■ UNITARY FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION.

□ Strong centre

◇ The division of powers is in favour of the Centre and highly inequitable from the federal angle.

• Firstly, the Union List contains
more subjects than the State List.

• Secondly, the more important
subjects have been included in the Union List.

• Thirdly, the Centre has overriding authority over the Concurrent List.

• Finally, the residuary powers have also been left with the Centre, while in the US, they are vested in the states.

□ States Not Indestructible

◇ Unlike in other federations, the states in India have no right to territorial integrity. The Parliament can by unilateral action change the area, boundaries or name of any state.

◇ Moreover, it requires only a simple majority and not a special majority.

◇ Hence, the Indian Federation is “an indestructible Union of destructible states”.

□ Single Constitution

◇ The Constitution of India embodies not only the Constitution of the Centre but also those of the states.

□ Flexibility of the Constitution

◇ The process of constitutional amendment is less rigid than what is found in other federations.

◇ The bulk of the Constitution can be amended by the unilateral action of the Parliament, either by simple majority or by special majority.

◇ Further, the power to initiate an amendment to the Constitution lies only with the Centre.

□ No Equality of State Representation

◇ The states are given representation in the Rajya Sabha on the basis of population. Hence, the membership varies from 1 to 31.

□ Emergency Provisions

◇ The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies–national, state and financial.

◇ During an emergency, the Central government becomes all powerful and the states go into the total control of the Centre. It converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the Constitution.

□ Single Citizenship

◇ In spite of a dual polity, the Constitution of India, like that of Canada, adopted the system of single citizenship.

◇ All citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside enjoy the same rights all over the country.

□ Integrated Judiciary

◇ The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the state high courts below it. This single system of courts enforces both the Central laws as well as the state laws.

□ All-India Services

◇ In India, the Centre and the states have their separate public services. But, in addition, there are all-India services (IAS, IPS, and IFS) which are common to both the Centre and the states.

◇ The members of these services are recruited and trained by the Centre which also possess ultimate control over them.

■ SYNTHESIS OF PARLIAMENTARY  SOVEREIGNTY AND JUDICIAL SUPREMACY

◇ The doctrine of sovereignty of Parliament is associated with the  British Parliament, while the principle of judicial supremacy with that of the American Supreme Court.

◇ Just as the Indian parliamentary system differs from the British system, the scope of judicial review power of the Supreme Court in India is narrower than that of what exists in US.

◇ This is because the American Constitution provides for ‘due process of law’ against that of ‘procedure established by law’ contained in the  Indian Constitution (Article 21).

🔘REWARD Scheme

In News

Impressed with Karnataka’s performance in the implementation of the Rejuvenating Watershed for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative Development (REWARD) scheme, the World Bank has decided to get agricultural officers from Sub-Saharan countries to visit the State to learn from its experience.

About

◾️The project aims to help national and state institutions adopt improved watershed management practices to help increase farmers’ resilience to climate change, and promote higher productivity and better incomes.

◾️REWARD is being implemented in three to four Indian States for 6 years for: prevention of soil run-off, regeneration of natural vegetation, rainwater harvesting, and recharging of the groundwater table.

◾️Enabling multi-cropping and the introduction of diverse agro-based activities.

◾️Karnataka has been identified as a “lighthouse partner” by the World Bank in developing the science-based watershed model.

◾️It is the first State to develop a Land Resource Inventory portal ( the portal will contain the details on the appropriate measures to be taken for different types of land with respect to agriculture, groundwater, crop, and soil health) that has details of 14 lakh hectares of land coming under the project

◾️Watershed Management: The conservation of water and improvement of water quality and conservation of the soil is called watershed management.

Tri-party Repo (TREPS) is a repo contract where a third entity acts as an intermediary between a borrower and a lender. Which of the following entities can participate in the Tri-party Repo market in India?

1. Public Sector Banks.

2. Co-operative Banks

3. Mutual Funds

Select the correct answer using the code
given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Sea of Marmara: It seperates Black sea and Aegean sea

▪️ Countries bordering Agean sea : Turkey and Greece

▪️ Countries Bordering Sea of Marmara :
The Sea of Marmara, a northeastern extension of the Mediterranean Sea, separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey (Trace), thus it separates the two continents. Bordered completely by Turkey, it connects to the Aegean Sea via the Dardanelles Strait, and to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait. @SecureIAS

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water

▪️Bordering countries to Caspian Sea - Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. @SecureIAS

𝗝𝗔𝗠 (𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗗𝗵𝗮𝗻-𝗔𝗮𝗱𝗵𝗮𝗮𝗿-𝗠𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗲) trinity is the initiative by Government of India to link Jan Dhan accounts, Mobile numbers and Aadhar cards of Indians to directly transfer subsidies to intended beneficiaries and eliminate intermediaries and leakages. @SecureIAS

Strait of Malacca waterway connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). It runs between the Indonesian island of Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia  to the east..

Which Union Ministry launched its new website on S3WaaS platform
(Secure, Scalable and Sugamya Website as a Service)?
[A] Ministry of Law and Justice
[B] Ministry of Communication
[C] Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
[D] Ministry of Women and Child Development

40. Which one of the following is the unit of measure of the thickness of the ozone layer of the atmosphere :- Dobson
41. 'Dobson' Unit is used for the measurement of :- Thickness of Ozone layer

MEASURING DEVICE AND SCALES

1. Which one of the following instrument is used for locating submerged objects in an ocean :- SONAR
2. SONAR is mostly used by :- Navigators
3. In SONAR, we use :- Ultrasonic waves
4. The apparatus used to measure intensity of sound is:- Audiometer
5. Which of the following is measured by 'Anemometer' :- Force of the wind
6. The velocity of wind is measured by:- Anemometer
7. Not correctly matched :- Tachometer – Pressure difference
8. Pyrometer is used to measure:- High temperature
9. Which one of the following devices is used to measure extremely high temperature:- Pyrometer
10. Which one of the following thermometers is known as Pyrometer:- Radiation thermometers
11. The thermometer which used to measure 2000°C temperature is:- Total radiation pyrometer
12. Which one of the following can be used to measure temperature above 1500°C :- Pyrometer
13. Pyrheliometer' is used for measuring :- Solar radiation
14. What is measured by manometer:- Pressure of gas
15. Correct
a. Ammeter - Electric current
b. Hygrometer - Relative humidity
c. Spring balance – weight
d. Barometer – pressure
16. Which one of the following pair is not correctly matched:- Ammeter: Measuring instrument for electric power @uppcs

17. Which instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure :- Barometer
18. The liquid/liquids used in the simple barometer is /are:- Mercury
19. The density of milk can be obtained by the use of:- Lactometer
20. The density of milk is measured by:- Lactometer
21. Relative humidity is measured by:- Hygrometer
22. Which instrument is used for measuring humidity in the air:- Hygrometer
23. Hygrometer is used to measure :- Humidity in atmosphere
24. Which of the following is correctly matched : - Thermoresistor - Electronic Thermometer
25. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used in monitoring:- Brain
26. Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device used for listening to the action of someone's heart sound. Sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. Caratometer is an internationally acclaimed device for checking the purity of gold. Luxmeter is used to measure the intensity of light.
27. The name of the equipment used for measuring blood pressure is:- Sphygmomanometer
28. The apparatus used to measure the intensity of light is known as:- Luxmeter
29. Radar is used for:- Determining the presence and location of objects with radio waves
30. Which of the following quantities is measured on the Richter scale:- Intensity of an earthquake
31. Richter scale is used for measuring:- Amplitude of seismic waves
32. Which of the following is a seismometer device:- Seismograph
33. Which of the following instruments is used to record seismic waves:- Seismoscope
34. The intensity of earthquake is measured by:- Seismograph

@uppcs

🔑General Science Ghatna Chakra English Pointer🔑
🌹Physics🌹
Measurement/Unit
1. The unit of power is :- Watt
2. The unit of electric power is :- Watt
3. The unit of the force is :- Newton
4. The unit of work is :- Joule
5. Frequency is measured in :- hertz
6. Light year is the unit of :- Distance
7. A light year is the :- Distance travelled by light in one year
8. A parsec, a unit of distance used to measure the distance related to the stars in the sky, is equal to :- 3.25 light-years
9. PARSEC is the unit of :- Distance
10. Which unit of measurement is multiplied by 0.39 to convert it to inches :- Centimetre
11. How can the height of a person who is six feet tall, be expressed (approximately) in nanometre :- 183 x 10^7 nm
12. A nanometre is equal to :- 10^-7 cm
13. One Nanometre is equal to :- 10^-9m
14. Ampere is the unit of :- Electric current
15. Megawatt is the measuring unit of power which is :- Generated
16. Correct :- Physical quantities - Units •
👉Acceleration - m/s^2
👉Force – newton
👉Work done – joule
👉 Impulse – Newton second
17. Pascal is the unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). Dyne is the unit of force in CGS system.
18. Correct
👉The SI unit of power is watt (W),
👉Knot is the unit of measuring of speed of a ship.
👉Nautical mile is a unit of distance used by navigators in the sea.
👉Calorie is a unit of measuring heat and energy.
19. Joule is the SI unit of work. Ampere, watt, volt and calorie are the units of current, power, electric potential and heat respectively.
20. How many watts are there in a horsepower :- 746

21. Correctly matched:- Light year is not a unit of measuring time, but a unit of measuring distance.
22. Angstrom is a unit of :- wavelength
23. Match List-I(Quantity) with List- (Units) (correct) :
a. High speed - Mach
b. Wavelength - Angstrom
c. Pressure - Pascal
d. Energy - Joule
24. Joule' is related to energy in the same way as 'Pascal is related to:- Pressure
25. One micron is equal to :- 1/1000 mm
26. One micron represents a length of:- 10^-4 cm
27. Which one of the following is not correctly matched:- Celsius - Unit of heat
28. Which one of the following is not the unit of heat:- Watt
29. Which one of the following is not the unit of heat:- Centigrade
30. A distance of 1 km. Means: - 1000 m.
31. One pikogram is equal to:- 10-12gram
32. Pascal is a unit of measuring :- Pressure
33. What is the unit of pressure :- Newton/sq. Meter
34. What is the unit of atmospheric pressure :- Bar
35. 1 Kg/cm^2 pressure is equivalent to :- 1.0 bar
36. 1 barrel of oil oils is equals to which of the following :- 159 litre
37. The smallest unit of length is :- Fermimetre
38. Correct
☑️Cusec is a measure of flow rate of water and is abbreviation of 'cubic feet per second' (28.317 litres per second).
☑️Byte is unit of digital information in computing and Communications that consists of eight bits.
☑️The Richter magnitude scale (also Richter scale) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the energy released by an earthquake.
☑️The bar is a metric (but not S) unit of pressure exactly equal to 100,000 Pascal.
39. What is measured in cusec :- Flow of water @SecureIAS

Clean Plant program

✅With the demand for foreign planting materials of fruits like apples, avocados and blueberries rising over the years, the Central government plans to set up 10 ‘Clean Plant Centres’ 

✅Objective: To boost domestic production of the selected fruit crops

✅Services offered: disease diagnostic, therapeutics, multiplying of plants and generation of mother plants

✅Need for ‘Clean plant program’: Currently, it is difficult to get disease-free and genuine planting materials for horticultural crops in India.

✅Also, the process of importing plants is very cumbersome, as the imported plants must be kept in quarantine for two years.

✅Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

✅Implementing agency: National Horticulture Board (NHB)

✅Funding: 100% be Central government

✅It will be set up under the ‘Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Program’ (announced in Budget 2023-24)

Asia's Longest Zozila Tunnel Project

• The work on the strategic 14.5 km long Zojila tunnel, an all-weather connection between the Kashmir valley and the Ladakh region - is going on at a rapid pace and over 40 per cent of the drilling has been completed,

• It will pass under the Zojila Pass in the Himalayas between Ganderbal in Kashmir and Drass town in Kargil district of Ladakh.

• Z-Morh Tunnel is a part of the Zojila tunnel project.

• Z-Morh tunnel, which connects Gagangir with Sonamarg and provides all-weather connectivity to the resort in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir, will be inaugurated in October this year.