of something in the world is to relate to an item in the world rather than to relate to its representation of it within your head. What we think of a self-consciousness of the world , The idea we have such a thing as a self in a character , The essential being that we truely are ... That is a myth according to Sartre. .... He says there isno a predetermined character that makes who you are ... Who you are is the Function of What you do. "

[The basic argument of Jean Paul Sartre on Phenomenology : Philosophy Overdose]

Person and Eros
By Christos Yannaras

The Personal "Mode of Existence"
-The Ecstatic Character of Personhood
-The Universality of Person
-The Unity of the person
The Cosmic Dimensions of the person
-The Personal Aspect of the World
-The Personal Dimension of Space:Absence
-The Personal Dimension of time: Presence
The "Semantics" of Personal Disclosure
-The Logos as Disclosure of the Person
-The Image as "Signifier" of Non-conventional Logos
-On Analogy and Hierarchy
The Fall and Nothingness
-Nothingness as "Outside" Personal Relation
-The Personal Dimension of Nothingness
-The Moral Dimension of Nothingness .......

ፍልስፍና ምንድን ነው?
ለዚህ ትያቄ አንድና ቀጥተኛ መልስ መስጠት የሚቻል አይመስለኝም፤ ዞሮ ዞሮ ግን የዘመናዊው የትምህርት ቀረጻ እንደሚያቀርበው ፍልስፍና የሊቅነት(የአእምሮ) ምርምር ብለን ማለፍ አንችልም። ስለዚህ ሄለኒዝምና በክርስቲያኖች ዘንድ የፍልስፍና ትርጉም በራሱ መታየት አለበት ብዬ አስባለው። ፍልስፍና በጥንቱ ዓለም ለትልቁ ጥሩ (ለጥበብ) ያለን ፍቅር መፈለግ፣ መሻች ነው። ይህም ትልቁን ጥሩ ለማግኘት ትንንሾቹን ማዘንበሎች ማለትም፣ ገንዘብን፣ ስልጣንን ኃይልን ማንገስን ትቶ ትልቁን ጥሩ ለማድረግ የሚደረግ ተጋድሏዊ እንቅስቃሴ እንደማለት ነው። በርግጥ በዚህ እንቅስቃሴ ውስጥ የአእሞሮን ምክንያታዊነትና ማመዛዘን አለ፤ ግን ደግሞ በአእምር ብቻ ማመዛዘን ወደሚለው ማውረድ በተለይም እንደ ፓይታጎረስ፣ ኘላቶ አልያም ኘሮክለስ ያሉ የቀድሞ ዘመን ፈላስፎችን ሊወክል አይችልም። ፍልስፍና ትልቁን ጥሩ በማግኘት ውስጥ ከሚታዪ ነገሮች በላይ ስለሆኑ(ስለ ሜታፊዚክስ)፣ ስለ ነገረ ዕውቀትና ስለ ነገሮችን እንዴት ማድረግ አለብን(ስለ ሥነ ምግባር) መዳሰሱና የማይቀር ነው። እነዚህ ሶስት ነገሮች የተያያዙና የማይነጣጠሉ ሲሆን ማኅቀፈ ዕሳቤን የሚሰሩ ናቸው። 

የመለኮት መግለጥን ማዕከል ያደረገችው ቤተክርስቲያንም ከክርስቶስ ጋር አንድ በመሆን ውስጥ እሱ ክርስቶስ እውነት ነው ብላ በመቀበሏ በማንም ሳትመረምር ሁሉን ትመረምራለች። በክርስቶስ እውነትነት ሜታፊዚክስን፣ ነገረ ዕውቀትን፣ ሥነ ምግባርን አያይዛ ማኅቀፈ ዕሳቤ በመስሯቷ ቀጥታ ከፍልስፍና ጋር መገናኘቷ የማይቀር ነው። እንደውም ፍልስፍና በአንድ በኩል ነገረ እግዚአብሔር በሌላ በኩል አድርጎ የመክፈል ነገር የመጣው ቀስ እያለ ዘመን እየተሻገረ በመጣ ቁጥር ነው።


ሁሉም ፍልስፍና ስህተት ነው?
በክርስትና አባቶች ዘንድ ፍጥረት የተፈጠሩበት መሠረታዊ መርህ(ሎጎስ) በእያንዳንዱ ፍጥረት ላይ ውበትን እውነትን ጥሩነትን ቅርጽን ይሰጣቸዋል። ይህ ባለቤታዊ መርህ(ሎጎስ) ከሁሉም ፍጥረት ጋር ግንኙነት በመኖሩ በዚህ ግንኙነት ምክንያት መጠኑ ይለያይ እንጂ እውነት ትገኛለች። በዚህ ምክንያት ከፈላስፎች ዘንድ እውነትም አለ ቢሆንም ግን የማይጋች ማኅቀፈ ዕሳቤን ያስቀምጣሉ ሌላ ጉዳይ ነው።

ፍልስፍና እንደ መሣሪያ(tool)

በፍልስፍና ያሉ እንቅስቃሴዎችና አጠቃቀሞች የቤተክርስቲያን አባቶች ለተመሣሣይ ችግሮች ፍልስፍናን እንደ መሣሪያ ተጠቅመው አስተምረዋል። አስፈላጊ ሲሆን እውነቱን ወስደው በቀላሉ ለማስረዳት ካልሆነም ለማስተካከል። እንዲ ማለት ግን ሁሉም አባቶች ተጽኖ አልደረሰባቸውም ማለት አይደለም። በፍልስፍና ተስበው ከክርስትና መሠረታዊ ሀሳቦች ሲወጡም አንዳንዴ ይታያል። ግን ደግሞ በተቃራኒውም ፈላስፎችም በክርስትና አባቶች አልተሳቡም ማለት አስቸጋሪ ነው። ተመላላች ናቸው።

ፍልስፍናን የተጠቀሙ አባቶች

ፍልስፍና ወደ ትልቀ እውቀት የሚደረግ ጉዞን ማፍቀር ካልን ፈላስፋ ያልሆነ ሰው አለ ማለት ይከብዳል። የኒቂያ ጉባኤ ላይ እንኳን የተሰየሙት ቃላት መነሻቸው ከክርስትና ውጪ ያሉ ፈላስፎች ናቸው። የቃላቶቹ ትርጉም አልተቀየረም ለማለት ሳይሆን መወራረስ እንዳለ ለማሳየት ነው።      ፍልስፍናን ያልተጠቀመ አባት አለ ማለት ያስቸግራል።
ነገር ግን በልዩ ሁኔታ የበለጠ አንድ አንድ አባቶች የዘመኑን የፍልስፍና ቋንቋ በመጠቀም የሀሳቦችን ስህተት ለማሳየት ተጠቅመዋል። በዚህ ትምህርትም በማለፍ ንጽጽራዊ ሀሳቦችን በማንሳት የሚራቀቁ ጥያቄዎች ሲጠየቁ የሚራቀቁ መልስን ሰጥተዋል። ይህ ማለት ግን የትምህርታቸው መሠረት ፍልስፍና ነው ማለት አይደለም። ከእነዚህ አባቶች መካከል ሰማዕቱ ዮስጢን፤ ቀለሜንጦስ ዘአሌክሳንድሪያ፣ የቀጰዶቂያ አባቶች፣ ዲዮናስየስ አርሲዮፋጎስና ሌሎችም በአብዛኛው ማለት ይቻላል መጥቀስ ይቻላል።


ፍልስፍናን በአጠቃላይ ጠቀሜታውን ለመረዳች Theology of Logos and logoi ማየት ያስፈልጋል ብዬ አስባለው። ግን ዞር ዞሮ ፍልስፍና አያስፈልግም የሚል ሰው ራሱ በዘመኑ ፍልስፍና ውስጥ ገብቶ እንደዛ እንደሚል መገንዘብ ያስፈልጋል።

በዮሐንስ ሙሉጌታ

Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age

-The Historical Context
-The Creation of the "West"
-The Ecclesial Framework
-The First Greek Unionists
-"Aristotelians" or "Scholastics"
-Western Propaganda
-Korydalleus and Korydallism
-The "Confessions of Faith"
-A Historical Quandary
-The "Modernists" or "Progressives"
-The Enlightenment
-Independence and an Alien State
-The Autocephaly of the church of Greece
-The Theological Schools
-The Extra-Ecclesiastical organizations
-Papadiamantis and His School
-The 1960s

የዘመነ ብሉይ ፍልስፍና
- ጥንታዊ የምሥራቃውያን ፍልስፍና
የሴማውያን ፍልስፍና.......
ፅርዕ፣ የፅርዕና የሮም ፍልስፍና/ግሪኮ ሮማን ፊሎዞፊ/
- ፅርዕና ፅርዓውያን
- የቅድመ ሶቅራጥስ ፍልስፍና
ሶቅራጥሳዊ ፍልስፍና
- ሶቅራጥስ
- አፍላጦን
-አሪስጣጣሊስ
ፍልስፍና ድኅረ አሪስጣጣሊስ
- የኢስጦኢክ ት/ቤት...
የፅርዕና የሮማውያን ቅልቅል ፍልስፍና /ግሪኮ ሮማን ፊሎዞፊ/
የፅርዕና የምሥራቃውያን ፍልስፍና/ግሪኮ ኦሬንታል ፊሎዞፊ/
የፅርዕና የአይሁድ ፍልስፍና ቅልቅል ፍልስፍና/ግሪኮ ጄውሽ ፊሎዞፊ/
የእስክንድርያው የፍልስፍና ት/ቤት
- አሞንዮስ ሳካ
- ፕሎታይነስ.......
የዘመነ ክርስትና /ሐዲስ/ ፍልስፍና መግቢያ
- የቤተክርስቲያን ጠበቆች/አፖሎጂስቶች/...
ሌሎችም እልፍ ርእሰ ጉዳዮች የሚዳሰሱበት....

ሐመረ ክርስት በመዋግደ ፍልስፍና በገሠሠ ፋሬስ

Introduction
What is Philosophy?
ETHICS
1. Julian Savulescu on ‘Yuk!’
2. Simon Blackburn on Relativism
3. Peter Singer on Animals
4. Michael Sandel on Sport and Enhancement
5. Alexander Nehamas on Friendship
POLITICS
6. Kwame Anthony Appiah on Cosmopolitanism
7. Miranda Fricker on Credibility and Discrimination
8. Anne Phillips on Multiculturalism
9. Will Kymlicka on Minority Rights
10. Wendy Brown on Tolerance
METAPHYSICS AND MIND
11. A. W. Moore on Infinity
12. David Papineau on Scientific Realism
13. Barry Stroud on Scepticism
14. Hugh Mellor on Time
15. Tim Crane on Mind and Body
16. Timothy Williamson on Vagueness
AESTHETICS
17. Derek Matravers on the Definition of Art
18. Alain de Botton on the Aesthetics of Architecture
19. Barry C. Smith on Wine
20. Alex Neill on the Paradox of Tragedy
GOD, ATHEISM, AND THE MEANING OF LIFE
21. Don Cupitt on Non-Realism about God
22. John Cottingham on the Meaning of Life
23. Stephen Law on the Problem of Evil....