Sleepy Classes IAS
What acts as a major "hidden" non-discretionary obligation that severely squeezes State budgets?
โ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ฝ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
State developmental expenditure has dropped from 67% to about 61% post-pandemic, making infrastructure capital outlay the first casualty of budget squeezes.
โ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป ๐ก๐ผ๐ป-๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐น๐ถ๐ด๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐:
Beyond standard committed expenditures, un-switchable costs like matching shares for Centrally Sponsored Schemes, State Finance Commission awards, and judicial orders absorb an extra 10% to 16% of state revenues.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐๐๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐:
GST integration and a shift from untied grants to conditional, tied central transfers have severely reduced states' financial freedom.
โ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
With minimal fiscal discretion, governments prioritize visible short-term cash transfers and subsidies while deferring long-term asset maintenance and capital formation.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Restore state revenue autonomy, rebalance central transfers toward untied grants, loosen conditional strings, and mandate a protected minimum budgetary share for capital outlays.
State developmental expenditure has dropped from 67% to about 61% post-pandemic, making infrastructure capital outlay the first casualty of budget squeezes.
โ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป ๐ก๐ผ๐ป-๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐น๐ถ๐ด๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐:
Beyond standard committed expenditures, un-switchable costs like matching shares for Centrally Sponsored Schemes, State Finance Commission awards, and judicial orders absorb an extra 10% to 16% of state revenues.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐๐๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐:
GST integration and a shift from untied grants to conditional, tied central transfers have severely reduced states' financial freedom.
โ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
With minimal fiscal discretion, governments prioritize visible short-term cash transfers and subsidies while deferring long-term asset maintenance and capital formation.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Restore state revenue autonomy, rebalance central transfers toward untied grants, loosen conditional strings, and mandate a protected minimum budgetary share for capital outlays.
โค7๐2
Sleepy Classes IAS
From an economic perspective, why is decentralized, village-scale processing crucial for utilizing crop stubble (parali)?
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐๐:
Stubble burning persists because farmers face bulky crop residue, a narrow window before wheat sowing, and high costs for disposal alternatives.
โ๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ด๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ:
Parali demand is rising from power plants, CBG units, and pellet manufacturers, allowing straw to fetch around Rs 1.5- 2 per kg in parts of Punjab.
โ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐ฃ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐น:
Converting parali into biochar improves soil water retention and nutrient efficiency while locking carbon away for a century.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Moving processing closer to farms via village-scale biochar systems prevents long-distance transport costs from eroding low-value material economics.
โ๐๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐:
Governments should offer standards, concessional finance, and initial backing while Panchayats help with coordination, eventually transferring assets to FPOs or cooperatives.
Stubble burning persists because farmers face bulky crop residue, a narrow window before wheat sowing, and high costs for disposal alternatives.
โ๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ด๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ:
Parali demand is rising from power plants, CBG units, and pellet manufacturers, allowing straw to fetch around Rs 1.5- 2 per kg in parts of Punjab.
โ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐ฃ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐น:
Converting parali into biochar improves soil water retention and nutrient efficiency while locking carbon away for a century.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Moving processing closer to farms via village-scale biochar systems prevents long-distance transport costs from eroding low-value material economics.
โ๐๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐:
Governments should offer standards, concessional finance, and initial backing while Panchayats help with coordination, eventually transferring assets to FPOs or cooperatives.
โค4๐2
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Study the pattern behind them.
Get the UPSC EPFO APFC 2026 Topic-Wise Solved PYQs E-Book with questions from 2023 & 2025.
Clear explanations.
NCERT-aligned answers.
Quick revision support.
โน299 โ โน99
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โค2๐2
Dear @โจallโฉ
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What is the primary driver behind the rising female workforce participation in India's livestock sector?
Anonymous Quiz
49%
Targeted government schemes for rural women's empowerment.
25%
Agrarian distress and shrinking crop farming profits.
15%
Women's increasing control over agricultural marketing and credit.
10%
โA rapid transition toward corporate-owned dairy farming.
๐3
To recognize the ecological and economic contributions of nomadic herding communities, what has the year 2026 been globally designated as?
Anonymous Quiz
11%
International Year of Millets
64%
International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralism
12%
International Year of Artisanal Fisheries
13%
International Year of Zero-Budget Farming
โค2๐2
Sleepy Classes IAS
What is the primary driver behind the rising female workforce participation in India's livestock sector?
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ ๐ฆ๐ถ๐ด๐ป๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ:
India's livestock sector contributes nearly 1/3 of agricultural GVA and underpins rural livelihood resilience, with milk production surpassing 239 million tonnes in 2023โ24.
โ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
Rising female participation often reflects distress migration, shrinking farm profits, and limited non-farm employment rather than genuine empowerment.
โ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐๐ผ๐๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป:
Commercialisation has increased women's market labor without reducing domestic chores; rural women spend nearly 286 minutes per day on household duties about seven times more than men.
โ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ถ๐๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
Men continue to dominate higher-value activities like marketing, asset ownership, institutional credit, and formal income control despite women contributing substantial labor.
โ๐ฃ๐ผ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
Transformation requires granting women direct ownership over assets, making cooperatives gender responsive, and introducing labor saving technologies like fodder systems and improved water access.
India's livestock sector contributes nearly 1/3 of agricultural GVA and underpins rural livelihood resilience, with milk production surpassing 239 million tonnes in 2023โ24.
โ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
Rising female participation often reflects distress migration, shrinking farm profits, and limited non-farm employment rather than genuine empowerment.
โ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐๐ผ๐๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป:
Commercialisation has increased women's market labor without reducing domestic chores; rural women spend nearly 286 minutes per day on household duties about seven times more than men.
โ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ถ๐๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
Men continue to dominate higher-value activities like marketing, asset ownership, institutional credit, and formal income control despite women contributing substantial labor.
โ๐ฃ๐ผ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
Transformation requires granting women direct ownership over assets, making cooperatives gender responsive, and introducing labor saving technologies like fodder systems and improved water access.
โค2๐1
Sleepy Classes IAS
To recognize the ecological and economic contributions of nomadic herding communities, what has the year 2026 been globally designated as?
โ๐๐น๐ผ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐น & ๐ก๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ด๐ป๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
The declaration of 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralism has brought pastoralists into global focus.
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ & ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ฒ:
India's 10โ12 million pastoralists manage 30% of the nation's livestock, generating an $11 billion annual turnover and contributing significantly to dairy and meat economies.
โ๐ฆ๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฑ๐น๐ฒ๐:
Communities face shrinking commons, restricted grazing access, and fragmentation of corridors by renewable energy projects.
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ฝ:
Pastoral grazing sustains grassland ecosystems, maintains biodiversity, recycles nutrients, and aids carbon sequestration.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Improve land governance, invest in rangeland ecosystems, strengthen market linkages, and integrate pastoral rights into climate and biodiversity policies.
The declaration of 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralism has brought pastoralists into global focus.
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ & ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ฒ:
India's 10โ12 million pastoralists manage 30% of the nation's livestock, generating an $11 billion annual turnover and contributing significantly to dairy and meat economies.
โ๐ฆ๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฑ๐น๐ฒ๐:
Communities face shrinking commons, restricted grazing access, and fragmentation of corridors by renewable energy projects.
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ฝ:
Pastoral grazing sustains grassland ecosystems, maintains biodiversity, recycles nutrients, and aids carbon sequestration.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Improve land governance, invest in rangeland ecosystems, strengthen market linkages, and integrate pastoral rights into climate and biodiversity policies.
โค4๐1
Dear @โจallโฉ
Just 15 minutes to go!
Still figuring out how to start your APFC 2026 preparation?
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Forwarded from Sociology Sleepy Classes
What to study
how to approach APFC
how to build your preparation from basics to rank
Join here
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how to approach APFC
how to build your preparation from basics to rank
Join here
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๐1
Guru Shishya Meet-Up 1pm offline centre
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Guru Shishya Meet-Up 1pm offline centre
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โค1๐1
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Sleepyclasses
Sleepy Classes IAS
A special UPSC aspirant open house at Sleepy Classes, Chandigarh.
โค1๐1
A Special Guru-Shishya Meet | Today
On the birth anniversary of the greatest mentor of all time, join us for a meaningful Guru-Shishya Meet.
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From 1 PM onwards
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On the birth anniversary of the greatest mentor of all time, join us for a meaningful Guru-Shishya Meet.
Meet your mentors, ask questions, clear doubts and share your thoughts over a meaningful samvaad.
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๐4โค1
Dear Students,
We are pleased to inform you that a Debate Competition is being conducted today at our offline centre at 1:15 PM.
Our online students are also welcome to join and participate in the session.
Students who perform exceptionally well will be given free access to our Prelims Test Series as a token of appreciation for their performance.
We encourage all of you to participate actively and make the most of this opportunity.
Join this link at by 1:00 pm
Regards,
Team Sleepy Classes IAS
Join us:
https://zoom.us/j/98529613493?pwd=pxsA2Q8LoGbO3jfrmGeC3VjTrZeb70.1
We are pleased to inform you that a Debate Competition is being conducted today at our offline centre at 1:15 PM.
Our online students are also welcome to join and participate in the session.
Students who perform exceptionally well will be given free access to our Prelims Test Series as a token of appreciation for their performance.
We encourage all of you to participate actively and make the most of this opportunity.
Join this link at by 1:00 pm
Regards,
Team Sleepy Classes IAS
Join us:
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๐2โค1
Despite the availability of infrastructure budgets, what structural bias leads to the chronic failure and neglect of existing urban drainage networks?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
Mandatory diversion of funds to rural schemes
50%
Heavy funding bias toward new construction
13%
โStatutory bans on mechanical sewer cleaning
20%
โPrivatization of municipal sanitation services
๐2โค1
According to NFHS trends, which of these socio-economic metrics serve as the strongest structural predictor for reducing child stunting in a region?
Anonymous Quiz
9%
Agricultural food production
41%
โFemale education and agency
6%
Degree of urbanization
44%
Total household calorie intake
โค1๐1
Sleepy Classes IAS
Despite the availability of infrastructure budgets, what structural bias leads to the chronic failure and neglect of existing urban drainage networks?
โ๐จ๐ฟ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ป ๐๐น๐ผ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐๐ป๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐๐ฎ๐ฝ๐:
Urban flooding is a recurring crisis driven by the destruction of water bodies and choked drainage from waste, undermining India's Viksit Bharat goal.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐๐:
Existing sewerage networks and drain pipes suffer from severe neglect, as funding heavily favors new infrastructure construction over preventative upkeep.
โ๐ ๐๐ป๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฟ๐๐ป๐ฐ๐ต:
Urban local bodies command less than 1% of GDP in annual revenues, leaving them financially crippled to manage critical public goods.
โ๐จ๐ฟ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ช๐ถ๐น๐ฑ๐น๐ถ๐ณ๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
Poor organic waste management fuels safety and health hazards by attracting urban wildlife like rodents, monkeys, and stray cattle.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Prioritize preventative maintenance of sewerage systems, replace manual scavenging with mechanical cleaning, enhance municipal fiscal devolution, and invest heavily in urban drainage.
Urban flooding is a recurring crisis driven by the destruction of water bodies and choked drainage from waste, undermining India's Viksit Bharat goal.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐๐:
Existing sewerage networks and drain pipes suffer from severe neglect, as funding heavily favors new infrastructure construction over preventative upkeep.
โ๐ ๐๐ป๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฟ๐๐ป๐ฐ๐ต:
Urban local bodies command less than 1% of GDP in annual revenues, leaving them financially crippled to manage critical public goods.
โ๐จ๐ฟ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ช๐ถ๐น๐ฑ๐น๐ถ๐ณ๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
Poor organic waste management fuels safety and health hazards by attracting urban wildlife like rodents, monkeys, and stray cattle.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Prioritize preventative maintenance of sewerage systems, replace manual scavenging with mechanical cleaning, enhance municipal fiscal devolution, and invest heavily in urban drainage.
โค2๐2
Sleepy Classes IAS
According to NFHS trends, which of these socio-economic metrics serve as the strongest structural predictor for reducing child stunting in a region?
โ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ-๐ฒ ๐๐ป๐๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐๐ & ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐:
NFHS data reveals significant improvements in rural livelihoods and women's collectives, though deep regional disparities persist.
โ๐๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฟ-๐ฆ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฎ๐ฝ๐:
While top states achieve high female schooling, states like Bihar and Telangana continue to exhibit notable gender gaps in education despite high per capita incomes.
โ๐ฆ๐๐๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ป๐ฒ๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐:
Child stunting rates strongly mirror gender inequalities, with regions featuring better female education and empowerment performing better in reducing stunting.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ป๐๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐ช๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ผ๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
Last-mile women workers like ASHAs and Anganwadi workers are critical for childcare and early education, but low compensation undermines their performance and female labor force participation.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Strengthen PRI-SHG partnerships, expand girls' education, and reform the compensation frameworks for frontline workers to ensure quality care services and inclusive growth.
NFHS data reveals significant improvements in rural livelihoods and women's collectives, though deep regional disparities persist.
โ๐๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฟ-๐ฆ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฎ๐ฝ๐:
While top states achieve high female schooling, states like Bihar and Telangana continue to exhibit notable gender gaps in education despite high per capita incomes.
โ๐ฆ๐๐๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ป๐ฒ๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐:
Child stunting rates strongly mirror gender inequalities, with regions featuring better female education and empowerment performing better in reducing stunting.
โ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ป๐๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ ๐ช๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ผ๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
Last-mile women workers like ASHAs and Anganwadi workers are critical for childcare and early education, but low compensation undermines their performance and female labor force participation.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Strengthen PRI-SHG partnerships, expand girls' education, and reform the compensation frameworks for frontline workers to ensure quality care services and inclusive growth.
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Only 1 hour to go!
Your Sociology Beginners Roadmap Workshop starts at 5 PM.
Join Shekhar Sir to learn the right strategy to start Sociology Optional and plan your preparation.
Today | 5 PM | Zoom | Hinglish
Get ready. See you at 5 PM!
Join Live Session at 5 PM:
https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_E_1Ou5H6RU68PMU_ohJQZA
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