Respiratory 1

Allergic rhinitis → IgE + eosinophils.
Acute epiglottitis → H. influenzae → airway obstruction.
Diphtheria → gray pseudomembrane.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma → EBV.
Laryngeal papilloma → HPV 6,11.
Laryngeal carcinoma → smoking.
Obstructive atelectasis → mediastinum shifts toward lesion.
Compression atelectasis → mediastinum shifts away.
Extrinsic asthma → IgE↑, eosinophils↑.
Panacinar emphysema → α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Centriacinar emphysema → smoking.
Chronic bronchitis → Reid index↑.
Bronchiectasis → permanent bronchial dilation + foul sputum + hemoptysis .

V.imp Urinary Bladder 📌

Endocrinology feels like studying the same thing for the first time for 3 years straight

هادوا السؤالين مهمات و الدكتورة ركزت عليها المعلومة ف الشرح هلبا

What is the characteristic microscopic finding of Conn’s syndrome:
a. Spironolactone bodies
b. Zellballen pattern with nests of chromaffin cells
c. Abundant mucinous stroma
d. Diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage

Which of the following drugs is commonly used in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism?
a. Cortisol
b. Prednisone
c. Dopamine
d. Spironolactone

Most common pituitary adenoma → Prolactinoma
Most common hyperthyroidism → Graves disease
Most common hypothyroidism → Hashimoto thyroiditis
Most common thyroid cancer → Papillary carcinoma
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism → Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of Cushing syndrome → Steroid therapy
Most common cause of Addison disease → Autoimmune
Most common adrenal medulla tumor → Pheochromocytoma
Most common diabetes → Type 2 DM
Most common PanNET → Insulinoma
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules = Diabetic nephropathy
Orphan Annie nuclei + Psammoma bodies = Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Amyloid + Calcitonin = Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Zellballen pattern = Pheochromocytoma
Homer-Wright rosettes = Neuroblastoma
Hypoparathyroidism = Tetany

أهم المعلومات في ال Endocrine اللي تجي ف الاسئلة و اللي ركزت عليها الدكتورة في المحاضرات

Male 📌
Most common scrotal swelling → Hydrocele.
Most common site of cryptorchid testis → Inguinal canal.
Cryptorchidism → strongest risk factor for germ cell tumors.
Torsion must be corrected within 6 hours.
Most common testicular tumor → Seminoma.
Seminoma = Fried egg cells.
Yolk sac tumor = AFP + Schiller-Duval bodies.
Choriocarcinoma = hCG ↑↑ and worst prognosis.
Leydig tumor = Reinke crystals.
BPH arises in transitional zone.
Prostate adenocarcinoma arises in peripheral zone.
Prostate cancer metastasis → osteoblastic bone lesions.
PSA is sensitive but not specific.
Gleason score predicts prognosis.
Bowen disease = SCC in situ of penis.

Vascular 3

Elderly + headache + blindness → Giant Cell Arteritis
Young female + weak pulse → Takayasu Arteritis
Hepatitis B + renal/visceral vasculitis + lung spared → PAN
Child + conjunctivitis + coronary aneurysm → Kawasaki Disease
c-ANCA + sinusitis + hemoptysis + crescentic GN → GPA
Heavy smoker + gangrene of toes + Raynaud → Buerger Disease
Most common vasculitis in elderly → Giant Cell Arteritis
Pulseless disease → Takayasu Arteritis
Coronary aneurysm → Kawasaki Disease
PR3-ANCA → GPA
MPO-ANCA → Microscopic Polyangiitis / Churg-Strauss
PAN → Hepatitis B associated, ANCA negative, spares lungs

صباح الخير
نبي قصص نجاح لناس مشوا لامتحان مش راقدين

شيت Orthomyxoviruses 📌

شيت paramyxovirus 📌

Picornaviruses
Reo viruses 🦠